The 365th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was first activated in March 1942. After training with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers in the United States, the squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The squadron was twice awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat actions. Following V-E Day, it moved to the continent of Europe and engaged in photographic mapping until inactivating in December 1946.
| 365th Bombardment Squadron | |
|---|---|
 B-58A Hustler, last type flown by the squadron[a] | |
| Active | 1942-1946; 1947-1948; 1951-1970 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Bombardment |
| Engagements | European Theater of Operations[1] |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award[1] |
| Insignia | |
| Patch with 365th Bombardment Squadron emblem[1][b] |  |
| 365th Bombardment Squadron emblem(World War II)[2] |  |
| World War II fuselage code[2] | XK |
The squadron was briefly active on paper from 1947 to 1949. It was activated again in 1951 as a strategic bomber unit, flying Boeing B-47 Stratojets. In 1949, it moved to Indiana, where it converted to the Convair B-58 Hustler. It was inactivated in 1970, when the Hustler was phased out of service.
History edit
World War II edit
Initial organization and training edit
The squadron was first activated at Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah on 1 March 1942 as one of the original squadrons of the 305th Bombardment Group.[3][4] and began training on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. In June, it moved to Geiger Field, Washington, and in July, to Muroc Army Air Field, California for more intensive training.[1][5] On 23 August, its ground echelon left for Fort Dix, New Jersey and sailed for the European Theater of Operations on the RMS Queen Mary on 5 September, landing in Scotland on 12 September. The air echelon received additional training at Hancock Field, New York, before taking the North Atlantic ferrying route to Prestwick in September and October.[5]
Combat in Europe edit
The ground echelon arrived at RAF Grafton Underwood in September. The squadron flew its first mission on 17 November 1942.[5] In December it moved to RAF Chelveston, which would be its combat station for the remainder of the war.[1]
The squadron primarily engaged in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. It attacked targets in Belgium, France and Germany, including Kriegsmarine targets such as submarine pens, docks, harbors and shipyards. This included the attack on the naval yards at Wilhelmshaven on 27 January 1943, when heavy bombers of VIII Bomber Command made their first combat strike in German airspace.[4]
It also attacked automotive factories and marshalling yards on the continent. On 4 April 1943, it made a precision strike on the Renault automotive factory in Paris in the face of devastating fighter attacks by an estimated 50 to 75 Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, which attacked the squadron's formation for fifty minutes,[6] and heavy flak,[d] for which it was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). Missions included attacks on Berlin, oil refineries at Merseburg, aircraft factories at Anklam, shipping at Gdynia and the ball bearing factories at Schweinfurt.[4]
On 11 January 1944, the squadron participated in an attack on an aircraft plant in central Germany, near Brunswick. Extensive cloud cover had resulted in the recall of two of the three bombardment divisions involved in the mission and made the rendezvous of the fighter groups scheduled to provide cover in the target area difficult. In contrast, clear weather to the east of the target permitted the Germans to assemble one of the largest fighter formations since October 1943, with 207 enemy fighters making contact with the strike force. For this mission, it was awarded a second DUC. Between 20 and 25 February 1944, it took part in Big Week, the intensive campaign by Eighth Air Force against the German aircraft manufacturing industry.[4][7]
The squadron was occasionally diverted from its strategic mission to carry out interdiction and air support missions. Prior to Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, it helped neutralize enemy forces with attacks on airfields, V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch facilities and repair shops. On D Day, it struck enemy strongholds near the landing beaches. In July 1944 it attacked enemy positions in advance of ground forces in Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo. It attacked antiaircraft batteries to support Operation Market Garden, the airborne attacks near Arnhem attempting to secure a bridgehead across the Rhine. In December 1944 and January 1945, it attacked enemy installations near the Battle of the Bulge. In March 1945, it supported Operation Varsity, airborne assault across the Rhine in Germany.[4]
The squadron flew its last combat mission on 25 April 1945.[4] Following V-E Day, the squadron moved to Sint-Truiden Airfield in Belgium, from which it conducted photographic mapping flights over Europe and North Africa which came under the name Project Casey Jones. On 15 December 1945 it became part of the occupation force, when it moved to Lechfeld Airfield, Germany which it had bombed on 18 March 1944, and which it now used as an occupation base.[5] The squadron was reduced in both personnel and equipment during 1946, and by the end of October, it had stopped all operations.[5] It was inactivated on 25 December 1946.[1]
Strategic Air Command edit
The squadron, along with a number of other units, was activated at Andrews Field in 1947 as a paper unit.[8] It was not manned or equipped before inactivating on 6 September 1948[1]
It was eactivated under Strategic Air Command (SAC) in 1951 with Boeing B-47 Stratojet medium jet bombers,[1] it began flying operational strategic bombardment and refueling missions from MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. In 1955, SAC upgraded the squadron to the B-47E, the major production version of the Stratojet. In May 1959, the squadron, with B-47s, moved to Bunker Hill Air Force Base, Indiana.
