Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen (Ruler of heaven, hear our babble),[1] BWV 248III (also written as BWV 248 III), is a 1734 church cantata for the third day of Christmas (27 December) which Johann Sebastian Bach composed as the third part of his Christmas Oratorio.[2] The Christmas cantata was first performed in 1734, in Leipzig.[2] Bach was then Thomaskantor, responsible for music at four churches in Leipzig, a position he had assumed in 1723.
| Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen | |
|---|---|
| Part III of Christmas Oratorio | |
| Christmas cantata by J. S. Bach | |
 First page of autograph with start of Chorus and opening recitative of Evangelist | |
| Catalogue | BWV 248 III |
| Related | based on |
| Occasion | Third day of Christmas |
| Bible text | Luke 2:15-20 |
| Chorale |
|
| Performed | 27 December 1734: Leipzig |
| Movements | 13 |
| Vocal |
|
| Instrumental |
|
The cantata follows the nativity of Jesus as narrated in the Gospel of Luke. It covers the adoration of the shepherds. An unknown librettist added text for reflecting recitatives and arias and included stanzas from Lutheran hymns. Bach structured the cantata in 13 movements and scored it for four vocal parts and a Baroque orchestra with trumpets and timpani, flutes, oboes, and strings. Part III of the oratorio begins with a festive chorus, which is, in contrast to the other parts, repeated after the closing choral, as a conclusion of the three days of Christmas. A tenor soloist narrates the Biblical story in recitatives as the Evangelist. An alto aria is perhaps the only newly composed aria in the entire oratorio, while music for other movements is based on two cantatas that Bach had composed for the court at Dresden.
Bach led the first performances at the Nikolaikirche, the main churches of Leipzig, on 27 December 1734, during a morning service.
Background edit
In 18th-century Leipzig, the three Christian high holidays Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were celebrated on three consecutive days, with different prescribed readings and related music each day. Christmas was celebrated from 25 to 27 December. For the principal churches, Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche, the director musices (Thomaskantor)[3] determined which music was to be performed during the services on Sundays and feast days.[4][5][6]
The prescribed readings for the third day of Christmas were from the Epistle to the Hebrews, Christ is higher than the angels, (Hebrews 1:1–14), and from the prologue of the Gospel of John, also called Hymn to the Word (John 1:1–14).[7] Bach had been presenting church cantatas for the Christmas season in the Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche since his appointment as director musices in Leipzig in 1723, including cantatas for the third day of Christmas:[5][8]
- In 1723, as part of his first cantata cycle: Sehet, welch eine Liebe hat uns der Vater erzeiget, BWV 64[9]
- In 1724, as part of his second cantata cycle: Ich freue mich in dir, BWV 133[10]
- In 1725, as part of his third cantata cycle: Süßer Trost, mein Jesus kömmt, BWV 151[11]
In 1733, Augustus III of Poland succeeded his father, Augustus the Strong, as Elector of Saxony and took residence in Dresden.[12] Bach hoped to become court composer for the Catholic Elector, and dedicated the Latin Missa in B minor, BWV 232 I, to him.[12] Several of Bach's secular cantatas celebrating the Saxonian prince-electoral family were performed in Leipzig, including two cantatas first performed in 1733:[13][14]
- Laßt uns sorgen, laßt uns wachen, BWV 213 , also known as Hercules am Scheidewege (Hercules at the Crossroads), on a libretto by Picander, was performed on 5 September 1733, the 11th birthday of the son of the elector;[14][15]
- Tönet, ihr Pauken! Erschallet, Trompeten! BWV 214 (Resound, ye drums! Ring out, ye trumpets!),[16] a cantata for the elector's wife, Maria Josepha, to honour her 34th birthday on 8 December.[17] The cantata is also known as "Glückwunschkantate zum Geburtstage der Königin" (Congratulation cantata for the Queen's birthday), although Maria Josepha was not crowned Queen of Poland until January 1734.[14]
Bach drew on these two cantatas for choral movements, arias and duets of the oratorio's parts I to IV.[18][19] The Bach scholar Christoph Wolff noted that Bach reused music with similar affect, "rescuing it for more durable purpose".[20] Bach composed for part III the recitatives of the Evangelist, the chorus of the shepherds, the reflecting bass recitative, the chorales, and the alto aria "Schließe, mein Herze", as the only aria in the oratorio.[18]
