The centre-left coalition (Italian: coalizione di centro-sinistra) is an alliance of political parties in Italy active, under several forms and names, since 1995 when The Olive Tree was formed under the leadership of Romano Prodi. The centre-left coalition has ruled the country for more than 15 years between 1996 and 2022.
Centre-left coalition Coalizione di centro-sinistra | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Elly Schlein[1] |
| Founder | Romano Prodi |
| Founded | 6 March 1995 |
| Merger of | Alliance of Progressives Pact for Italy |
| Political position | Centre-left[2][3][4] |
| Colours | Red |
| Chamber of Deputies[a] | 85 / 400 |
| Senate of the Republic[b] | 44 / 200 |
| European Parliament | 18 / 76 |
| Regional Government | 6 / 20 |
| Regional Councils | 251 / 897 |
In the 1996 general election The Olive Tree consisted of the majority of both the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the centrist Pact for Italy, the two losing coalitions in the 1994 general election, the first under a system based primarily on first-past-the-post voting. In 2005 The Union was founded as a wider coalition to contest the 2006 general election, which later collapsed during the 2008 political crisis, with the fall of the Prodi II Cabinet.
In recent history, the centre-left coalition has been built around the Democratic Party (PD), which was established in 2007 from a merger of Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom, the main parties affiliated to both The Olive Tree and The Union. The centre-left coalition was part of Italian governments from November 2011 to June 2018, when a coalition government between the Five Star Movement (M5S) and the League was formed. However, in September 2019, the centre-left returned to power in coalition with the M5S, with centre-left parties participating in the national unity government of Mario Draghi as of February 2021 until its collapse in July 2022.
HistoryEdit
Road to The Olive TreeEdit
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Following the 1994 general election, which was won by the centre-right coalition of Silvio Berlusconi, the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the centrist Pact for Italy started a parliamentary cooperation, which brought in March 1995 to the foundation of The Olive Tree.[5] The historical leader and ideologue of these coalitions was Romano Prodi, Professor of Economics and former leftist Christian Democrat, who invented the name and the symbol of The Olive Tree with Arturo Parisi in 1995.[6]
In 1995 the Lega Nord exited the centre-right Pole of Freedoms and supported Lamberto Dini's technocratic government, together with the Pact for Italy and the Alliance of Progressives.
On 21 April 1996, The Olive Tree won 1996 general election with the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) as an external ally, making Romano Prodi the Prime Minister of Italy.[7] The Olive Tree's largest partner was the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), which contained the bulk of the former Italian Communist Party. The PDS supplied 16 ministers and 10 junior ministers–the first time that (former) Communists had taken part in government since 1947. One of their leaders, Walter Veltroni, who ran in ticket with Prodi in a long electoral campaign, was Deputy Prime Minister. On 9 October 1998, the Prodi I Cabinet fell when PRC left the alliance. Since 21 October 1998 The Olive Tree was the core of the governments led by Massimo D'Alema and by Giuliano Amato. When D'Alema became Prime Minister, it was the first time ever in both Italy and Western Europe that an heir of the communist tradition came to lead a government. On 13 May 2001, led by Francesco Rutelli, who ran in ticket with Piero Fassino, the coalition lost the general elections against Silvio Berlusconi and his House of Freedoms centre-right coalition.
The UnionEdit
The Union was the direct heir of The Olive Tree. However, The Union was an heterogenous alliance that also included parties of the radical left, which were not part of The Olive Tree. Romano Prodi won the April 2006 general election by a very narrow margin due to the new electoral law enacted by Roberto Calderoli, although Silvio Berlusconi first refused to acknowledge defeat. Prodi's coalition proved to be extremely frail, as the two-vote margin in the Senate allowed almost any party in the coalition to veto legislation and political views inside the coalition spanned from far-left Communist parties to Christian Democrats.
