A car's internal costs are all the costs consumers pay to own and operate a car.[3][4][5] Normally these expenditures are divided into fixed or standing costs and variable or running costs.[6] Fixed costs are those which do not depend on the distance traveled by the vehicle and which the owner must pay to keep the vehicle ready for use on the road, like insurance or road taxes. Variable or running costs are those that depend on the use of the car, like fuel or tolls.[7]
Compared to other popular modes of passenger transportation, especially buses or trains, the car has a relatively high cost per passenger-distance traveled.[8] Motorists in the United Kingdom spend, on average, roughly 1/3 of their average net income to operate a car,[9] while motorists in Portugal spend approximately 1/2 of their net income. For the average car owner, depreciation constitutes about half the cost of running a car.[9] The typical motorist underestimates this fixed cost by a significant margin.[10]
The IRS considers that the average US automobile has a total cost of US$0.58/mile, around €0.32/km.[11] According to the American Automobile Association, the average driver of the average sedan spends totally approximately US$8,700 per year, or US$720 per month, to own and operate their vehicle.[2]
Fixed costs edit
Car acquisition edit
The car itself has a cost. The cost can be reduced by buying a reused car. But the reused car may have hidden defects, hidden problems, or be about to be out of norms. It is the most shallow and most immediate cost. But it can be delayed under a loan scheme.
Loan costs edit
Car finance comprises the different financial products which allows someone to acquire a car with any arrangement other than a single lump payment. When used, and for the purpose of assessing the private financial costs, one must consider only the interests paid by the car owner, as some part of the amount the owner pays each month for the finance is already embedded in the depreciations costs.
Depreciation edit
The yearly depreciation of a car is the amount its value decreases every year. Normally a car's value is correlated with the price it has on the market, but on average a car has a depreciation around 15–20% per year.[12][13] Depending on market conditions, cars may depreciate 10–30% the first year.[14] Since 2021, however, cars have appreciated significantly the first year due to shortages of cars and up to five-year wait times for new cars.[citation needed]
Car taxes edit
Car taxes, road taxes, vehicle taxes or Vehicle Excise Duty are the amount of money car owners pay the government to allow the car to operate within that region or state. These taxes serve to maintain the road infrastructure or to compensate the negative externalities caused by the motor vehicles. These taxes may depend on engine displacement, vehicle weight, miles traveled, CO2 emissions, or the car value.
Insurance edit
Insurance serves to provide financial protection against physical damage and/or bodily injury resulting from traffic collisions and against liability that could also arise there-from.
Inspection edit
Vehicle inspection is a procedure mandated by law in which a vehicle is inspected to ensure that it conforms to regulations governing safety, emissions, or both.
Driving license edit
A driving license is often required to drive a car.
Cost of capital edit
The cost of capital, applied to a purchase of a car, is the amount of money the car owner could have obtained, if they, instead of buying the car, applied that amount of money to other worthy investment. The cost of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in an alternative investment of equivalent risk. Considering by default the car has depreciation, and that such depreciation is already considered at a certain cost item, the cost of capital of owning a car, is then the income that the car owner could have obtained with the money spent on such car. One example could be a common standard interest rate in a deposit account.[15]
Running costs edit
Fuel edit
The fuel costs depend basically on four factors, namely the distance travelled by the car, the price paid for the fuel, the energy efficiency of the car and the type of driving. In Western countries, this cost normally is the second highest after depreciation.
Maintenance edit
The maintenance of a car can have the purpose to be a long term or a short term maintenance. This cost might be very irregular and somewhat unpredictable but tends to increase with the age of the car. On this item are included car parts that need to be replaced after a certain period of time (for example every two years) or with a specific number of travelled kilometres or miles, like tires or filters.
Repairs and improvements edit
Repairs costs are completely unpredictable because they depend on the number and severity of car collisions, like dents repairing for example.[citation needed] These costs also refer to spare parts substitution due to malfunctioning. On this cost item it might be included also the parts bought to improve the performance or the aesthetic of the vehicle.[citation needed]
Parking edit
The costs of parking include all the money the user needs to pay to park their car. This applies normally to car parking lots, like in offices, public buildings, shopping centres or in the downtown; but also on the public space (normally in the inner part of some city) using parking meters. This cost might be relatively predictable, if the user for example has a monthly contract with some parking lot company, or if he rents a private parking space.
Tolls edit
A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private roadway for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage. Normally this applies to motorways, bridges and tunnels but it might also apply, like in some cities such as London or Stockholm, to gain access to the city-centre. This cost might be predictable if the user passes the tolled roadway, a defined number of times per month.
Fines edit
A traffic fine or traffic ticket is a notice issued by a law enforcement official to a motorist accusing violation of traffic laws. Traffic tickets generally come in two forms, citing a moving violation, such as exceeding the speed limit, or a non-moving violation, such as a parking violation. These tickets almost always imply the payment of a certain quantity of money.
Car washes edit
The cost of car wash varies according to the frequency users clean their car, and with the price of each cleaning.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Automobile costs for United States; Average monthly cost per type". Automobile Costs Calculator. autocosts.info. April 2016.
- ^ a b Stepp, Erin (April 28, 2015). "Annual Cost to Own and Operate a Vehicle Falls to $8,698, Finds AAA". NewsRoom. American Automobile Association. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
- ^ The Automobile Association (2014). "Motoring Costs". theaa.com.
- ^ Gössling, Stefan; Kees, Jessica; Litman, Todd (1 April 2022). "The lifetime cost of driving a car". Ecological Economics. 194: 107335. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107335.
- ^ Andor, Mark A.; Gerster, Andreas; Gillingham, Kenneth T.; Horvath, Marco (April 2020). "Running a car costs much more than people think — stalling the uptake of green travel". Nature. 580 (7804): 453–455. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01118-w.
- ^ The Automobile Association (2014). "Motoring Costs 2014" (PDF). theaa.com (PDF file).
- ^ The Automobile Association. "Car running costs 2013/14". theaa.com.
- ^ Diesendorf, Mark, "The Effect of Land Costs on the Economics of Urban Transportation Systems" (PDF), Proceedings of Third International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies (ICTTS2002), pp. 1422–1429, ISBN 978-0-7844-0630-4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-19, retrieved 2008-04-15
- ^ a b Osborne, Hilary (2006-10-20). "Cost of running a car 'exceeds £5,000'". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Meek, James (2004-12-20). "The slow and the furious". The Guardian. London.
- ^ IRS (December 14, 2018). "IRS issues standard mileage rates for 2019".
- ^ Simon Donohue, Business reporter (BBC) (27 August 2013). "How to beat price depreciation when choosing a new car". BBC News.
{{cite news}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ John Fuller (24 August 2009). "What is car depreciation?".
- ^ Lee, Thomas (4 October 2016). "Buy These 12 Cars Used, Not New Based on Study of 14 Million Cars". Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ "Car running costs, Your guide to how we calculate car running costs". The Automobile Association. 7 July 2014.
External links edit
