Cyzicus (/ˈsɪzɪkəs/; Ancient Greek: Κύζικος Kúzikos; Ottoman Turkish: آیدینجق, Aydıncıḳ) was an ancient Greek town in Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey. It was located on the shoreward side of the present Kapıdağ Peninsula (the classical Arctonnesus), a tombolo which is said to have originally been an island in the Sea of Marmara only to be connected to the mainland in historic times either by artificial means or an earthquake.
Κύζικος (Greek) آیدینجق (Ottoman Turkish) | |
 Bas relief of a charioteer, late 6th century BC | |
  Shown within Turkey | |
| Location | Erdek, Balıkesir Province, Turkey |
|---|---|
| Region | Mysia |
| Coordinates | 40°23′16″N 27°52′14″E / 40.387751°N 27.870445°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Builder | Pelasgian settlers |
| Abandoned | 11th century AD |
| Periods | Archaic Greek to High Medieval |
| Cultures | Greek, Ancient Roman, Byzantine |
| Events | Siege of Cyzicus |
The site of Cyzicus, located on the Erdek and Bandırma roads, is protected by Turkey's Ministry of Culture.
History edit
Ancient edit
The city was said to have been founded by Pelasgians from Thessaly, according to tradition at the coming of the Argonauts; later it received many colonies from Miletus, allegedly in 756 BC, but its importance began near the end of the Peloponnesian War when the conflict centered on the sea routes connecting Greece to the Black Sea. At this time, the cities of Athens and Miletus diminished in importance while Cyzicus began to prosper. Commander of the Athenian fleet Alcibiades defeated the Spartan fleet in a major naval engagement near Cyzicus known as the Battle of Cyzicus in 410 BC. Famed ancient philosopher Eudoxus of Cnidus established a school at Cyzicus and went with his pupils to Athens, visiting Plato. Later he returned to Anatolia to his hometown of Cnidus, and died circa 350 BC.[2] The era of Olympiads in Cyzicus was reckoned from 135 or 139.
Owing to its advantageous position it speedily acquired commercial importance, and the gold staters of Cyzicus were a staple currency in the ancient world till they were superseded by those of Philip of Macedon.[3] Its unique and characteristic coin, the cyzicenus, was worth 28 drachmae.
During the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) Cyzicus was subject to the Athenians and Lacedaemonians alternately. In the naval Battle of Cyzicus in 410 during the Peloponnesian War, an Athenian fleet routed and completely destroyed a Spartan fleet. At the peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), like the other Greek cities in Asia, it was made over to Persia.[3] Alexander the Great later captured it from the Persians in 334 BC and was later claimed to be responsible for connecting the island to the mainland.
The history of the town in Hellenistic times is closely connected with that of the Attalids of Pergamon, with whose extinction it came into direct relations with Rome. Cyzicus was held for the Romans against King Mithridates VI of Pontus who besieged it with 300,000 men in 74 BC, the Siege of Cyzicus, but it withstood him stoutly, and the siege was raised by Lucullus: the loyalty of the city was rewarded by an extension of territory and other privileges.[3] The Romans favored it and recognized its municipal independence. Cyzicus was the leading city of Northern Mysia as far as Troas.
Under Tiberius, it was incorporated into the Roman Empire but remained the capital of Mysia (afterwards, Hellespontus) and became one of the great cities of the ancient world.
There was a women's cult at Cyzicus worshiping the goddess Artemis, which was called Dolon (Δόλων).[4]
Medieval edit
Cyzicus was captured temporarily by the Arabs led by Muawiyah I in AD 675. It appears to have been ruined by a series of earthquakes beginning in 443, with the last in 1063. Although its population was transferred to Artake before the 13th century when the peninsula was occupied by the Crusaders,[3] in 1324 the metropolitan of Cyzicus was one of three sees in Anatolia which was able to contribute a temporary annual subsidy to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Following its conquest by the Ottomans it underwent hard times. From a point between 1370 and 1372 until 1387, the metropolitan was empty; Speros Vryonis speculates this was due to financial difficulties. Later in the 14th century, the sees of Chalcedon and certain patriarchal possessions in Bithynia and Hellespont were bestowed on the metropolitan of Cyzicus.[5]
In the Ottoman era, it was part of the kaza of Erdek in the province of Brusa.
