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Cecil Henry Meares (14 February 1877 – 12 May 1937) was a British military officer, interpreter, adventurer, and explorer.
Cecil Meares | |
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 Meares in 1912 | |
| Birth name | Cecil Henry Meares |
| Born | 14 February 1877 Inistioge, Kilkenny, Ireland |
| Died | 12 May 1937 (aged 60) Victoria, B.C., Canada |
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He worked in the Siberian fur trade, was in Peking during the Boxer Uprising, served in the army during the Second Boer War, explored Tibet with the J. W. Brooke expedition, and was the officer in charge of sled dogs on the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition of 1910–1913 – the British attempt to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole.
After 1914 he served in the Corps of Interpreters and as a Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve officer in the Royal Naval Air Service during the First World War.
Early life edit
Cecil Henry Meares was born in Inistioge, Ireland on 14 February 1877 to Major Meares and his wife, Helen (née Townsend).[1] He had lived in Ireland until around 1880, when he went to live with relatives in England. Meares had taught himself to read at four years old and was educated at schools in both Scotland and England. [2] Having been denied a place in the army due to failing his medical exam, Meares spent the next decade traveling around Europe. It was during this time that Meares would start learning different languages. In 1894 he studied Spanish, in Bilbao, Spain and a year later had traveled to Torrepillece in Italy to learn Italian.[3] From 1896 and into the first few years of the 20th century Meares traveled extensively. He worked at coffee planting in India and later traded furs in Russia and across Manchuria.[3] Meares would also be involved in the Boxer Rebellion during his time in China.
Terra Nova Expedition edit
In 1910, Meares joined Robert Falcon Scott on the Terra Nova Expedition to the Antarctic, donating £1,000 (£110,000 in 2018) to Scott's funds. Meares's tasks included selecting and purchasing the 34 dogs and 20 ponies for the expedition and then transporting them from Siberia to New Zealand via Japan where they were to join up with the expedition. Meares knew little about ponies, but nevertheless followed Scott's orders and went to Nikolayevsk, Siberia to select the dogs. There he met Dimitri Gerov, an experienced dog driver, who helped him choose the dogs required for the sledging tasks and who was subsequently recruited as a dog driver for the expedition. Meares also recruited Russian jockey Anton Omelchenko as groom on the expedition.
They then travelled to Vladivostok where the Siberian ponies were purchased. Scott specifically wanted white ponies for the expedition because during the 1907 Nimrod Expedition, Ernest Shackleton observed that the white ponies outlived the dark ponies. Lawrence Oates, the British Army captain on the expedition whose role was to look after the ponies, was disappointed in Meares's selection as they had "such deficiencies as: narrow chests, knocked knees, …aged" and were the "greatest lot of crocks I have ever seen". Once the Terra Nova Expedition began, Meares and Gerov looked after the dogs. After setting off as part of the support team on the journey to the South Pole in early November 1911, Meares and the Russian Gerov turned back north with the sled dogs on 14 December at the foot of the Beardmore glacier.
Meares clashed with Scott throughout the expedition. Meares refused to follow one of Scott's orders during the Depot Journey regarding the retrieval of one of the dog teams that had fallen into a crevasse.[4] He eventually resigned from the expedition months later for unsubstantiated reasons[5] and returned home on the Terra Nova in March 1912. Sometime after his arrival back in Britain, Meares had a meeting with Caroline Oates, who was conducting personal interviews in regards to the death of her son. Seemingly in regards to his clashes with Scott, Meares related to her that "there used to be great trouble and unhappiness...and the worst was it was not possible to get away from the rows."[6]
Some controversy surrounds Meares's "unavailability" for further Barrier (Ross Ice Shelf) work for the 2 months prior to his boarding the Terra Nova to return home, while the base camp was under the command of George Simpson and then Edward L. Atkinson. Meares's return to civilisation before the Antarctic winter of 1912 was not unexpected (in Scott's instructions to the commanding officer of the Terra Nova written before his departure for the pole he stated that Meares might return on the ship, depending on letters from home), but it remains unclear as to why he was not available to undertake sledge work with the dogs during the autumn season, nor why Simpson or Atkinson did not force him to do so, given that the expedition was run on strict naval terms.
In a letter to Apsley Cherry-Garrard in 1919, Atkinson wrote of the controversy surrounding Meares during the expedition: "I think you may make trouble with Meares by insisting we know his orders but have no proof in writing of them. You and I know that he disobeyed orders. I thought unwillingly then that he was flying the white feather [i.e. demonstrating cowardice] ... if you make a statement to that effect and if it was challenged, you would have to substantiate it in writing ... The Owner [Scott] unfortunately never kept copies of his orders."[7]
In the book Beneath the Shadow: Legacy and Longing in the Antarctic, author Justin Gardiner also weighed in on the controversy with Meares. Gardiner stated that he believed Meares' negligence in following Scott's orders resulted in a huge part of the failure of the Polar Party returning alive.[8] Gardiner believed that Meares' arrival back at base two weeks later than expected despite Scott's orders to travel further south with the dog teams, coupled with Meares' anxiousness about missing the ship home, was one of the reasons for the Polar Party's demise.[9]
Later life edit
During World War I, he joined the Royal Flying Corps, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1915, Meares married Anna Christina Spengler (1891-1974).[10] Following the end of the war, he traveled to Japan and assisted the Japanese Naval Air Service as part of the British Air Mission.[11]
After his return from Japan, Meares and his wife later moved to Victoria BC, Canada. The couple lived a quiet life there and involved themselves in various community gatherings. Meares died in Victoria in 1937. His wife, Annie, died in September 1974. She bequeathed a lot of Meares' possessions and letters to the Royal British Columbia Museum.
Notes edit
- ^ Bosher, J.F. (14 May 2010). Imperial Vancouver Island. p. 490. ISBN 978-1450059633.
- ^ Bosher 2010, p. 490.
- ^ a b Bosher 2010, p. 491.
- ^ Gardiner 2019, p. 208-209.
- ^ There are differing accounts as to why Meares resigned. Huntford (p435) claims a row with Scott. Fiennes (p340) says Meares had to return to England to deal with his late father's affairs.
- ^ Alexander, Caroline (31 October 1999). "Bookend; The Race to the Bottom". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ May, K.; Lewis, G. (November 2019). "'Strict injunctions that the dogs should not be risked': A revised hypothesis for this anecdote and others in narratives of Scott's last expedition". Polar Record. 55 (6): 380. doi:10.1017/S0032247419000688. S2CID 214430674.
- ^ Gardiner, Justin (2019). Beneath the Shadow: Legacy and Longing in the Antarctic. University of Georgia Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0820354958.
- ^ Gardiner 2019, p. 209.
- ^ "Series MS-0455 - Cecil Henry Meares papers". BC Archives. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
- ^ "Cecil Henry Meares - in charge of dogs, Russian interpreter (1877 - 1937) - Biographical notes". Cool Antarctica. Retrieved 14 September 2018.