Christmas season 1734–35 edit
Bach composed his Christmas Oratorio for the Christmas season from Christmas Day on 25 December 1734 to Epiphany on 6 January 1735.[18] Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen, BWV 248 III, for the Third Day of Christmas in 1734, is the third of six cantatas (or parts) constituting this oratorio. Its first cantata, Part I of the oratorio, Jauchzet, frohlocket! Auf, preiset die Tage, BWV 248 I, had been performed on the first feast day, and was focused on the birth of Jesus. The second cantata, Part II of the oratorio, Und es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend, was performed the following day, focused on the annunciation to the shepherds.[22]
Text edit
Departing from the usual readings for 27 December, the text of Part III deals with the adoration of the shepherds, from their itinerary to Bethlehem to their adoration in the stable, taken from the prescribed readings for the Second Day of Christmas.[18] The story is told following the Gospel of Luke, interspersed with reflecting recitatives, arias and chorales.[23]
The identity of the librettist of the Christmas Oratorio cantatas is unknown,[22] with Picander, who had collaborated with Bach earlier, a likely candidate.[24] The oratorio's libretto was published in 1734.[21] The quotations from the Bible are rendered in Martin Luther's translation. The librettist included three stanzas from Lutheran hymns: "Dies hat er alles uns getan" from Luther's "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ",[25] "Ich will dich mit Fleiß bewahren" from Paul Gerhardt's "Fröhlich soll mein Herze springen",[26] and for the conclusion "Seid froh, dieweil" from Christoph Runge's "Laßt Furcht und Pein".[27][28] The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann noted that the traditional melodies of the chorales, which are still in use, connect the music to the present time.[18]
Bach led the first performance at the Nikolaikirche during the morning service.[18]
Music and content edit
The work is structured in 13 movements. Unlike the other cantatas in the Christmas Oratorio, the opening chorus of the cantata is repeated as the closing movement. The alto aria is perhaps the only newly composed aria in the entire oratorio.[29] The cantata features four vocal soloists (soprano, alto, tenor, and bass), a four-part choir (SATB) and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of three trumpets (Tr), timpani, two traversos (Tra) two oboes (Ob) also doubling as oboes d'amore (Oa), two violins (Vl), viola (Va) and basso continuo.[2] The scoring is equal to Part I of the oratorio.[30]
The scoring in the following table follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe (New Bach Edition). The keys and time signatures are from Alfred Dürr, and use the symbol for common time.[23] No key is shown for the recitatives, because they modulate.
| No. | Title | Text | Type | Vocal | Brass | Winds | Strings | Key | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 | Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen | anon. | Chorus | SATB | 3Tr | 2Tra 2Ob | 2Vl Va | D major | 3/8 |
| 25 | Und da die Engel von ihnen gen Himmel fuhren | Luke 2:15 | Recitative | T | 
| ||||
| 26 | Lasset uns nun gehen gen Bethlehem | Luke 2:15 | Chorus | SATB | 2Tra 2Oa | 2Vl Va | A major | 3/4 | |
| 27 | Er hat sein Volk getröst' | anon. | Recitative | B | 2Tra |
| |||
| 28 | Dies hat er alles uns getan | Luther | Chorale | SATB | 2Tra 2Ob | 2Vl Va | A major |
| |
| 29 | Herr, dein Mitleid, dein Erbarmen | anon. | Duet | S B | 2Oa | A major | 3/8 | ||
| 30 | Und sie kamen eilend | Luke 2:16-19 | Recitative | T |
| ||||
| 31 | Schließe, mein Herze, dies selige Wunder | anon. | Aria | A | Vl (solo) | B minor | 2/4 | ||
| 32 | Ja, ja, mein Herz soll es bewahren | anon. | Recitative | A | 2Tra |
| |||
| 33 | Ich will dich mit Fleiß bewahren | Gerhardt | Chorale | SATB | 2Tra 2Ob | 2Vl Va | G major |
| |
| 34 | Und die Hirten kehrten wieder um | Luke 2:20 | Recitative | T |
| ||||
| 35 | Seid froh dieweil | Luke 2:20 | Chorale | SATB | 2Tra 2Ob | 2Vl Va | F# minor |
| |
| 24 | Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen (da capo) | anon. | Chorus | SATB | 3Tr | 2Tra 2Ob | 2Vl Va | D major | 3/8 |
Movements edit
24 edit