Ecclesiastical history edit
Cyzicus, as capital of the Roman province of Hellespontus, was its ecclesiastical metropolitan see. In the Notitiae Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius, composed in about 640, Cyzicus had 12 suffragan sees; Abydus, Baris in Hellesponto (between Sariköy and Biga), Dardanus, Germa in Hellesponto (ruins of Germaslu, Kirmasti, Girmas), Hadrianotherae (Uzuncia yayla), Ilium, Lampsacus, Miletopolis, Oca, Pionia (Avcılar), Poemanenum (Eskimanias), Troas. The province also included two autocephalous archiepiscopal sees: Parium and Proconnesus.
Residential bishops edit
Cyzicus had a catalogue of bishops beginning with the 1st century; Michel Le Quien mentions fifty-nine.[6] A more complete list is found in Nicodemos, in the Greek "Office of St. Emilian" (Constantinople, 1876), 34–36, which has eighty-five names. Of particular importance are the famous Arian theologian Eunomius of Cyzicus; Saint Dalmatius; bishops Proclus and Germanus, who became Patriarchs of Constantinople; and Saint Emilian, a martyr in the 8th century. Another saint who came from Cyzicus, Saint Tryphaena of Cyzicus, is the patron saint of the city. Gelasius, a historian of Arianism, who wrote about 475, was born at Cyzicus.[6][7]
- George Kleidas, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in ca. 1253–61[8]
- Theodore Skoutariotes, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in ca. 1277[9]
- Daniel Glykys, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1285–89[10]
- Methodius, Metropolitan of Cyzicus from 1289[11]
- Niphon I, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1310–14, was Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1303–10[12]
- Athanasios, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1324–47[13]
- Theodoretos, proedros of Cyzicus in 1370–72[14]
- Sebasteianos, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1381–86[15]
- Matthew I, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1397–1410, was Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1387–97[16]
- Theognostos, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1399–1405[17]
- Makarios, Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1409[18]
- Metrophanes II, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1440–43, was Metropolitan of Cyzicus in 1436–40[19]
- Cyril IV, Patriarch of Constantinople in 1711–13, was Metropolitan of Cyzicus before that
Cyzicus remained a metropolitan see of the Greek Orthodox Church until the 1923 Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations emptied it of Greek Orthodox faithful, whether they spoke Greek or Turkish. The last bishop of the see died in 1932.[20][21][22] Today it is a titular metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Catholic titular see edit
Since 1885, the Catholic Church lists Cyzicus as a titular see.[23] of the highest (Metropolitan) rank, but vacant since 1974. Titular metropolitans were:
- John Baptist Lamy (1885.08.18 – 1888.02.13)
- William Benedict Scarisbrick, O.S.B. (1888.09.08 – 1908.05.07)
- José María Cázares y Martínez (1908.04.29 – 1909.03.31)
- Johannes Fidelis Battaglia (1909.07.03 – 1913.09.10)
- Simeón Pereira y Castellón (1913.12.02 – 1921.01.29)
- Giacomo Sereggi (1921.10.14 – 1922.04.11)
- Giuseppe Moràbito (1922.07.04 – 1923.12.03)
- Antal Papp (1924.07.14 – 1945.12.24)
- Manuel Marilla Ferreira da Silva (1949.05.29 – 1974.11.23)
Monuments edit
The site amid the marshes of Balkiz Serai is known as Bal-Kiz and entirely uninhabited, though under cultivation. The principal extant ruins are the walls, dating from the fourth century, which are traceable for nearly their whole extent, and the substructures of the temple of Hadrian,[3] the ruins of a Roman aqueduct and a theatre.
