Atari Assembler Editor (sometimes written as Atari Assembler/Editor) is a ROM cartridge-based development system released by Atari, Inc. in 1981. It is used to edit, assemble, and debug 6502 programs for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers without the need for additional tools. It was programmed by Kathleen O'Brien of Shepardson Microsystems, the company which wrote Atari BASIC, and Assembler Editor shares many design concepts with that language implementation.
| Original author(s) | Kathleen O'Brien |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | Shepardson Microsystems |
| Initial release | 1981 |
| Platform | Atari 8-bit |
| Size | 8KB |
| Type | Assembler |
| License | Proprietary software |
Assembly times are slow, making the cartridge challenging to use for larger programs. In the manual, Atari recommended the Assembler Editor as a tool for writing subroutines to speed up Atari BASIC,[1] which would be much smaller than full applications. The Atari Macro Assembler was offered as an alternative with better performance and more features, such as macros, but it is disk-based, copy-protected, and does not include an editor or debugger. Despite the recommendation, commercial software was written using the Assembler Editor, such as the games Eastern Front (1941),[2] Caverns of Mars,[3] Galahad and the Holy Grail,[4] and Kid Grid.[5]
The source code to the original Assembler Editor was licensed to Optimized Systems Software who shipped EASMD based on it.
Development environment edit
The Assembler Editor is a two-pass 6502 assembler in an 8KB cartridge. Both source and object code can be in memory simultaneously, allowing repeated editing, assembly, and running of the resulting code without accessing a disk or tape drive.[6]
Edit edit
The cartridge starts in EDIT mode. The programmer enters lines of assembly source into the Atari BASIC-like editor. Source text must be prefixed with a line number or it is interpreted as a command. Like Atari BASIC, Assembler Editor includes an ENTER command that can be used to combine files together into a single larger program listing. Unlike Atari BASIC, Assembler Editor includes commands for automatically creating spaced-out line numbers, as well as renumbering lines and deleting them en masse. A FIND command is useful when working with labels.[7]
Instructions are listed in the order they will be placed in memory. The starting point for instructions is specified with the *= directive, so, for instance, code intended to be placed in the special "page six" would be prefixed with the line *= $0600.[8] Variable names can be assigned to specific addresses, and this was often combined with an increment *= *+1 to directly encode offsets into tables.[9]
Values following instructions are normally interpreted as "the value at this memory address", but an actual numeric value can be provided as an "immediate operand" by appending it with a hash, like LDA #12, which loads the accumulator with the decimal value 12. Hexadecimal is indicated with a dollar sign, LDA #$12 loads the accumulator with 12 hex, or 18 decimal. Indirect addressing is supported using parentheses; LDA ($600) uses the values in location $600,$601 to produce a 16-bit address, and then loads the accumulator with the value found at that location.[10]
Errors are reported with numeric codes that can be looked up in the manual. There are 19 assembler-specific codes and 16 additional codes for operating system input/output errors.[11]
Assemble edit
Code is assembled by typing the ASM command into the editor.[12]
Assembler Editor was widely derided as the slowest assembler on the platform. Much of this is from sharing code with Atari BASIC, also written by Shepardson Microsystems. Atari BASIC uses slow routines used to convert numeric constants in code to an internal binary-coded decimal representation via operating system routines. All numbers, even line numbers, have to be converted to binary-coded decimal. It also means that 1E2 is a legal line number.[13]
Debug edit
The debugger, really a monitor, is entered with the BUG command.[14] The X command returns to EDIT mode.[15] The debugger allows the viewing and changing of registers and memory locations, code tracing, single-step and disassembly.[16]
History edit
Assembler Editor was written by Kathleen O'Brien of Shepardson Microsystems. The company had been hired by Atari to help fit Microsoft 6502 BASIC onto an 8KB ROM, something programmers at Atari were struggling with. Instead, Bill Wilkinson suggested designing an entirely new version of BASIC, which became Atari BASIC.[17]
While Atari BASIC was being written, primarily by Paul Laughton, O'Brien's husband, O'Brien worked on the Assembler Editor.[17] It was written by punching codes into a punch tape machine, running the tape through an EPROM burner, and then testing the resulting ROM in an Atari 800. The cartridge was completed before Atari BASIC, and O'Brien spent some time working on portions of that project as well.[17]
