Asia was built at Bombay Dockyard in 1797. She made at least two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC) before the British Royal Navy purchased her in 1805 in the East Indies. The Royal Navy renamed her HMS Sir Francis Drake and used her as a frigate. She served in the Java campaign of 1811. When she returned to England in 1813 she was refitted as a storeship. Later, she became the flagship, at Newfoundland, for the governors of Newfoundland. The Admiralty sold her in 1825. New owners renamed her Asia and she sailed between Britain and London until 1831 when Portuguese interests purchased her. She then became the frigate Dona Maria II for the Liberal forces that were attempting to install the rightful queen, Dona Maria II, to the throne of Portugal, and overthrow Dom Miguel, who had usurped the throne. In early 1849 conflict developed between the Portuguese government in Macau and the Chinese government over who could collect taxes and tariffs at Macao. Dona Maria II sailed to Macao as part of a small squadron. An internal explosion destroyed her in the harbour on 29 October.
 Donna Maria at the battle of Cabo San Vicente
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Great Britain | |
| Name | Asia |
| Owner |
|
| Builder | Bombay Dockyard |
| Launched | 1797 |
| Fate | Sold 1805 |
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS Sir Francis Drake |
| Namesake | Francis Drake |
| Acquired | 1805 by purchase |
| Commissioned | 1808 |
| Honours and awards | Naval General Service Medal (NGSM) with clasp "Java"[1] |
| Fate | Sold 1825 |
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | Asia |
| Owner | Blythe & Co. |
| Acquired | 1825 by purchase |
| Fate | Sold 1831 |
.svg){kind=small}  Portugal | |
| Name | Dona Maria II |
| Namesake | Maria II of Portugal |
| Acquired | 1831 by purchase |
| Fate | Destroyed in an explosion at Macao in 1850[2] |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 735,[3][4] or 736,[5] or 740,[6] or 75130⁄94, or 783[7][8] (bm) |
| Length | 81 ft 9 in (24.9 m) |
| Beam | 20 ft 9 in (6.3 m) |
| Complement |
|
| Armament |
|
East Indiaman edit
Asia was launched at Bombay in 1797. On 1 December 1799 Captain George McInnes sailed from Bombay, bound for England, on a voyage on behalf of the EIC. Asia was at Cochin on 27 December and the Cape of Good Hope on 24 February 1800. She reached St Helena on 15 March, and arrived at the Downs on 30 May.[9]
Captain McInnes made a second voyage to London on behalf of the EIC, leaving Bombay on 15 March 1802. Asia reached St Helena on 25 May and arrived at Deptford on 30 July.[9]
She appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1802 with G. Innes, master, "India" as owner, and trade London–India.[10] Asia was listed in 1803 as being registered in Bombay with Smith, Forbes, and Company, and Homajee Bomanjee, owners, and George M'Innes, master.[6] The Register of Shipping (RS), for 1805 showed her with M'Innis, master, Lanby, owner, and trade London–India.[4]
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In 1805 the Admiralty purchased Asia in the East Indies. It commissioned her as a fifth rate under the command of Commander James Tait, and named her HMS Sir Francis Drake.[11]
On 13 May 1810 Sir Francis Drake was in company with HMS Cornelia and Diana when they captured some slaves at Diego Garcia.[a]
Harris wrote a letter on 1 August reporting the capture, off Java, of a Batavian ship of eight guns and 33 men, a schooner of six guns and 13 men, and a coasting vessel.[13]
A second letter, dated 5 August, reported that boats from HMS Belliqueux and Sir Francis Drake destroyed a French privateer ketch and two gun boats in Bantam Bay. Lieutenant Joseph Prior of Belliquex commanded the boat party.[13] The action took place under fire from shore batteries. A seaman from Sir Francis Drake was killed; he was the sole British casualty from the operation.[14][b]
A third letter, dated 1 October, reported that between 9 August and 8 September, Sir Francis Drake's boats destroyed seven Batavian gunboats, five pirate prows, and 35 Dutch trading vessels.[13]
In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the NGSM with clasp "Java" to all surviving claimants from the campaign.