The cantata begins with a chorus, Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen (Ruler of Heaven, hear the murmur),[28] in D major and a triple meter like the opening of the first cantata of the oratorio. It is based on the closing chorus of BWV 214, Blühet, ihr Linden in Sachsen, wie Zedern[18] (Bloom, you Saxon lindens, like cedars!).[31] In the original, three solo voices enter one after the other, tenor, soprano, alto, which is copied in the oratorio for the choral parts.[30]
This chorus is repeated at the end of the cantata, for a conclusion of the three days of Christmas.[32]
25 edit
The Evangelist tells that, after the angels left, Und da die Engel von ihnen gen Himmel fuhren (And when the angels went away from them towards heaven),[31] the shepherds spoke to each other.[32]
26 edit
The following Biblical sentence is set as a turba chorus, Lasset uns nun gehen gen Bethlehem (Let us go now towards Bethlehem),[28] in complex polyphony. The hurried walk of the shepherds is depicted in a walking bass, and an almost continuous fast movement in flute and first violin.[30]
27 edit
A bass recitative, Er hat sein Volk getröst't (He has comforted His people)[28] reflects that shepherds played a role in many stories between God and his people.[30]
28 edit
The scene is closed by a chorale stanza, Dies hat er alles uns getan (All this He has done for us),[28] the seventh stanza from Luther's "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ", published in Wittenberg in 1524.[25]
29 edit
A duet of soprano and bass, beginning "Herr, dein Mitleid, dein Erbarmen tröstet uns und macht uns frei" (Lord, your compassion, your mercy comforts us and makes us free)[28] expands the aspect of God's mercy. It is based on the duet "Ich bin deine" / "Du bist meine"[18] (I am yours / You are mine),[33] a duet of Hercules and Virtue from BWV 213. The voices are accompanied by two obbligato oboes d'amore, while the original music featured two violins. The wind instruments are more suitable to represent the shepherds.[30]
30 edit
The Evangelist continues the narration with the shepherds finding the baby, "Und sie kamen eilend und funden beide, Mariam und Joseph, dazu das Kind in der Krippe liegen" (And they came hastily and found both Mary and Joseph, along with the child lying in the manger).[28] The Gospel of Luke points at Mary's reaction to what the shepherds said: "Maria aber behielt alle diese Worte und bewegte sie in ihrem Herzen" (Mary however kept all these words and pondered them in her heart).[28]
31 edit
In an alto aria, Mary seems to tell herself "Schließe, mein Herze, dies selige Wunder fest in deinem Glauben ein!" (Enclose, my heart, these blessed miracles fast within your faith!),[28] which is an invitation to the listener to do the same. The intimate setting, with an obbligato solo violin, is the only aria which Bach newly composed for the oratorio.[29]
32 edit
The alto continues the determination to remember in an accompanied recitative: "Ja, ja! mein Herz soll es bewahren" (Yes, yes, my heart shall cherish this)".[28] Two flutes are the obbligato instruments.
33 edit
A chorale supports the intention: "Ich will dich mit Fleiß bewahren" (I will cherish You assiduously).[28] Using the 15th stanza of Paul Gerhardt's 1653 hymn "Fröhlich soll mein Herze springen", devotion is promised into eternity, which is described as "... ohne Zeit dort im andern Leben" (... without time, there in the other life). The melody that Bach used was written by Georg Ebeling in 1666 for "Warum sollt ich mich denn grämen" (Zahn 6461).[26]
34 edit
The Evangelist reports that the shepherds returned, praising God: "Und die Hirten kehrten wieder um" (And the shepherds went back again).[28]
35 edit
A chorale concludes the story, requesting to rejoice: "Seid froh, dieweil" (Meanwhile, be happy).[28] It is the fourth stanza from Christoph Runge's 1653 song "Laßt Furcht und Pein", with a melody composed by Kaspar Füger in 1593 for "Wir Christenleut'" (Zahn 2072).[27] The chorale is in F-sharp minor, and unusually also ends in this key, which makes for a better transition to the repetition of the opening chorus in D major.[30]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, p. 131.
- ^ a b c Bach Digital 248 III 2021.
- ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 237–257.
- ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 23–26.
- ^ a b Stauffer 2016, p. 272.
- ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 253–254.
- ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 121.
- ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 121–133.
- ^ Bach Digital 64 2022.
- ^ Bach Digital 133 2022.
- ^ Bach Digital 151 2022.
- ^ a b Rathey 2016.
- ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 361–364, 366.
- ^ a b c Wessel 2015, pp. 25–44, 47, 99–100.
- ^ Bach Digital 213 2021.
- ^ Bach Digital 214 2021.
- ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 102, 820, 827–830.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hofmann 2005, p. V.
- ^ Wolff 2000, p. 366.
- ^ Wolff 2000, pp. 383–384.
- ^ a b Bach Digital Libretto 2022.
- ^ a b Bach Digital 248 II 2021.
- ^ a b Dürr & Jones 2006, pp. 131–133.
- ^ Dürr & Jones 2006, p. 104.
- ^ a b Dahn 28 2018.
- ^ a b Dahn 33 2018.
- ^ a b Dahn 35 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dellal 2021.
- ^ a b Dürr & Jones 2006, p. 133.
- ^ a b c d e f Werkeinführung 2021.
- ^ a b Dellal 214 2021.
- ^ a b Hennerfeind 2021.
- ^ Dellal 213 2021.
Cited sources edit
Bach digital
- "Lasst uns sorgen, lasst uns wachen (Dramma per musica) BWV 213; BC G 18". Bach Digital. 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- "Tönet, ihr Pauken! Erschallet, Trompeten! BWV 214: Secular cantata (Birthday)". Bach Digital. 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- "Und es waren Hirten in derselben Gegend / (Christmas oratorio, part 2) BWV 248.2 II; BWV 248 II; BC D 7 II". Bach Digital. 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- "Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen / (Christmas oratorio, part 3) BWV 248.2 III; BWV 248 III; BC D 7 III". Bach Digital. 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- "Sehet, welch eine Liebe hat uns der Vater erzeiget BWV 64; BC A 15". Bach Digital. 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- "Ich freue mich in dir BWV 133; BC A 16". Bach Digital. 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- "Süßer Trost, mein Jesus kömmt BWV 151; BC A 17". Bach Digital. 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- "Leipzig, Bach-Archiv Leipzig / D-LEb Rara I, 7a [Textdruck]". Bach Digital. 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
Books
- Dürr, Alfred; Jones, Richard D. P. (2006). The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel Text. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929776-4.
- Hofmann, Klaus, ed. (2005). Johann Sebastian Bach: Weihnachtsoratorium / Christmas Oratorio / Oratorium Tempore Nativitatis Christi / BWV 248 (PDF) (Urtext, Vocal score). Stuttgarter Bach-Ausgaben (in German, English, and French). Translated by Coombs, John. Continuo realisation by Horn, Paul, English version by Drinker, Henry S. Carus. CV 31.248/53.
- Rathey, Markus (2016). Johann Sebastian Bach's Christmas Oratorio: Music, Theology, Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-027526-6.
- Stauffer, George B. (2016). "Leipzig: A Cosmopolitan Trade Center". In Buelow, George J. (ed.). The Late Baroque Era: Vol 4. From the 1680s to 1740. Springer. ISBN 978-1-34-911303-3.
- Wessel, Jens (2015). "Köthen (1717–1723)" (PDF). J. S. Bach und die italienische Oper / Drammi per musica für das kurfürstlich-sächsische und polnische Königshaus zwischen 1733 und 1736 (dissertation) (in German). Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.
- Wolff, Christoph (2000). Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32256-9.
Online source
- Dahn, Luke (2021). "BWV 248.28". bach-chorales.com. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- Dahn, Luke (2018). "BWV 248.33". bach-chorales.com. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- Dahn, Luke (2018). "BWV 248.35". bach-chorales.com. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- Dellal, Pamela (2021). "BWV 248-III - "Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen"". pameladellal.com. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- Dellal, Pamela (2021). "BWV 213 - "Laßt uns sorgen, lasst uns wachen" - Herkules auf dem Scheidewege [Hercules at the Crossroads]". pameladellal.com. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- Dellal, Pamela (2021). "BWV 214 – "Tönet, ihr Pauken! Erschallet, Trompeten!"". pameladellal.com. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- Hennerfeind, Markus (2021). "Johann Sebastian Bach / Weihnachtsoratorium BWV 248, Kantate Nr. 3 ("Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen")". Tonkünstlerverein. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- "J. S. Bach, Weihnachtsoratorium / Werkeinführung und Libretto". schoenewolf.com. 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
External links edit
- Herrscher des Himmels, erhöre das Lallen (in German) bachipedia.org