Wikipedia

Albania–Greece relations

See also: List of ambassadors of Albania to Greece

Albania–Greece relations are diplomatic relations between Albania and Greece.[1] They are influenced by various factors, including the presence of Albanian immigrants in Greece, the Greek minority in Albania, historical and cultural ties,[2] and high-level contacts between the governments of both countries.

Albanian-Greek relations
Map indicating locations of Albania and Greece

Albania
Greece

Both Albania and Greece are members of international organizations such as the Council of Europe and NATO, and share common political views about the Balkans and the rest of the world. During the 2004 EU-Western Balkans Summit of Thessaloniki, Greece proposed the "Agenda 2014,"[3] promoting the integration of all Western Balkan states into the European Union.[4] On June 24, 2014, under the Greek EU Presidency, Albania was granted official EU candidate status,[5][6] coinciding with the 10th anniversary of "Agenda 2014."

Greece ranks as Albania's 15th largest foreign investor.[7] Alongside Italy, Greece has supported Albanian Euro-Atlantic integration efforts, such as Albania's entry into NATO in 2009.[8] Cooperation between the two governments and business sectors spans fields such as energy, military, tourism, and culture, with bilateral projects like the Trans Adriatic Pipeline and hydroelectric power plants being implemented. Greece has also been Albania's largest donor and the leading donor for the National Theater of Albania.[9]

Modern diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1971 and are currently considered positive.[10] Despite shared common traditions, culture, history, and inter-ethnic relations, diplomatic tensions relating to the Greek communities in Albania and vice versa continue to influence perceptions in both countries.[11] Current issues in the diplomatic ties of the two NATO states include the unresolved status of war between Greece and Albania, which persists after the Greco-Italian War in 1940,[12][13][14] and the human rights issues faced by the Greek minority in Albania.[15][16] Contrary to media portrayal and despite these factors, Albanians and Greeks continue to maintain relations in their respective countries. This is facilitated by efforts from academics, cultural groups, NGOs, ethnic minorities, mixed families, and other non-state actors to foster closer and stronger social and political ties.[17][18][19]

History edit

Both Albania and Greece claim autochthonous status in their respective countries and the wider Balkan region. This has led to shared kinship as well as contested claims throughout history.

Due to the close proximity of the two countries, European genetic research has shown a significant degree of genetic similarity between Albanians and Greeks, as well as other southern European populations such as southern Italians and Cypriots.[20]

Since the nineteenth century, both Albania and Greece have been separate nation-states. For at least twenty-two centuries they belonged to the same state in different forms.[21] The ancient Greek and Illyrian tribes that inhabited both countries were Indo-European tribes that intermarried with pre-Hellenic populations after arriving in the Balkans about four thousand years ago. Multiple migration events occurred then, as they have more recently, between both countries and peoples. Greek colonies were established along the coast of Illyria, which corresponds to modern-day coastal Albania.

In the Middle Ages, Albanians, particularly those in the population group known as Arvanites, migrated across Greece. They established themselves throughout the country and played a role in the Greek War for Independence and the establishment of the modern Greek state.[22] In addition, other Christian Albanians also took part in the Greek struggle against the Ottoman Empire.[23]

Further information: Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus and Cham Albanians
 
Foreign Minister of Albania Edmond Panariti (left) and Foreign Minister of Greece Dimitris Avramopoulos (right) in October 2012.

After the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912, the land division between Albania and Greece was resolved under the influence of the Great Powers (Austria-Hungary and Italy) with the Florence Protocol. Relations did not improve until the 1939 occupation of Albania by Italy. Greek and Albanian forces came into conflict during the Greco-Italian War. During the Axis Occupation of Greece, the Greek and Albanian resistance groups were in close contact, exchanging information about the Nazi occupation forces.[24]