The centre-left majority coalition, on 7 May 2006, officially endorsed Giorgio Napolitano as its candidate in the presidential election that began on 8 May. The Vatican endorsed him as President through its official newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, just after The Union named him as its candidate, as did Marco Follini, former secretary of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, a member party of the House of Freedoms. Napolitano was elected on 10 May, in the fourth round of voting — the first of those requiring only an absolute majority, unlike the first three which required two-thirds of the votes — with 543 votes (out of a possible 1009). At the age of 80, he became the first former Communist to become President of Italy
Less than a year after he had won the elections, on 21 February 2007, Prodi tendered his resignation to President Napolitano after the government was defeated in the Senate by 2 ballots in a vote on foreign policy. On 24 February, President Napolitano invited Prodi to return to office and face a vote of confidence. Major causes of friction inside the coalition were, the 2006 pardon Act (criticised by the right and by the Italy of Values party), a draft bill to establish civil unions (vetoed by Christian Democrats), Italy's continued involvement in Afghanistan (strongly opposed by left-wing parties), and finally the much publicised house-arrest of Clemente Mastella's wife (then a prominent politician at the regional level) over a corruption scandal. Mastella's party, UDEUR, held just enough seats in the Senate that his eventual decision to withdraw its support for the government meant the end of the legislature on 6 February 2008. Mastella, who also resigned from his office as Minister of Justice, cited the lack of personal support from his coalition partners' as one of the reasons behind his decision,[8] together with a proposed reform of the electoral system which would have made it difficult for small parties like his own to gain seats in the Italian Parliament.
The foundation of the Democratic PartyEdit
The Democratic Party was founded on 14 October 2007 as a merger of various centre-left parties which had been part of The Union in the 2006 general election. At foundation the majority of the PD was formed by the Democrats of the Left (heirs of the Italian Communist Party) and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy.[9] Within the party, an important role is thus played by Christian leftists, who are direct heirs of the former Christian Democracy's left.[10][11][12]
After the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi as Prime Minister in November 2011, the PD gave external support to Mario Monti's technocratic government.[13][14]
Following the 2013 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election, the PD was the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate and the European Parliament, respectively. Since April 2013 Enrico Letta, a Democrat, was Prime Minister, at the head of a government sustained by a grand coalition including The People of Freedom (later replaced by the New Centre-Right), Civic Choice and the Union of the Centre (later replaced by the Populars for Italy). Following his election as party leader, in February 2014 Matteo Renzi called for "a new phase" and, consequently, the party's national board voted to ask Letta to resign.[15][16] Subsequently, Renzi was sworn in as Prime Minister at the head of the same coalition.[17] As of 2015, other than the national government, Democrats head fifteen regional governments out of twenty and function as coalition partner in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
The 2016 constitutional referendum was supported by the majority of the centre-left coalition. Inside the centre-left coalition only UdC, FdV, ALPE, UVP, SSk and UPC campaigned for the "No" vote. The referendum was lost with 41% of "Yes" against 59% of "No" votes. After the referendum, Renzi tendered his resignation as Prime Minister and Paolo Gentiloni became his successor.
In the 2018 general election the centre-left, with Renzi as leader, obtained its worst result ever: 22.9% of the vote, well behind the centre-right coalition and the M5S. Following the defeat, Renzi resigned from secretary of the PD,[18] and his deputy Maurizio Martina functioning afterwards as acting secretary.
In 2019, the PD formed a coalition with the Five Star Movement (M5S) and Free and Equal (LeU), which was supported by the members of the centre-left coalition in 2018. Following the 2021 Italian government crisis, the government was replaced by the Draghi Cabinet in February 2021, a national unity government including the PD, MS5, PD splinters Article One and Italia Viva, and centre-right coalition parties the League and Forza Italia. The Draghi government collapsed during the 2022 Italian government crisis on 14–21 July 2022, leading to Draghi's resignation as prime minister and a snap election being called.
For the 2022 general election, the coalition centres around the PD’s Democratic and Progressive Italy list, allied with the Civic Commitment, Greens and Left Alliance and More Europe electoral lists.
