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The Arab Liberation Movement (Arabic: حركة التحرر العربي Ḥarakat Al-Tahrir Al-'Arabiy; French: Mouvement du liberation arabe) was a Syrian political party founded on 25 August 1952 by the President of Syria Adib Shishakli, during his government was the only legal party in Syria until 1954.
Arab Liberation Movement حركة التحرر العربي | |
|---|---|
| Chairperson | Adib Shishakli |
| Founded | 25 August 1952 |
| Dissolved | 8 March 1963 |
| Headquarters | Damascus |
| Ideology | Pan-Arabism[1] Modernization[2] Pro-Western[3][4] |
Shishakli then dissolved all political parties and banned many newspapers, in a return to military rule. Among those to suffer persecution under his rule were the National Party of Damascus, the People's Party of Aleppo, the Communist Party, the Ba'ath Party, and the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. He also outlawed all newspapers that were not pro-Shishakli, and banished the Ba'ath leaders Akram al-Hawrani, Michel Aflaq, and Salah al-Bitar to Lebanon, where they then actively worked against his government.
He was a skilled public speaker, however, and relied greatly on the radio to transmit his speeches to every-day Syrians. On 25 August 1952, he established an official government party, the Arab Liberation Movement, but it was boycotted by powerful representatives of the civilian political society, such as Hashim al-Atassi. The party was progressive and accepted women among its ranks and calling for a limited degree of socialism. Some said that he viewed himself as "an Arab Caesar." In mid-1953 Shishakli staged an election to make himself President, but he was by now facing mounting dissent.
Shishakli continued to rule the country until 1954, when growing public opposition forced him to resign and leave the country. The national government was restored, but again to face instability, this time coming from abroad. After the overthrow of President Shishakli in a 1954 coup, continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military eventually brought Arab nationalist and socialist elements to power.
Growing discontent eventually led to another coup, in which Shishakli was overthrown in February 1954. The plotters included members of the Syrian Communist Party, Druze officers, and Ba'ath Party members and possibly had Iraqi backing. He had also arrested a lot of active officers in the Syrian Army, including the rising young Adnan al-Malki, also a prominent Baathist. Leading the anti-Shishakli movement were former President Atassi and the veteran Druze leader Sultan al-Atrash. The largest anti-Shishakli conference had been held in Atassi's home in Homs. Shishakli had responded by arresting Atassi and Atrash's sons, Adnan and Mansur (both of whom were ranking politicians in Syria).
When the insurgency reached its peak, Shishakli backed down, refusing to drag Syria into civil war. He fled to Lebanon, but when the Druze leader Kamal Jumblat threatened to have him killed, he fled to Brazil. Prior to the union between Syria and Egypt in 1958, Shishakli toyed with the idea of returning to Syria to launch a coup d'état, using funds provided by Iraq. The coup was foiled by Syrian intelligence and Shishakli was sentenced to death in absentia.
After the Syrian parliamentary election, 1954, the party obtained two seats in the Syrian Parliament. In 1958, following the unification of Syria with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic, the party was banned by the Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser.
In the Syrian parliamentary election, 1961, the Arab Liberation Movement gained four seats in the Syrian parliament
The party was dissolved on March 8, 1963, following the Ba'athist revolution.
Electoral history edit
Presidential elections edit
| Election | Party candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1953 | Adib Shishakli | 861,910 | 99.7% | Elected 
|
Syrian People's Council elections edit
| Election | Party leader | Seats | +/– | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1953 | Adib Shishakli | 72 / 82
|
 72
|
1st
|
| 1954 | Adib Shishakli | 2 / 142
|
 70
|
7th
|
| 1961 | Adib Shishakli | 4 / 172
|
2
|
5th
|
References edit
- ^ Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Cune Press (ed.). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900-2000. p. 21. ISBN 9781885942401.
- ^ Saunders, Bonnie F. (1996). Greenwood Publishing Group (ed.). The United States and Arab Nationalism: The Syrian Case, 1953-1960. p. 11. ISBN 9780275954260.
- ^ American Friends of the Middle East, ed. (1954). Mission to the Middle East. p. 1.
- ^ Pungong, Victor; Ryan, David (2000). Springer (ed.). The United States and Decolonization: Power and Freedom. p. 149. ISBN 9780333977958.