The People's Socialist Republic of Albania, an ally of the Soviet Union, was involved in the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) by supporting the communist-led Greek Democratic Army. Leskovik, in southern Albania, became its headquarters for some time. Several invasions were mounted from Albanian soil into the Greek region of Grammos, with communist guerrillas retreating to Albania after each operation.[25] Negotiations leading up to the re-establishment of full diplomatic relations started in 1953, and a trade agreement was reached in Paris in 1966.[26] However, the trade agreement was not implemented due to the absence of a payment agreement.[26] In 1970, a new trade agreement was also reached in Paris, leading to the establishment of telegraphic and telephone lines, the opening of trade bureaus in Athens and Tirana, and the first truck with Albanian goods after World War II reaching Greece over Yugoslavia in early April of the same year.[26] Following a lapse lasting more than 30 years, the two countries re-established diplomatic relations on May 6, 1971, in a period when economic cooperation and strategic calculations led Enver Hoxha and the right-wing Greek military junta of 1967–1974 to explore paths of cooperation.[27][26]

Confederation aspirations edit

During the Ottoman period, there were numerous discussions, research, and attempts by Albanians and Greeks to form a confederation.[28] In the 19th century, plans were made to create a Greek-Albanian confederation, reviving earlier plans from the 18th century. In 1907, a special protocol and memorandum of understanding were signed by Neoklis Kazazis and Ismail Qemali, the first prime minister of Albania.

Arvanite author Aristides Kollias, in his book "The Proclamation of the Association of Arvanites," states that "from 1881 to 1907, sustained efforts and repeated consultations between Greeks and Albanians were made to create a Greek-Albanian state."

In his book "Greece and Albania in the Early 20th Century (1995)," Thanos Paleologos-Anagnostopoulos wrote that Ismail Qemali, a philhellene, collaborated with numerous Greek politicians and lobbyists, including Arvanite leaders, on a possible Greek-Albanian federation. This federation was envisioned as one that "maintains national and religious independence of the two peoples."[29]

Neoklis Kazazis viewed this federation as a means for Greece to counter Italian influence in the region.[30]

1990s edit

 
Greek PM Papandreou meets Unity for Human Rights Party leader Vangjel Dule and Omonoia leader Vasil Bollano.

Following the collapse of communism in Albania in 1992, a significant influx of economic refugees and immigrants from Albania and other former Communist countries—including Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine—arrived in Greece. Most of these individuals entered Greece as illegal immigrants seeking employment. Albanians in Greece constitute 60–65% of the total immigrant population. As per the 2001 census, there are officially 443,550 Albanian citizens residing in Greece.[31][32]

In the 1990s, Greece favored and supported Fatos Nano, an Orthodox Christian, as the Albanian leader over Sali Berisha, a Muslim. Nano was perceived as more amenable to Greek interests.[33] During the Albanian Rebellion of 1997, Greece took part in Operation Alba, a multinational peacekeeping and humanitarian mission. Prior to Operation Alba, Greece executed "Operation Kosmas" on March 15, 1997, which involved the evacuation of 240 foreign dignitaries from Albania. Presently, both countries describe their relations as 'excellent', with Albania considering Greece one of its 'strongest and most important allies'. Both nations are NATO member states and currently enjoy close relations.[10] However, Greece opposed the route of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline through Albanian territory, as it would enable Albania to become a transmission hub for gas in the Western Balkans.[34]

Modern relations edit

On August 12, 2010, ethnic tensions escalated following the death of Aristotelis Goumas, an ethnic Greek shopkeeper. Goumas was killed when his motorcycle was struck by a car driven by three Albanian youths. The youths had allegedly demanded that Goumas refrain from speaking Greek in his store.[35][36] In response to the incident, local residents blocked the main highway between Vlorë and Sarandë, demanding reforms and increased representation of Himariotes in the local police force.[36] Both the Greek and Albanian governments condemned the incident, and three suspects are currently in custody awaiting trial.[36]

Following the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match between Serbia and Albania, Albanian nationalists were armed with flags and banners. They attacked local ethnic Greeks, vandalized houses, and smashed car windows.[37][38] This incident prompted diplomatic intervention from Greece, with the Greek foreign ministry issuing a démarche to its Albanian counterpart, demanding the prosecution of those responsible for the attacks.[39] The Albanian foreign minister acknowledged the swift and efficient response of the state police in identifying the perpetrators.[37]

Greece ranks as the 15th largest foreign investor in Albania, with investments totaling 217 million euros.[7]

In August 2017, Albania experienced widespread wildfires. In response to a request for assistance from the Albanian authorities, Greece dispatched two Canadair CL-415 aircraft[40][41] and seven fire engines, along with their crews, to aid in the firefighting efforts.[42]