The picturesque amphitheatre, intersected by a stream, was one of the largest in the world. Construction for the amphitheatre began in the middle of the first century until the end of the third. Its diameter was nearly 500 feet (150 m) and it is located specifically at these coordinates 40°23′54″N 27°53′04″E / 40.398213°N 27.884552°E within the region of Cyzicus. Of this magnificent building, sometimes ranked among the seven wonders of the ancient world, thirty-one immense columns still stood erect in 1444. These have since been carried away piecemeal for building purposes.[3]
The colossal foundations of the temple dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian are still visible: the columns were 21.35 metres high (about 70 feet), while the highest known elsewhere, those at Baalbek in Lebanon are only 19.35 metres (about 63 feet). The structure was the largest Greco-Roman temple ever built.[24]
The monuments of Cyzicus were used by the Byzantine emperor Justinian as a quarry for the building of his Saint Sophia cathedral, and were still exploited by the Ottomans.
Notable people edit
- Androsthenes of Cyzicus, 200 BC, accompanied King Antiochus III the Great to India.
- Eudoxus of Cyzicus, 130 BC, navigator and explorer.
- Proclus of Constantinople, appointed metropolitan of Cyzicus in 5th century but never functioned as such; patriarch of Constantinople and important figure in the development of Christology
- Germanus of Constantinople, early eighth century metropolitan of Cyzicus and later Patriarch of Constantinople and early iconophile theologian
- Gelasius of Cyzicus, 5th century ecclesiastical writer.
- Adrastus of Cyzicus, a mathematician cited by Augustine of Hippo
- Theophanes the Confessor, who began his formal religious life at the Polychronius Monastery, located near Cyzicus.
- Iaia, a female painter, sculptor, and ivory engraver, known as Iaia of Cyzicus.
- Neanthes of Cyzicus, rhetor
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Leo Mildenberg, "The Cyzicenes, a Reappraisal", American Journal of Numismatics, Vol. 5/6 (1993–94), pp. 1–12.
- ^ Florian Cajori, A History of Mathematics (1893)
- ^ a b c d e f Hasluck 1911.
- ^ Suda, delta, 1345
- ^ Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), pp. 299f
- ^ a b Le Quien, Michel (1740). "Ecclesia Cyzici". Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus primus: tres magnas complectens diœceses Ponti, Asiæ & Thraciæ, Patriarchatui Constantinopolitano subjectas (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. cols. 747–768. OCLC 955922585.
- ^ v. Cyzique, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1191–1196
- ^ PLP, 11779. Κλειδᾶς Γεώργιος.
- ^ PLP, 26204. Σκουταριώτης Θεόδωρος.
- ^ PLP, 4263. Γλυκύς Δανιήλ.
- ^ PLP, 17597. Μεθόδιος.
- ^ PLP, 20679. Νίφων Ι..
- ^ PLP, 388. Ἀθανάσιος.
- ^ PLP, 7332. Θεοδώρητος.
- ^ PLP, 25063. Σεβαστειανός.
- ^ PLP, 17387. Ματθαῖος Ι..
- ^ PLP, 37071. Θεόγνωστος.
- ^ PLP, 16261. Μακάριος.
- ^ PLP, 18069. Μητροφάνης ΙΙ..
- ^ Μητρόπολη Κυζικού
- ^ Siméon Vailhé, "Cyzicus" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1908)
- ^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, pp. 535, 537, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, pp. 529–641
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 871
- ^ Vermeule, Cornelius C. (1965). "A Greek Theme and Its Survivals: The Ruler's Shield (Tondo Image) in Tomb and Temple" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 109 (6): 376. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986138.
Sources edit
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hasluck, Frederick William (1911). "Cyzicus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 720.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Cyzicus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.- Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit (2001). Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit (in German). Vol. I, 1–12, Add. 1–2, CD-ROM Version. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-3003-1.
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