Balthasar von Dernbach (1548 – 15 March 1606), was a Benedictine monk of Fulda monastery and its Prince-Abbot from 1570 to 1606.
Family edit
This section includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (October 2016) |
Balthasar was born into a branch (called Graul) of the von Dernbach family, a family of knights traceable to the 13th century in the vicinity of Giessen and Herborn as liegemen of the landgraves of Hesse.[citation needed]
Born in 1548 in Wiesenfeld, Hesse, Balthasar was the youngest son of the fifteen children of Peter von Dernbach and his wife, Clara Klauer von und zu Wohra. Balthasar was baptized into the Lutheran church, although his father's religious leanings have been described as either "staunchly Lutheran" and the "only Catholic" in Hesse. A liegeman of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, Peter von Dernbach fought in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47 despite adopting a critical attitude towards Philip's religious policies.[citation needed]
Fulda monastery edit
When Balthasar's father died in 1560, his mother sent the 12-year-old youth to Fulda monastery, where her brother, Wilhelm Hartmann Klauer von und zu Wohra, was prince-abbot. There, Balthasar was raised a Catholic, In 1566, he was ordained a priest in Würzburg. In 1570, he was elected his uncle's successor as prince-abbot and confirmed in that position by Pope Pius V. As abbot, Balthasar helped his brothers Otto, Melchior, and Wilhelm attain high office. Otto became marshal-provost at Petersberg, Melchior a marshal-bailiff at Brückenau and William became commander of the Teutonic Knights at Kapfenburg und Oettingen. Melchior's son, Peter Philip, entered the service of the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg and later became himself Prince-Bishop of Bamberg and Würzburg.[1]
Counter-Reformation edit
Balthasar immediately adopted a policy of counterreformation. In 1571 he called in the Jesuits to found a school and college. He insisted that the members of the chapter should return to a monastic form of life. Whereas his predecessors had tolerated Protestantism, resulting in most of the citizenry of Fulda and a large portion of the principality's countryside professing Lutheranism, Balthasar ordered his subjects either to return to the Catholic faith or leave his territories.[2]
Exile and return edit
These measures were resisted by the chapter, the magistrates and the knights. After Balthasar repeatedly ignored threats of violence, the knights allied themselves to Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, prince-bishop of neighbouring Würzburg. In 1576, the combined opposition forced Balthasar at Hammelburg to sign a letter of abdication and made Julius Echter administrator on the condition that he would tolerate the knights' religion. Balthasar fled to the Archbishop of Mainz, who gave him Castle Bieberstein as residence.[3][4][5]
Balthasar revoked his abdication and sent complaints to Emperor Maximilian II and Pope Gregory XIII to be reinstated. The Pope threatened Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn with excommunication if he refused to relinquish his claim to Fulda, but the latter insisted on the matter being settled by lawsuit, which would last more than a quarter century. During his years of banishment he directed his care and attention to the seminary at Fulda established by Pope Gregory XIII for students of noble birth. Balthasar effected the creation of sixty additional free places for the needy sons of burghers.[6]
In 1602, the Aulic Council reinstated Balthasar and sentenced the chapter, the knights and the cities to pay a fine and the expenses of the proceedings. Upon his return, Balthasar continued his policy of counter-reformation and achieved a complete restoration of Catholicism in the city and the principality.[2][3][4][5]
Witch trials edit
After 1602, he ordered witch trials. These were presided over by Balthasar Nuss, who had attached himself to the abbot during his exile and now was appointed Zentgraf of Hofbiebe and Malefizmeister. These trials resulted in the deaths of approximately 250 people. After Balthasar's death in 1606, Nuss was arrested by the new prince-abbott and spent 12 years in prison before being beheaded in 1618.[7] Merga Bien, a woman convicted of witchcraft, was the most famous of the victims in the Fulda witch trials.
Literature edit
- Wolfgang Breul in: 200 Jahre evangelische Gemeinde in Fulda. = 200 Jahre evangelische Kirchengemeinde in Fulda. Evangelische Gemeinde, Fulda 2003, S. 15–26.
- Heinrich Heppe: Die Restauration des Katholizismus in Fulda, auf dem Eichsfelde und in Würzburg, Elwert, Marburg 1850
- Josef Leinweber: Die Fuldaer Äbte und Bischöfe. Knecht, Frankfurt am Main 1989; ISBN 3-7820-0585-6
References edit
- ^ Horst W. Müller. Dernbach und die „von Dernbach“. In: Hinterländer Geschichtsblätter. Bd. 84, Nr. 3, 2005, ISSN 0018-196X, S. 137–141, Nr. 4, S. 149–152; Bd. 85, 2006, Nr. 1, S. 153–155, Nr. 2, S. 162–167.
- ^ a b Otto Schaffrath. Fürstabt Balthasar von Dermbach und seine Zeit. Studien zur Geschichte der Gegenreformation in Fulda (= Veröffentlichung des Fuldaer Geschichtsvereins. Bd. 44, ZDB-ID 517272-x). Parzeller, Fulda 1967, mit umfangreicher Literaturübersicht.(in German)
- ^ a b Gerrit Walther. Abt Balthasars Mission: Politische Mentalitäten, Gegenreformation und eine Adelsverschwörung im Hochstift Fulda. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2002.(in German)
- ^ a b Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz: Balthasar von Dernbach. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2., unveränderte Auflage Hamm 1990; ISBN 3-88309-013-1, Sp. 359.(in German)
- ^ a b Franz Xaver von Wegele: Balthasar, Fürstabt von Fulda. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 2, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1875, S. 24–27.(in German)
- ^ Janssen, Johannes. History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, Volume 9, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Company, Limited, 1906, p. 371
- ^ Profile Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, uni-protokolle.de; accessed 21 April 2015.(in German)