In the aftermath of the 2019 earthquake in Albania, Greece sent two Special Units for Disaster Management (ΕΜΑΚ) teams, comprising 40 members, search and rescue dogs, a convoy of trucks,[43] and a C-130 airplane carrying food parcels.[44][45][46][47] Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias also visited Tirana.[48] In addition, Greek doctors and medical supplies were dispatched to assist the affected civilians.[49] The Greek army provided further support by sending three mobile military kitchens and their personnel.[50] A team of 16 civil engineers was also sent to Albania.[51] The Hellenic Red Cross contributed by sending over 200 tons of basic necessities.[52]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Greece donated 20,000 vaccine doses to Albania.[53]

Greek minority of Albania edit

The status of the Greek minority in Albania remains an unresolved issue between the two countries. The former communist regime granted limited rights to the Greek minority within a designated minority zone consisting of 99 villages. Since the fall of communism, issues related to the treatment of the Greek minority have frequently caused tension in relations between Greece and Albania. Current issues primarily involve respect for property rights, access to Greek language education outside the "minority zone", accurate census figures, and occasional violent incidents targeting the Greek minority.[54][55][56][57] The Greek government's position is that these issues need to be resolved as a condition for Albania's accession to the European Union.[58][59]

In 1992, Greece proposed that a UN delegation visit the minority areas and that Greece establish a consulate in the region; both proposals were rejected by Albania.[60] In December 2022, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis visited the town of Himara, becoming the first Greek Prime Minister to do so, as well as the villages of Derviçan and Livadhe. He received a warm welcome from the local inhabitants and stressed that Albania must support their rights, while also expressing support for Albania's EU integration.[61][62][63]

The situation began to complicate in the May 14, 2023, local elections in Albania. Just three days before the elections, Alfred Dhionisios Beleri, a member of the Greek minority in Albania and the Democratic Party's candidate for the municipality of Himara, was arrested for vote-buying. He was caught on camera with his supporter, Pandeli Kokaveshi, giving a person money and a ballot paper. Prior to this, he declared that Himara would be part of Greater Greece. This declaration led many Albanians to criticize him. After the votes were counted, he won the elections in Himara from prison. Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias stated that Beleri must take office and be sworn in as mayor of Himara. However, Albanian Foreign Minister Olta Xhaçka told the Greek government that justice is doing its job and no one should put pressure on it. Later, Greek PM Kyriakos Mitsotakis stated that Albania was breaking the rule of law by imprisoning a member of the Greek minority illegally and threatened that Greece would block Albania's EU integration. His Albanian counterpart, Edi Rama, responded that Greece should stop making baseless threats as it would worsen relations between Albania and Greece. Later, Olta Xhaçka and Nikos Dendias met in Brussels to discuss the situation, but no agreement was reached.

At the Berlin Process Summit held in October in Tirana, Albania, Mitsotakis expressed dissatisfaction with the rule of law in Albania and demanded Beleri's immediate release from prison and his swearing in as the mayor of Himara. Rama did not comment. According to Greek media, Mitsotakis will implement his threat to Albania by not signing the opening of the second chapter of negotiations for membership in the EU for Albania and North Macedonia. All member states of the EU, without exception, must approve this. If just one member state does not approve this, EU integration for these countries will be blocked, as happened when Bulgaria vetoed North Macedonia before the opening of negotiations, which also blocked Albania, as Albania and North Macedonia are jointly pursuing EU membership.

Military cemeteries of fallen Greek soldiers edit

In January 2018, an agreement was reached between the foreign ministers of Greece and Albania to systematically recover the bodies of fallen Greek soldiers from the Greco-Italian War.[64][65][66] It is estimated that between 6,800 and 8,000 Greek soldiers were hastily buried on the battlefield, their remains not properly identified.[65] Joint Greek-Albanian teams began work on January 22 in the Këlcyrë Gorge, the site of the Battle of Kleisoura Pass. A small group of Cham Albanian activists attempted to disrupt the work but were removed by Albanian police.[65] The soldiers' remains will be interred in Greek military cemeteries in the Kelcyre Gorge and in Bularat, a Greek minority village near the Greek-Albanian border.[66] In 2021, the remains of three Greek soldiers from World War II were looted near the village of Vodhinë.[67]