The Olive Tree (1995–2005)Edit
1996–1998Edit
In the 1996 general election and during the Prodi I Cabinet the coalition was composed of the following parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)[a] | Democratic socialism | Massimo D'Alema | |
| Italian People's Party (PPI)[b] | Christian democracy | Franco Marini | |
| Italian Renewal (RI)[c] | Liberalism | Lamberto Dini | |
| Federation of the Greens (FdV) | Green politics | Carlo Ripa di Meana | |
- ^ Including the Labour Federation, the Social Christians, the Republican Left, the Movement of Unitarian Communists and the Democratic Federation.
- ^ It contested the election under the banner of the Populars for Prodi joint list, along with the Democratic Union, the Italian Republican Party and the South Tyrolean People's Party. The list included also the Federation of Liberals.
- ^ Including the Italian Socialists, the Democratic Italian Movement and Segni Pact.
The coalition had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV) | Veneto | Regionalism | Mario Rigo | |
| Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) | Sardinia | Sardinian nationalism | Franco Meloni | |
The Olive Tree presented candidates of The Network and the Ladin Autonomist Union in some first-past-the-post constituencies. The coalition also made an agreement of desistance with the Communist Refoundation Party in some first-past-the-post constituencies,[19] which ran under the banner of the Progressives.
1998–2001Edit
In 1998 the Communist Refoundation Party brought down the Prodi II Cabinet.[20] with a splinter faction forming the Party of Italian Communists.[21] In 1998–2001, during the two governments led by Massimo D'Alema (I Cabinet and II Cabinet, 1998–2000) and the one led by Giuliano Amato (Amato II Cabinet, 2000–2001), the coalition was composed of eight parties:
- ^ The party did not participate in D'Alema II Cabinet and briefly formed The Clover coalition, along with the Italian Republican Party and the Union for the Republic.
- ^ Until February 1999.
- ^ Since May 1999.
2001 general electionEdit
In the 2001 general election the coalition, led by Francesco Rutelli, was composed of nine parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats of the Left (DS)[a] | Social democracy | Walter Veltroni | |
| Democracy is Freedom (DL)[b] | Social liberalism / Christian left | Francesco Rutelli | |
| The Sunflower[c] | Green politics / Social democracy | Grazia Francescato / Enrico Boselli | |
| Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) | Communism | Oliviero Diliberto | |
| New Country (PN)[d] | Single-issue politics | None | |
- ^ Including the Mancini List.
- ^ Joint list composed of Italian People's Party, The Democrats, Italian Renewal and Union of Democrats for Europe; the list included also the Federation of Liberals.
- ^ Joint list composed of the Federation of the Greens and the Italian Democratic Socialists.
- ^ New Country was a lista civetta.
The coalition also had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | Trentino-Alto Adige | Regionalism | Siegfried Brugger | |
| With Illy for Trieste | Friuli Venezia Giulia | Regionalism | Riccardo Illy | |
The Olive Tree also made an agreement of desistance with the Communist Refoundation Party in the first-past-the-post constituencies.
2004 EP electionEdit
In the 2004 European Parliament election, the United in the Olive Tree joint list, was composed of four parties:
The list was connected with the following regional partners:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[a] | Regionalism | Siegfried Brugger | |
| Valdostan Union (UV) | Regionalism | Manuela Zublena | |
- ^ Including the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party and the Slovene Union.
The Union (2005–2008)Edit
2006 general electionEdit
In the 2006 general election the coalition was composed of thirteen parties:
- ^ a b c d DS, DL, MRE and PSDI contested the election for the Chamber within The Olive Tree joint list.
- ^ a b SDI and RI contested elections within the Rose in the Fist joint list. The list was also supported by the Federation of Liberals.
- ^ Including the Democratic Republicans.
- ^ Including the Christian Democracy, The Liberals Sgarbi and the Southern Democratic Party.
The coalition had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)[a] | Aosta Valley | Regionalism | Carlo Perrin | |
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[b] | Trentino-Alto Adige | Regionalism | Elmar Pichler Rolle | |
| Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda (LAL) | Lombardy | Regionalism | Matteo Brivio | |
| Liga Fronte Veneto (LFV) | Veneto | Regionalism | Fabrizio Comencini | |
- ^ Also including Vallée d'Aoste Vive, Alternative Greens and Valdostan Renewal.