In 1812 Commander Henry Peachy replaced Harris, only to be replaced in 1813 by Captain Barrington Reynolds. Sir Francis Drake arrived at Deptford on 28 May. Captain John Maples briefly took command in August, before she went into Ordinary.[11]
Between July and September Sir Francis Drake underwent fitting as a storeship. Mr. Thomas Hoskins commissioned her in 1814 as a storeship for Gibraltar.[11] She remained there until the end of 1815, when she returned to England.
Between February and May 1817 she underwent fitting as a flagship to sail to Newfoundland. Captain John Bowker commissioned her in February at Woolwich and then on 22 August sailed her to Newfoundland. At Newfoundland she was the flagship first for Vice-admiral Francis Pickmore, and after he died in February 1818, Vice-admiral Sir Charles Hamilton.[11] Pickmore was also governor of Newfoundland and after his death Captain Bowker, served as acting governor until Governor Sir Charles Hamilton arrived.
Lieutenant Valentine Munbee took command on 18 December 1819.[11] At that time her armament was reduced to 3 guns for signalling purposes. Many of her officers and crew returned home in HMS Egeria. She remained in Newfoundland until at least 1822. She was paid off at Chatham in 1824.
Disposal: "The Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy" offered "Sir Francis Drake storeship, 751 tons", "Lying at Deptford", for sale on 13 October 1825.[16][c]
Merchantman edit
Blythe Brothers, her new owners, returned the ship's name to Asia. She appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) and the Register of Shipping for 1827 with J.Webster, master, Blythe, owner, and trade London–India.[8] She had undergone a large repair in 1827.[17] Lloyd's Register and the Register of Shipping for 1832 carried the same information.
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In 1831 the ex-Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro, Duke of Braganza, wished to defeat his brother, Dom Miguel, who had usurped the throne of Portugal, and to install Pedro's daughter as the rightful queen, Dona Maria II. Dom Pedro acquired a small squadron that included several vessels purchased in England, one of which was Sir Francis Drake. The Portuguese renamed her Dona Maria II, and classed her as a 44-gun frigate.[2] Dom Pedro appointed Captain George Sartorius admiral of his small fleet.
Sartorius conveyed Pedro's expeditionary force from the Azores and safely effected their Landing at Mindelo in July 1832, from where they were able to occupy Porto.[18]
Despite this success, Sartorius also had to contend with many difficulties; promised supplies rarely arrived, and his crews consequently became mutinous or deserted. Sartorius spent a great deal of his own money in keeping the fleet together. When he threatened to sail off with it until he was paid, Dom Pedro sent two English officers to the flagship; one to arrest Sartorius, the other to take command. Sartorius promptly confined them both aboard. In June 1833, Sartorius handed command over to Captain Sir Charles Napier.
Dona Maria was one of the five vessels of the naval squadron under Admiral Napier that decisively defeated the Miguelista forces at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent on 5 July 1833. Dona Maria II, under the command of Captain Henry, captured Princess Real, of 56 guns and 640 men, by boarding. Donna Maria II had suffered four men killed and 16 wounded.
Loss edit
In early 1849 conflict developed between the Portuguese government in Macau and the Chinese government over who could collect taxes and tariffs at Macao.