Cham issue edit

Main article: Cham issue

The "Cham issue" refers to a dispute initiated by Albania in the 1990s concerning the repatriation of the Cham Albanians. These individuals were expelled from the Greek region of Epirus between 1944 and 1945, at the conclusion of World War II, due to their alleged collaboration with the Axis powers' occupying forces.[68][69] While Albania advocates for the reopening of this issue, Greece regards the matter as resolved. Nevertheless, an agreement was reached to establish a bilateral commission to address the property issue, which is viewed as a technical problem. This commission was formed in 1999 but has yet to operate.[70]

Kosovo Issue edit

Albania was among the first countries to recognize Kosovo as an independent state. In contrast, Greece maintains a neutral stance on the issue. It has stated that it will decide whether to recognize Kosovo's independence after a thorough examination of the issue. This decision will be made in close cooperation with European and neighboring countries, taking into account Serbia's role in maintaining regional stability.[71]

Following the election of Albin Kurti as Prime Minister of Kosovo, there have been significant developments in the relations between Kosovo and Greece. The Greek Foreign Minister has visited Kosovo[72] on several occasions, and Greece has expressed a strong interest in normalizing relations between Kosovo and Serbia.

Diplomatic missions edit

Albania has established an embassy in Athens, along with consulates in Ioannina and Thessaloniki. Similarly, Greece has an embassy in Tirana and operates consulates in Gjirokastër and Korçë.

Bilateral relations and cooperation edit

 
The two socialist leaders of Albania and Greece in 2011, Edi Rama and George Papandreou

Relations between Greece and Albania have significantly improved since 1991, culminating in the signing of a Friendship, Cooperation, Good Neighborliness, and Security Agreement on March 21, 1996.

Greece has been a staunch supporter of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Republic of Albania. Since Albania's entry into NATO in May 2009, Albanian-Greek relations have developed on all fronts. The election victory of Edi Rama in 2013 marked a period of significant improvement and warming of relations between the two nations.[73] Ralf Gjoni, the Albanian Chief of Foreign Policy, described the diplomatic relations between the two countries as "excellent". However, relations deteriorated and became increasingly strained in 2014, a year after Rama's election, due to his refusal to accept the agreement defining the maritime borders and setting the Exclusive Economic Zone between the two countries. This agreement had been signed by Albania's previous government with Greece in 2009.[74] Despite these difficulties, Greece is regarded as Albania's most important European Union ally and partner.[75]

The two states cooperate in many fields, including politics, judiciary, energy, and tourism. Regular high-level visits and frequent contacts between the governments, parliaments, and local authorities of the two countries occur on various matters concerning individual sectors and mutual interests. Major ongoing projects between the two countries include the touristic development of the Ionian coastline they share and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP). Official meetings between the two governments and parliaments are frequent, and the armies of both states regularly conduct co-training as part of the NATO training program for the modernization of the Albanian Armed Forces.

Under the Greek EU Presidency, Albania was granted official EU candidate status. This coincided with the 10th anniversary of the "Agenda 2014", a proposal by the Greek Government to boost the integration of Albania and all the Western Balkan states into the European Union.

In March 2023, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis personally attended an artistic exhibition held by Albanian PM Edi Rama in Athens. Delegations from the two governments also held a working meeting aimed at enhancing relations between the two countries.[76]

Notable visits edit

Guest Host Place of visit Date of visit
  Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias   Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati Tirana, Albania July 2015
  Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati   Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias Athens, Greece May 2016

State visit by Nikos Kotzias edit

In July 2015, Nikos Kotzias, the Greek Foreign Minister, embarked on a two-day visit to Albania (14–16) as part of his tour of the Western Balkans.[77] During this visit, both countries reaffirmed their close ties, asserting that there were no unresolved issues or taboo subjects between them. They agreed that maritime disputes would be resolved in due time, with both ministers emphasizing the close, strategic, and friendly relations between their peoples. Kotzias acknowledged the Greek National Minority and the Albanians residing in Greece, viewing their shared history and future as a bridge towards sustainable, robust, and productive relations.[78]