- ^ Including the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party.
The coalition was supported by the Autonomists for Europe, Radicals of the Left and the New Action Party.
PD-led coalitions (2008–present)Edit
2008 general electionEdit
In the 2008 general election the coalition, led by Walter Veltroni,[22] was composed of three parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party[a] (PD) | Social democracy | Walter Veltroni | |
| Italy of Values (IdV) | Anti-corruption politics | Antonio Di Pietro | |
- ^ Also including the Italian Radicals, the European Republicans Movement, the Moderates and the Slovene Union.
The coalition also had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[a] | Trentino-Alto Adige | Regionalism | Philipp Achammer | |
| Autonomy Liberty Democracy[b] (ALD) | Aosta Valley | Regionalism | Roberto Louvin | |
- ^ The SVP ran independently for the Chamber and in 4 out of 6 colleges in Trentino-Alto Adige for the Senate in a joint list with the other centre-left parties (Democratic Party, Italy of Values, Socialist Party, Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party and Daisy Civic List).[23]
- ^ Also including the Vallée d'Aoste Vive, the Alternative Greens and the Valdostan Renewal.
2013 general electionEdit
In the 2013 general election, the coalition ran as Italy. Common Good under the leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani,[24] and was composed of the following parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party (PD)[a] | Social democracy | Pier Luigi Bersani | |
| Left Ecology Freedom (SEL)[b] | Democratic socialism | Nichi Vendola | |
| Democratic Centre (CD) | Christian left | Bruno Tabacci | |
| Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | Social democracy | Riccardo Nencini | |
| Moderates (Mod.) | Liberalism | Giacomo Portas | |
- ^ Including candidates of the Italian Socialist Party, the Moderates and the Slovene Union.[25]
- ^ Including Greens of South Tyrol.
The coalition had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)[a] | Aosta Valley | Regionalism | Several | |
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[b][c] | Trentino-Alto Adige | Regionalism | Richard Theiner | |
| The Megaphone – Crocetta List | Sicily | Regionalism | Rosario Crocetta | |
- ^ Including Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP) and Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology (ALPE).
- ^ Including candidates of the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party.
- ^ The SVP contested the election for the Senate in a joint list with the PD and the Union for Trentino in three out of six constituencies and with the PD in one constituency.
2018 general electionEdit
In the 2018 general election the coalition was composed of four electoral lists:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party (PD)[a] | Social democracy | Matteo Renzi | |
| More Europe (+E)[b] | Liberalism | Emma Bonino | |
| Italy Europe Together (IEI)[c] | Progressivism | Giulio Santagata | |
| Popular Civic List (CPL)[d] | Christian democracy | Beatrice Lorenzin | |
- ^ Including the Moderates.
- ^ Including the Italian Radicals, Forza Europa, the Democratic Centre and Progressive Area.
- ^ List composed of the Italian Socialist Party, the Federation of the Greens and Civic Area.
- ^ List composed of Popular Alternative, Italy of Values, Centrists for Europe, Union for Trentino and Italy is Popular; including also Solidary Democracy, Christian Popular Union and Popular Italy.
The coalition also had the following regional partners:
The centre-left coalition was also supported by the Ladin Autonomist Union[26] and the Slovene Union.[27]
2022 general electionEdit
For the 2022 general election the alliance was formed by four parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD–IDP)[a] | Social democracy | Enrico Letta | |
| More Europe (+E)[b] | Liberalism | Emma Bonino | |
| Civic Commitment (IC)[c] | Centrism | Luigi Di Maio | |
| Greens and Left Alliance (AVS)[d] | Eco-socialism | Angelo Bonelli | |
- ^ Including Democratic Party (PD), Article One (Art.1), Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Solidary Democracy (DemoS), European Republicans Movement (MRE), Volt Italia (Volt), Italian Base (BASE), Brave Emilia-Romagna, Italian Radicals, With Emiliano (CE), Centrists for Europe (CpE), For Apulia (XLP), Green Italia (GI), èViva and supported by Environment 2050.[28]
- ^ Including Forza Europa (FE) and Team K (TK).