As part of Shepardson's work, a number of common routines were incorporated into the Atari computer's operating system, including the floating point math functions. These were written by O'Brien, the first floating point math code she worked on.[17] The low performance of key functions affected both Atari BASIC and the Assembler Editor and was a topic that Wilkinson often wrote about.[18]
Example code edit
The following is 6502 code for Hello World! written for the Assembler Editor:
10 ; HELLO.ASM
20 ; ---------
30 ;
40 ; THIS ATARI ASSEMBLY PROGRAM
50 ; WILL PRINT THE "HELLO WORLD"
60 ; MESSAGE TO THE SCREEN
70 ;
0100 ; CIO EQUATES
0110 ; ===========
0120 *= $0340 ;START OF IOCB
0130 IOCB
0140 ;
0150 ICHID *= *+1 ;DEVICE HANDLER
0160 ICDNO *= *+1 ;DEVICE NUMBER
0170 ICCOM *= *+1 ;I/O COMMAND
0180 ICSTA *= *+1 ;I/O STATUS
0190 ICBAL *= *+1 ;LSB BUFFER ADDR
0200 ICBAH *= *+1 ;MSB BUFFER ADDR
0210 ICPTL *= *+1 ;LSB PUT ROUTINE
0220 ICPTH *= *+1 ;MSB PUT ROUTINE
0230 ICBLL *= *+1 ;LSB BUFFER LEN
0240 ICBLH *= *+1 ;MSB BUFFER LEN
0250 ICAX1 *= *+1 ;AUX BYTE 1
0260 ICAX2 *= *+1 ;AUX BYTE 1
0270 ;
0280 GETREC = 5 ;GET TEXT RECORD
0290 PUTREC = 9 ;PUT TEXT RECORD
0300 ;
0310 CIOV = $E456 ;CIO ENTRY VECTOR
0320 RUNAD = $02E0 ;RUN ADDRESS
0330 EOL = $9B ;END OF LINE
0340 ;
0350 ; SETUP FOR CIO
0360 ; -------------
0370 *= $0600
0380 START LDX #0 ;IOCB 0
0390 LDA #PUTREC ;WANT OUTPUT
0400 STA ICCOM,X ;ISSUE CMD
0410 LDA #MSG&255 ;LOW BYTE OF MSG
0420 STA ICBAL,X ; INTO ICBAL
0430 LDA #MSG/256 ;HIGH BYTE
0440 STA ICBAH,X ; INTO ICBAH
0450 LDA #0 ;LENGTH OF MSG
0460 STA ICBLH,X ; HIGH BYTE
0470 LDA #$FF ;255 CHAR LENGTH
0480 STA ICBLL,X ; LOW BYTE
0490 ;
0500 ; CALL CIO TO PRINT
0510 ; -----------------
0520 JSR CIOV ;CALL CIO
0530 RTS ;EXIT TO DOS
0540 ;
0550 ; OUR MESSAGE
0560 ; -----------
0570 MSG .BYTE "HELLO WORLD!",EOL
0580 ;
0590 ; INIT RUN ADDRESS
0600 ; ----------------
0610 *= RUNAD
0620 .WORD START
0630 .END
These commands can be interactively entered to assemble the code, enter the debugger, run the program, then exit the debugger when it is finished:
ASM BUG G600 X
Legacy edit
Shortly after Shepardson delivered Assembler Editor and Atari BASIC to Atari, Bob Shepardson, the owner, decided to return to being a one-person company.[19] O'Brien, Laughton, and Wilkinson formed their own company, Optimized Systems Software (OSS), to continue development of the Atari products. They licensed the original source code for BASIC, Assembler Editor, and Atari DOS, which they had collectively written.[20]
In 1981, OSS released an improved version of Assembler Editor, EASMD on floppy disk. EASMD was replaced by MAC/65 in 1982. MAC/65 was one of the fastest assemblers on the platform.[13] Much of the improved performance of MAC/65 is the result of tokenizing lines of code as they're entered—at is the case with Atari BASIC—to reduce the amount of work needed at assembly time.[6]
Assembler Editor continued to be available from Atari, and increased in popularity as the price dropped to US$10 or 5 in the latter half of the 1980s.[21]
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ Manual 1981, p. 63.
- ^ Crawford, Chris (1982). Source Code for Eastern Front (1941). The ATARI Program Exchange.
- ^ The Creative Atari: Dog Daze and Caverns of Mars. 1983.
- ^ Crockford, Douglas (1982). Galahad and the Holy Grail Manual (PDF). The ATARI Program Exchange.
- ^ Ellison, Peter (April 1984). "Interview: Arti Haroutunian". ROM (5): 8.
- ^ a b Hague 2009.
- ^ Manual 1981, p. 15.
- ^ Manual 1981, p. 7,31.
- ^ Manual 1981, p. 31.
- ^ Manual 1981, pp. 10–12.
- ^ Manual 1981, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Manual 1981, p. 25.
- ^ a b Wetmore 1983, p. 29.
- ^ Manual 1981, p. 35.
- ^ Manual 1981, p. 41.
- ^ Manual 1981, pp. 35–41.
- ^ a b c d Interview 2015.
- ^ Wilkinson, Bill (February 1985). "INSIGHT: Atari". Compute!. p. 139.
- ^ Wilkinson 1982, p. vi.
- ^ Wilkinson 1982, pp. vi–vii.
- ^ Ratcliff, Matthew (20 November 1989). "Atari Assembler Editor Reference".
Bibliography edit
- Atari Assembler Editor User Manual (PDF). Atari. 1981.
- Hague, James (2 August 2009). "A Personal History of Compilation Speed, Part 1". Programming in the 21st Century.
- Kathleen O'Brien, Kevin Savetz (13 March 2015). Kathleen O'Brien, OSS (Podcast).
- Wetmore, Russ (November 1983). "Atari 8-bit assemblers reviewed". Hi-Res. Vol. 1, no. 1.
- Wilkinson, Bill (1982). Inside Atari DOS. Optimized Systems Software, Inc. ISBN 0-942386-02-7. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
External links edit
- Assembler Editor at Atari Mania, including manual
- Atari Macro Assembler information