Bilateral agreement on maritime borders edit

The long-standing dispute between Albania and Greece over the division of maritime borders posed a significant obstacle to Albania's aspirations for European integration. Negotiations between the two countries began in earnest in 2007, culminating in a 2009 agreement titled "On the Delimitation of Their Respective Areas, the Continental Shelf, and Other Maritime Areas Belonging to International Law." Following this agreement, Greece expressed firm support for Albania's integration into the European Union, alongside other Balkan countries. However, in 2010, the Constitutional Court of Albania declared the 2009 agreement incompatible with the Constitution of the Republic of Albania.[79]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "President Begaj Welcomes Greek PM Mitsotakis, Issues Discussed". Albanian Daily News. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  2. ^ Kondis, Basil. "The Greek minority in Albania." Balkan studies 36, no. 1 (1995): 83–102.
  3. ^ "Agenda 2014" (PDF). mfa.gr. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  4. ^ "Greece's EU Presidency and the Challenge of Western Balkan Enlargement Policies in Light of the Crisis" (PDF). suedosteuropa.uni. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  5. ^ "EU candidate status for Albania". European Commission. 24 June 2014.
  6. ^ "European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU candidate status for Albania". European Union Delegation to Albania. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Holanda dhe shtetet konfidenciale udhehoqen investimet e huaja ne TI, bie Gjermania/". 26 June 2023.
  8. ^ "Greece's Bilateral Relations".
  9. ^ "Greece gives 2.5 mil. Euro to Albania for National Theater". albanians.gr. 17 November 2013. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  10. ^ a b "Albanian official: 'We are much more pro-European than several EU members'". EurActiv.com. 16 June 2014.
  11. ^ Hart, Laurie Kain. "Culture, civilization, and demarcation at the northwest borders of Greece." American Ethnologist 26, no. 1 (1999): 196–220.
  12. ^ "Albania Asks Greece to Declare War Finally Over". 18 January 2013.
  13. ^ Kurani, Edison (15 October 2013). ""War" and "Peace" in the Albanian-Greek relations". Independent Balkan News Agency. AM. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  14. ^ "Albania Asks Greece to End State of War". 14 October 2013.
  15. ^ "Albania: The Greek Minority". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  16. ^ "Minority Rights Group International : Albania : Greeks". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  17. ^ Gilles de Rapper (2009). "Pelasgic Encounters in the Greek-Albanian Borderland. Border Dynamics and Reversion to Ancient Past in Southern Albania" (PDF). Anthropological Journal of European Cultures. 18 (1): 50–68. doi:10.3167/ajec.2009.180104. S2CID 18958117.
  18. ^ Mantzos, Costas; Peglidou, Athena (31 December 2010). "Lines in the Family. Aspects of Family-Related Migration in Greek-Albanian Border". Balkanologie. Revue d'Études Pluridisciplinaires. XII (2). doi:10.4000/balkanologie.2221.
  19. ^ Kokkali, Ifigeneia (2015). "Albanian Immigrants in the Greek City: Spatial 'Invisibility' and Identity Management as a Strategy of Adaptation". Migration in the Southern Balkans. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 123–142. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13719-3_7. ISBN 978-3-319-13718-6.
  20. ^ Sokal, Robert R., Neal L. Oden, Pierre Legendre, Marie-Josee Fortin, Junhyong Kim, Barbara A. Thomson, Alain Vaudor, Rosalind M. Harding, and Guido Barbujani. "Genetics and language in European populations." The American Naturalist 135, no. 2 (1990): 157–175.
  21. ^ Abadzi, Helen. "Historical Greek-Albanian Relations: Some Mysteries and Riddles." Mediterranean Quarterly 22, no. 1 (2011): 41–60.
  22. ^ Bintliff, John. "The ethnoarchaeology of a 'passive’ethnicity: The Arvanites of Central Greece." The Usable Past. Greek Metahistories. Lanham-Boulder: Lexington Books (2003): 129–44.
  23. ^ Clair, William St. That Greece might still be free: the Philhellenes in the War of Independence. Open Book Publishers, 2008.
  24. ^ "Greece in the Second World War". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  25. ^ Shrader, Charles R. (1999). The withered vine : logistics and the communist insurgency in Greece, 1945–1949 ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 188–192. ISBN 9780275965440.