- ^ Including Together for the Future (IpF), Democratic Centre (CD) and Innovative Democratic Socialist Proposal (PSDI).
- ^ Including Italian Left (SI), Green Europe (EV), Possible (Pos), Environment Rights Equality (ADU), Greens of South Tyrol (Grüne) and Sardinian Progressives (PS).
The coalition contested the election in some regions under the following banners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aosta Valley (VdA)[a] | Aosta Valley | Several | Several | |
| Democratic Alliance for Autonomy (ADU)[b] | Trentino-Alto Adige | Several | Several | |
- ^ Joint list composed of Valdostan Union, Valdostan Alliance, Edelweiss, United Aosta Valley Democratic Party and Action – Italia Viva.
- ^ Joint list composed of Democratic Party, Greens and Left Alliance, More Europe, Edelweiss, Action – Italia Viva and Campobase.
There were regional agreements between the centre-left coalition and Action – Italia Viva in Trentino for the Senate election and in Aosta Valley for both Chamber and Senate elections. The Italian Left ran instead with the Five Star Movement and Democratic Area in Aosta Valley.
Popular supportEdit
Electoral resultsEdit
Italian ParliamentEdit
| Chamber of Deputies | |||||
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 16,355,985 (1st) | 43.6 | 323 / 630
|
 110 |
|
| 2001 | 16,209,944 (2nd) | 43.5 | 247 / 630
|
 75 |
|
| 2006 | 19,036,986 (1st) | 49.8 | 348 / 630
|
101 |
|
| 2008 | 13,689,303 (2nd) | 37.5 | 239 / 630
|
109 |
|
| 2013 | 10,047,603 (1st) | 29.5 | 345 / 630
|
106 |
|
| 2018 | 7,506,723 (3rd) | 22.9 | 122 / 630
|
223 |
|
| 2022 | 7,337,975 (2nd) | 26.1 | 85 / 400
|
37 |
|
| Senate of the Republic | |||||
| Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 14,548,006 (1st) | 44.6 | 167 / 315
|
44 |
|
| 2001 | 13,282,495 (2nd) | 39.2 | 128 / 315
|
41 |
|
| 2006 | 17,118,364 (2nd) | 49.2 | 158 / 315
|
30 |
|
| 2008 | 12,457,182 (2nd) | 38.7 | 130 / 315
|
28 |
|
| 2013 | 9,686,683 (1st) | 31.6 | 127 / 315
|
3 |
|
| 2018 | 6,947,199 (3rd) | 23.0 | 58 / 315
|
69 |
|
| 2022 | 7,161,688 (2nd) | 25.4 | 44 / 200
|
14 |
|
Regional CouncilsEdit
| Region | Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aosta Valley | 2020 | 10,106 (3rd) | 15.5 | 7 / 35
|
7 |
| Piedmont | 2019 | 1,027,886 (2nd) | 33.3 | 13 / 51
|
20 |
| Lombardy[a] | 2023 | 945,148 (2nd) | 32.8 | 24 / 80
|
7 |
| South Tyrol[b] | 2018 | 73,512 | 25.9 | 10 / 35
|
5 |
| Trentino | 2018 | 63,350 (2nd) | 24.8 | 8 / 35
|
15 |
| Veneto | 2020 | 337,454 (2nd) | 16.4 | 9 / 51
|
3 |
| Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 2018 | 110,217 (2nd) | 26.1 | 13 / 49
|
14 |
| Emilia-Romagna | 2020 | 1,040,482 (1st) | 48.1 | 29 / 50
|
3 |
| Liguria[a] | 2020 | 242,652 (2nd) | 38.7 | 12 / 31
|
2 |
| Tuscany | 2020 | 764,123 (1st) | 47.1 | 25 / 41
|
 |
| Marche | 2020 | 227,183 (2nd) | 36.5 | 9 / 31
|
10 |
| Umbria[a] | 2019 | 153,784 (2nd) | 36.8 | 8 / 21
|
7 |
| Lazio | 2023 | 519,066 (2nd) | 33.6 | 15 / 50
|
9 |
| Abruzzo | 2019 | 183,630 (2nd) | 30.6 | 6 / 31
|
13 |
| Molise | 2018 | 27,314 (3rd) | 18.8 | 2 / 21
|
11 |
| Campania | 2020 | 1,616,540 (1st) | 68.6 | 33 / 51
|
2 |
| Apulia | 2020 | 759,732 (1st) | 45.3 | 28 / 51
|
2 |
| Basilicata | 2019 | 96,000 (2nd) | 33.2 | 5 / 21
|
8 |
| Calabria[a] | 2021 | 208,980 (2nd) | 27.4 | 8 / 30
|
2 |
| Sicily | 2022 | 341,252 (3rd) | 16.1 | 11 / 70
|
2 |
| Sardinia | 2019 | 214,660 (2nd) | 30.1 | 18 / 60
|
18 |
- ^ a b c d The centre-left coalition ran with the Five Star Movement.