After the assassination on 22 August 1849 of the governor of Macao, Amaral, Portugal sent out three ships for the protection of Macau, the frigate Donna Maria and the corvettes Dom João I and Iris.[d] They brought with them Admiral Alexandrino da Cunha to take up the post of Governor. They also brought marines from Goa. Admiral da Cunha, however, died of natural causes on 6 July 1850, some six weeks after his arrival at Macao.[21]
On 29 October Donna Maria, Dom João I, and Iris were in Macao Roads, off Taipa. The sloop-of-war USS Marion was nearby. The vessels fired a salute at noon on occasion of the birthday of Ferdinand II of Portugal.[21]
At 2:30 p.m. Dona Maria II exploded and sank. Dom João I, Iris, and Marion sent their boats, but they were only able to rescue a few men, some of whom subsequently died.[21] The first reports were that some 200 lives had been lost.[22]
The crew, except for the marines, were lascars from Goa. Thirty-six crew members were ashore and so survived. Captain d'Assis e Silva of Dona Maria II and 187 officers and crew were killed, as were three French prisoners and some 40 Chinese who were working on board or were in junks and sampans alongside.[21]
Nothing certain was known of the cause of the explosion. One story was that the explosion was a deliberate act of sabotage by the keeper of the powder magazine who held a grudge against the captain.[21]
After the loss of Donna Maria and the death of Admiral da Cunha the Portuguese abandoned any plans to retaliate against the Chinese for Amaral's assassination.[21]
Notes edit
- ^ A first-class share of the bounty money was worth £299 11s 4d; a sixth-class share, that of an ordinary seaman, was worth £3 1s 0+3⁄4d.[12]
- ^ Head money was paid to the officers and crews of Belliqueux and Sir Francis Drake in 1824 for the destruction on 5 August 1810 of a French privateer, name unknown, and four gunboats. A first-class share was worth £58 6s 11+1⁄2d; a sixth-class share was worth 6s 0+1⁄2d.[15]
- ^ Although one source suggests that she was offered for sale on condition that she be broken up,[3] there is no such condition in the advertisements for her sale. The same source did not realize that she had been sold and so listed her again as having been launched at Bombay for Blythe Bros.[7]
- ^ Dom João I, of 24 guns and 516 tons burthen, had been launched at Daman in 1828.[19] Iris, of 24 guns, had been launched in 1843 at Lisbon.[20]
Citations edit
- ^ "No. 20939". The London Gazette. 26 January 1849. p. 244.
- ^ a b Marques Esparteiro (1976), p. 40.
- ^ a b Hackman (2001), p. 223.
- ^ a b RS (1805), Seq. No. A1052.
- ^ Wadia (1955), p. 336.
- ^ a b East-India register and directory (1803), p. 269.
- ^ a b Hackman (2001), p. 251.
- ^ a b LR (1827), Supple. pages "A", Seq. No. A68.
- ^ a b British Library:Asia (5).
- ^ LR (1802), Supple. pages "A", Seq. No. A124.
- ^ a b c d e Winfield (2008), pp. 213–214.
- ^ "No. 18516". The London Gazette. 21 October 1828. p. 1914.
- ^ a b c "No. 16511". The London Gazette. 6 August 1811. p. 1548.
- ^ "No. 16500". The London Gazette. 29 June 1811. p. 1195.
- ^ "No. 18047". The London Gazette. 24 July 1824. p. 1218.
- ^ "No. 18179". The London Gazette. 27 September 1825. p. 1754.
- ^ RS (1827), "A" supple. pages.
- ^ "George Sartorius". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2013. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24673. Retrieved 11 November 2013. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (Subscription required)
- ^ Marques Esparteiro (1976), p. 45.
- ^ Marques Esparteiro (1976), p. 46.
- ^ a b c d e f Ride, Ride & Wordie (1999), pp. 58–60.
- ^ "India and China". The Times. No. 20607. London. 13 January 1851. col F, p. 4.
References edit
- Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.
- Marques Esparteiro, António, Commandante (1976). Catálogo Dos Navios Brigantinos (1640-1910). Lisbon: Centro de Estudos de Marinha.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Ride, Lindsay; Ride, May; Wordie, Jason (1999). The Voices of Macao Stones. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-487-1.
- Wadia, Ruttonjee Ardeshir (1955). The Bombay Dockyard and the Wadia Master Builders. Bombay.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates (2nd ed.). Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-246-7.
- (in Portuguese) Fragata D. Maria II. (Arquivo Histórico da Marinha).