  26. ^ a b c d Milutin Tomanović, ed. (1972). Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1971 [The Chronicle of International Events in 1971] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Institute of International Politics and Economics. p. 2645.
  27. ^ Nafpliotis, Alexandros (2009). Greece in the Balkans: Memory, Conflict and Exchange; "The 1971 Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Greece and Albania: Cooperation and Strategic Partnership within Cold War Bipolarity?" in Anastasakis, Bechev and Vrousalis (eds.). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443813150.
  28. ^ Abadzi, Helen (Winter 2011). "Historical Greek-Albanian Relations: Some Mysteries and Riddles". Mediterranean Quarterly. 22 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1215/10474552-1189647. S2CID 153541212. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  29. ^ "Ισμαήλ Κεμάλ, ο μέγας φιλέλληνας" [Ismail Kemal, the great philhellene]. Himara.gr (in Greek). 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  30. ^ Dimopoulos, Marios. "Efforts for the creation of a Greek-Albanian federation (19th–20th century)". Pelasgians-Greeks-Albanians. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  31. ^ "Greencard1998_ ResPerm2004v4correctedFINAL.xls" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
  32. ^ "Η σελίδα της Αλβανικής Κοινότητας Στην Ελλάδα". Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  33. ^ Konidaris, Gerasimos (2005). "Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania". In King, Russell; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (eds.). The new Albanian migration. Brighton: Sussex Academic. ISBN 9781903900789. pp. 80–81. "Greece's favorite candidate in these elections was clearly MR. Nano. As emerges from the interview material, he –unlike Berisha- was held in high esteem by the Greek side. It should not escape notice that Nano was by origin Orthodox Christian from Southern Albania, whereas Berisha was a northern Muslim... Greece's favour towards Nano was clearly demonstrated in June, when he was allowed to speak to a crowd of Albanian citizens at a pre-election rally in one of Athens' central squares. The police did not interfere and no arrests of illegal immigrants were made."
  34. ^ Mejdini, Fatjona (31 March 2017). "Albania Spies Gold in Projects Linked to TAP". Balkan Insight.
  35. ^ George Gilson (27 September 2010). "Bad blood in Himara". Athens News. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  36. ^ a b c "Tensions resurface in Albanian-Greek relations". Balkan Chronicle. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  37. ^ a b Greek ambassador denounced an incident taken place in a minority area in Albania Independent Balkan News Agency.
  38. ^ "Incidents in Serbia and abroad after stadium provocation". b92. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  39. ^ "Greek Demarche to Albania over Terrorism of Greek Village". Proto Thema.
  40. ^ "Albania turns to Greece, Italy for help with massive fires". xinhuanet. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017.
  41. ^ "Greece sends two aircrafts [sic] to combat fires in Albania". Albanian Telegraphic Agency. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  42. ^ "Greece sends six fire engines to Albania". ANA-MPA. 13 August 2017.
  43. ^ "The Latest: UN Sends Disaster Assessment Experts to Albania". The New York Times.
  44. ^ "Tërmeti i fuqishëm në vend, Greqia nis ndihma për vendin" (in Albanian).
  45. ^ "Ministri i jashtëm i Greqisë shikon nga afër dëmet nga tërmeti: Keni mbështetjen tonë" (in Albanian).
  46. ^ "Lajm i mirë, forcat greke shpëtojnë jetën e një gruaje nga rrënojat e tërmetit" (in Albanian).
  47. ^ "Earthquake in Albania". www.msn.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  48. ^ "Greece sending help to Albania after destructive quake | eKathimerini.com". www.ekathimerini.com.
  49. ^ "Βοήθεια στην Αλβανία - Ποιοι στέλνουν γιατρούς ,διασώστες και φάρμακα | LiFO". www.lifo.gr. 26 November 2019.
  50. ^ "Σεισμός Αλβανία: Ανθρωπιστική βοήθεια από την Ελλάδα με κινητά μαγειρεία". 28 November 2019.
  51. ^ "Αλβανία: Έφτασε η 16μελής ομάδα μηχανικών της Υπηρεσίας Αντισεισμικής Προστασίας". www.naftemporiki.gr. 29 November 2019. Archived from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  52. ^ "ΕΕΣ: Ξεπέρασε τους 200 τόνους η υλική βοήθεια για τους πληγέντες του σεισμού στην Αλβανία". Newsbomb. 4 December 2019.