- ^ In South Tyrol the centre-left coalition ran divided.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ As leader of the main party.
- ^ Italy’s centre-left confident it can challenge the populists, Financial Times
- ^ Italy’s center left green-lights potential coalition with 5Stars, Politico
- ^ Italy's centre-left PD picks new leader a year after election rout, Reuters
- ^ Roberto Biorcio (2002). "Italy". In Ferdinand Muller-Rommel; Thomas Poguntke (eds.). Green Parties in National Governments. Routledge. pp. 42–44. ISBN 978-1-135-28826-6.
- ^ "Ulivo, L' nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it.
- ^ Christina Holtz-Bacha; Gianpietro Mazzoleni (2004). The Politics of Representation: Election Campaigning and Proportional Representation. Peter Lang. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8204-6148-9.
- ^ BBC, 16 January 2008 Italian justice minister resigns(in English)
- ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ Vespa, Bruno (2010). Il Cuore e la Spada: Storia politica e romantica dell'Italia unita, 1861-2011. Mondadori. p. 650. ISBN 9788852017285.
- ^ Augusto, Giuliano (8 December 2013), "De profundis per il Pd", Rinascita, archived from the original on 1 March 2014
- ^ Gioli, Sergio (19 November 2013), "Ultimo treno a sinistra", Quotidiano.net
- ^ "Via libera definitivo a Monti "Clima nuovo, ce la faremo"". Corriere della Sera. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ "Camera, fiducia ampia Il Pdl: esecutivo di tregua, l' Ici si può riesaminare". Corriere Della Sera. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ "Italian PM Enrico Letta to resign", The Guardian
- ^ "Renzi liquida Letta: "Via dalla palude" Venerdì il premier al Quirinale per le dimissioni", Corriere.it
- ^ Rubino, Monica, "Il governo Renzi ha giurato al Colle, è in carica. Gelo con Letta alla consegna della campanella", Repubblica.it
- ^ "Dimissioni Renzi: La guida del partito va a Martina - Corriere.it".
- ^ Giuseppe Ieraci (2008). Governments and Parties in Italy: Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006). Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-906221-72-0.
- ^ Giuseppe Ieraci (2008). Governments and Parties in Italy: Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006). Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-906221-72-0.
- ^ Gianfranco Pasquino (2002). "The political context 1996-2001". In James L. Newell (ed.). The Italian General Election of 2001: Berlusconi's Victory. Manchester University Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6100-4.
- ^ "Berlusconi declares election win". BBC News. 14 April 2008.
- ^ "Svp e Insieme per le autonomie firmano il "patto di Salorno"(". 5 March 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Italian election results: gridlock likely – as it happened". Guardian. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ^ "Partito Democratico e Slovenska skupnost di nuovo insieme". Bora.La. February 20, 2013.
- ^ "Union Autonomista Ladina". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Vodstvo SSk se je sestalo z neodvisnim kandidatom za senat Riccardom Illyjem". www.slovenskaskupnost.org. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "D'Incà: "Non sarò candidato ma il mio impegno prosegue con Ambiente 2050"". 21 August 2022.