List of Scottish inventions and discoveries

Scottish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques either partially or entirely invented, innovated, or discovered by a person born in or descended from Scotland. In some cases, an invention's Scottishness is determined by the fact that it came into existence in Scotland (e.g., animal cloning), by non-Scots working in the country. Often, things that are discovered for the first time are also called "inventions" and in many cases there is no clear line between the two.

"the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the laws of electrodynamics"

Some Scottish contributions have indirectly and directly led to controversial political ideas and policies, such as the measures taken to enforce British hegemony in the time of the British Empire.[2] There are many books devoted solely to the subject, as well as scores of websites listing Scottish inventions and discoveries with varying degrees of science.[not verified in body]

Even before the Industrial Revolution, Scots have been at the forefront of innovation and discovery across a wide range of spheres. Some of the most significant products of Scottish ingenuity include James Watt's steam engine, improving on that of Thomas Newcomen,[3] the bicycle,[4] macadamisation (not to be confused with tarmac or tarmacadam[5]), Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the first practical telephone,[6] John Logie Baird's invention of television,[7][8] Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin[9] and insulin.[10]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations, or discoveries that are known or generally recognised as being Scottish.

Road transport innovations

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Civil engineering innovations

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Aviation innovations

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Power innovations

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Shipbuilding innovations

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Military innovations

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Heavy industry innovations

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Agricultural innovations

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Communication innovations

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Publishing firsts

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Culture and the arts

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Scientific innovations

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The first positive displacement liquid flowmeter, the reciprocating piston meter by Thomas Kennedy Snr.[124]

Sports innovations

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Scots have been instrumental in the invention and early development of several sports:

Medical innovations

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Household innovations

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Weapons innovations

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Miscellaneous innovations

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See also

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References

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Publications

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  • Great Scottish Discoveries and Inventions, Bill Fletcher, William W. Fletcher, John Harrold, Drew, 1985, University of California, ISBN 0-86267-084-5, ISBN 978-0-86267-084-9
  • Great Scottish inventions and discoveries: a concise guide : a selection of Scottish inventions and discoveries made over a period stretching back to the fifteenth century, John Geddes, Northern Books, 1994
  • Scottish Inventors, Alistair Fyfe, HarperCollins, 1999, ISBN 0-00-472326-0, ISBN 978-0-00-472326-6
  • The Scottish invention of America, democracy and human rights: a history of liberty and freedom from the ancient Celts to the New Millennium, Alexander Leslie Klieforth, Robert John Munro, University Press of America, 2004, ISBN 0-7618-2791-9, ISBN 978-0-7618-2791-7
  • Philosophical chemistry in the Scottish enlightenment: the doctrines and discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black, Arthur L. Donovan
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