  53. ^ "Greece to offer Covid vaccine doses to North Macedonia, Albania". ekathimerini. 3 June 2021.
  54. ^ "ALBANIA 2016 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). US Department of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  55. ^ "ALBANIA 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT" (PDF). US Embassy at Tirana. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  56. ^ "Minorities and indigenous peoples in Albania – Greeks". Minority Rights group. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  57. ^ "Albania-Greece: minority properties". OBC Transeuropa. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  58. ^ "Tsipras to Albania: "Respect minority rights if you want EU membership" (Original: Τσίπρας σε Αλβανία: "Σεβαστείτε τα μειονοτικά δικαιώματα, αν θέλετε ένταξη στην ΕΕ")". NewPost.gr. 22 December 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  59. ^ "Greek-Turkish relations and the Prespes Agreement at the center of the Foreign Policy Council". BalkanEU. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  60. ^ Bugajski, Janusz (August 1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations and Parties. Routledge. ISBN 978-1563242830.
  61. ^ "Μητσοτάκης από Χειμάρρα: Υποχρέωση της Αλβανίας να σέβεται πλήρως τα δικαιώματα των ομογενών". Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ (in Greek). 22 December 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  62. ^ Stamatoukou, Eleni (22 December 2022). "Greek Prime Minister Pays Historic Visit to Minority in Albania". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  63. ^ "Greek prime minister hails Albania's EU integration steps". AP NEWS. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  64. ^ "MFA welcomes measures to disinter, identify fallen Greek soldiers in Albania". ekathimerini.[permanent dead link]
  65. ^ a b c "Ιστορική στιγμή: Ξεκίνησε η εκταφή των Ελλήνων πεσόντων του '40 στο μέτωπο της Αλβανίας". 22 January 2018.
  66. ^ a b "Αρχίζει η εκταφή των Ελλήνων στρατιωτών πεσόντων στα βουνά της Αλβανίας". 21 January 2018.
  67. ^ "Grabiten eshtrat e 3 ushtarëve grek në Dropull". Exit | Shpjegon Shqipërinë (in Albanian). 24 July 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  68. ^ Meyer, Hermann Frank (2008). Blutiges Edelweiß: Die 1. Gebirgs-division im zweiten Weltkrieg [Bloodstained Edelweiss. The 1st Mountain-Division in WWII] (in German). Ch. Links Verlag. p. 705. ISBN 978-3-86153-447-1. The Albanian minority of the Chams collaborated in large parts with the Italians and the Germans.
  69. ^ Victor Roudometof; Roland Robertson (2001). Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-0-313-31949-5. "During World War II, the majority of Chams sided with the Axis forces..."
  70. ^ Vickers, Miranda (2002). The Albanians: A Modern History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1780766959.
  71. ^ Statements of FM Ms. Bakoyannis following the EU General Affairs and External Relations Council (GAERC, Brussels), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, 18 February 2008 Archived 3 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  72. ^ "Dendias and Rama are by far the most frequent political guests of Pristina". Kosovo Online. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  73. ^ Maria Papathanasiou (4 November 2013). "Karolos Papoulias visits Albania". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  74. ^ Kathimerini Newspaper: Albania-Greece EEZ agreement to suffer setback, strain relations.
  75. ^ "Greece supports EU candidate status for Albania". Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  76. ^ "Albanian Premier Meets Mitsotakis". Albanian Daily News. 20 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  77. ^ Kurani, Edison (25 May 2015). "Greek Foreign Minister announces a tour of visits in the Balkan, he will also visit Albania". Independent Balkan News Agency. AM. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  78. ^ "Joint statements of Foreign Minister Kotzias and Albanian Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati during their press conference (Tirana, 15 July 2015)". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  79. ^ Mehmetaj, Jonida; Meçaj, Stela (2022). "Dispute between Albania and Greece over the Delimitation of Maritime Zones". Lex Portus. 8 (3). doi:10.26886/2524-101X.8.3.2022.1. S2CID 250238402.

Further reading edit

External links edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albania–Greece_relations&oldid=1217576284"