B-58 operations edit
The squadron began training crews on the Convair B-58 Hustler in 1961, replacing its Stratojets. The squadron also was equipped with training models of the Hustler.[1]
At the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, Only six B-58s in the entire SAC inventory were on alert. Even these aircraft were "second cycle" (follow on) sorties. Training was suspended, and the squadron, along with SAC's other B-58 squadrons, began placing its bombers on alert. By the first week of November, 84 B-58s were standing nuclear alert, and as SAC redeployed its Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, 20 of these were "first cycle" sorties.[e] Within a short time, this grew to 41 bombers. By 20 November, SAC resumed its normal alert posture, and half the squadron's aircraft were kept on alert.[9][10]
In December 1965, Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense announced a phaseout program that would further reduce SAC’s bomber force. This program called for the mid-1971 retirement of all B-58s and some Boeing B-52 Stratofortress models.[11] With the removal of the B-58 from SAC's bomber force, the squadron was inactivated at the end of January 1970.[citation needed]
Lineage edit
- Constituted as the 365th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
- Activated on 1 March 1942
- Redesignated 365th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy c. 20 August 1943
- Inactivated on 25 December 1946
- Redesignated 365th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 11 June 1947
- Activated on 1 July 1947
- Inactivated on 6 September 1948
- Redesignated 365th Bombardment Squadron Medium on 20 December 1950
Assignments edit
- 305th Bombardment Group, 1 March 1942
- XII Tactical Air Command, 1 November 1946 – 25 December 1946
- 305th Bombardment Group, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948
- 305th Bombardment Group, 2 January 1951 (attached to 305th Bombardment Wing after 10 February 1951)[14]
- 305th Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952 – 1 January 1970[14][15]
Stations edit
|
|
Aircraft edit
- Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1946
- Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1951-1953
- Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1952–1960
- Convair B-58 Hustler, 1960–1970[12][14]
References edit
Notes edit
- Explanatory notes
- ^ Aircraft is Convair TB-58A-CF Hustler, serial 55-662. Originally a YB-58A, converted to TB-58A and used as chase plane at Edwards AFB for the XB-70 project; then assigned to the 305th Bombardment Wing and set record by flying 256 sorties without a late or missed takeoff. Sent to Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center on 17 January 1970 and scrapped on 21 July 1977. Brewer, Alex P.; Brewer, Randy A. "B-58.com, The B-58 Hustler Page: Inventory". B-58.com. Retrieved 28 January 2023..
- ^ Approved 20 June 1952. Description: On a shield, blue, two swords, natural colors crossed horizontally, bordered golden yellow, over which is an eagle, natural colors, facing to the right, wings spread horizontally, perched on top of a globe, natural colors, bordered golden yellow, and with latitude and longitude lines white.
- ^ Aircraft is Lockheed Vega built Boeing B-17F-35-VE Flying Fortress, serial 42-5910. Hell Cat. This aircraft was originally assigned to the 326th Bombardment Squadron and named Ruthie. It was badly shot up by fighters on the 4 July 1943, mission to Nantes but managed to return to RAF Alconbury. After being repaired she was transferred to the 365th and renamed Hell Cat. It ran out of fuel and crash landed at Hawkinge, England on 15 September 1943 and was scrapped two days later. Photo taken at RAF Chelveston.
- ^ Maurer describes the flak as heavy, but Freeman describes it as light, at least until the unit reached its target.
- ^ The availability of KC-135s to refuel the B-58s was the main factor in relegating them to the second cycle of the war plan. KC-135s were primarily dedicated to refueling B-52s. See Kipp et al. p. 30 and following for SAC bomber actions during the Cuban Crisis.
- ^ This squadron is not related to the Bombardment Squadron, Provisional, 365, that was designated and activated on 1 July 1972 at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam and assigned to the Strategic Wing, Provisional, 72. It moved U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, Thailand on 1 January 1973, where it was attached to the 307th Strategic Wing. The squadron served as headquarters for Boeing B-52D Stratofortress crews and aircraft deployed to Southeast Asia until it was inactivated on 30 June 1975.
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 451-452
- ^ a b Watkins, pp. 54-55
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 450-453, 517-518
- ^ a b c d e f Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 177-179
- ^ a b c d e Freeman, pp. 247-248
- ^ Freeman, p. 29
- ^ Freeman, pp. 104-106
- ^ Mueller, pp. 8-9
- ^ Kipp et al. , pp. 57-58, 61
- ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ Knaack, p. 248 n.41
- ^ a b Lineage and Aircraft information through May 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 451-452.
- ^ See Ravenstein, p. 150 (end of assignment to 305th Wing); Mueller, p. 214 (end of stationing at Grissom).
- ^ a b c Ravenstein, pp. 150-151
- ^ Assignment information through May 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 451-452, except as noted.
- ^ Station Number in Anderson, p. 19.
- ^ Station Number in Anderson, p. 46.
- ^ Station Number in Johnson, p. 23.
- ^ Station Number in Johnson, p. 40.
- ^ Station information through May 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 451-452, except as noted.
- ^ Mueller, p. 214
Bibliography edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- Freeman, Roger A. (1970). The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force). London, England, UK: Macdonald and Company. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2.
- Johnson, 1st Lt. David C. (1988). U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO) D-Day to V-E Day (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Kipp, Robert; Peake, Lynn; Wolk, Herman. "Strategic Air Command Operations in the Cuban Crisis of 1962, SAC Historical Study No. 90 (Top Secret NOFORN, FRD, redacted and declassified)". Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems. Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Watkins, Robert (2008). Battle Colors: Insignia and Markings of the Eighth Air Force In World War II. Vol. I (VIII) Bomber Command. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-1987-7.