In mathematics, a function defined on some set with real or complex values is called bounded if the set of its values is bounded. In other words, there exists a real number such that

A schematic illustration of a bounded function (red) and an unbounded one (blue). Intuitively, the graph of a bounded function stays within a horizontal band, while the graph of an unbounded function does not.

for all in .[1] A function that is not bounded is said to be unbounded.[citation needed]

If is real-valued and for all in , then the function is said to be bounded (from) above by . If for all in , then the function is said to be bounded (from) below by . A real-valued function is bounded if and only if it is bounded from above and below.[1][additional citation(s) needed]

An important special case is a bounded sequence, where is taken to be the set of natural numbers. Thus a sequence is bounded if there exists a real number such that

for every natural number . The set of all bounded sequences forms the sequence space .[citation needed]

The definition of boundedness can be generalized to functions taking values in a more general space by requiring that the image is a bounded set in .[citation needed]

Related notions edit

Weaker than boundedness is local boundedness. A family of bounded functions may be uniformly bounded.

A bounded operator   is not a bounded function in the sense of this page's definition (unless  ), but has the weaker property of preserving boundedness; bounded sets   are mapped to bounded sets  . This definition can be extended to any function   if   and   allow for the concept of a bounded set. Boundedness can also be determined by looking at a graph.[citation needed]

Examples edit

  • The sine function   is bounded since   for all  .[1][2]
  • The function  , defined for all real   except for −1 and 1, is unbounded. As   approaches −1 or 1, the values of this function get larger in magnitude. This function can be made bounded if one restricts its domain to be, for example,   or  .[citation needed]
  • The function  , defined for all real  , is bounded, since   for all  .[citation needed]
  • The inverse trigonometric function arctangent defined as:   or   is increasing for all real numbers   and bounded with   radians[3]
  • By the boundedness theorem, every continuous function on a closed interval, such as  , is bounded.[4] More generally, any continuous function from a compact space into a metric space is bounded.[citation needed]
  • All complex-valued functions   which are entire are either unbounded or constant as a consequence of Liouville's theorem.[5] In particular, the complex   must be unbounded since it is entire.[citation needed]
  • The function   which takes the value 0 for   rational number and 1 for   irrational number (cf. Dirichlet function) is bounded. Thus, a function does not need to be "nice" in order to be bounded. The set of all bounded functions defined on   is much larger than the set of continuous functions on that interval.[citation needed] Moreover, continuous functions need not be bounded; for example, the functions   and   defined by   and   are both continuous, but neither is bounded.[6] (However, a continuous function must be bounded if its domain is both closed and bounded.[6])

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Jeffrey, Alan (1996-06-13). Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists, 5th Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-412-62150-5.
  2. ^ "The Sine and Cosine Functions" (PDF). math.dartmouth.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  3. ^ Polyanin, Andrei D.; Chernoutsan, Alexei (2010-10-18). A Concise Handbook of Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering Sciences. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-0640-1.
  4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Extreme Value Theorem". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  5. ^ "Liouville theorems - Encyclopedia of Mathematics". encyclopediaofmath.org. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  6. ^ a b Ghorpade, Sudhir R.; Limaye, Balmohan V. (2010-03-20). A Course in Multivariable Calculus and Analysis. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4419-1621-1.