X-SAMPA

The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.

SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, as Unicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. On the other hand, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA.

Summary

Notes

• The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower-case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA.
• X-SAMPA uses backslashes as modifying suffixes to create new symbols. For example O is a distinct sound from O\, to which it bears no relation. Such use of the backslash character can be a problem, since many programs interpret it as an escape character for the character following it. For example, you cannot use such X-SAMPA symbols in EMU, therefore you need to replace backslash with some other symbol (e.g. an asterisk: '*') when adding phonemic transcription to an EMU speech database.
• X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for nasalization, = for syllabicity, and ` for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
• The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar.
• The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.

Lower case symbols

X-SAMPA	IPA	IPA image	Description	Examples
a	a		open front unrounded vowel	French dame [dam], Spanish padre ["paD4e]
b	b		voiced bilabial plosive	English bed [bEd], French bon [bO~]
b_<	ɓ		voiced bilabial implosive	Sindhi ɓarʊ [b_<arU]
c	c		voiceless palatal plosive	Hungarian latyak ["lQcQk]
d	d		voiced alveolar plosive	English dig [dIg], French doigt [dwa]
d`	ɖ		voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish hord [hu:d`]
d_<	ɗ		voiced alveolar implosive	Sindhi ɗarʊ [d_<arU]
e	e		close-mid front unrounded vowel	French ses [se], English met [met] (AusE and NZE)
f	f		voiceless labiodental fricative	English five [faIv], French femme [fam]
g	ɡ		voiced velar plosive	English game [geIm], French longue [lO~g]
g_<	ɠ		voiced velar implosive	Sindhi ɠəro [g_<@ro]
h	h		voiceless glottal fricative	English house [haUs]
h\	ɦ		voiced glottal fricative	Czech hrad [h\rat]
i	i		close front unrounded vowel	English be [bi:], French oui [wi], Spanish si [si]
j	j		palatal approximant	English yes [jEs], French yeux [j2]
j\	ʝ		voiced palatal fricative	Greek γειά [j\a]
k	k		voiceless velar plosive	English scat [sk{t], Spanish carro ["kar:o]
l	l		alveolar lateral approximant	English lay [leI], French mal [mal]
l`	ɭ		retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
l\	ɺ		alveolar lateral flap	Japanese rakuten [l\akM_0teN\]
m	m		bilabial nasal	English mouse [maUs], French homme [Om]
n	n		alveolar nasal	English nap [n{p], French non [nO~]
n`	ɳ		retroflex nasal	Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
o	o		close-mid back rounded vowel	French gros [gRo]
p	p		voiceless bilabial plosive	English speak [spik], French pose [poz], Spanish perro ["per:o]
p\	ɸ		voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese fuku [p\M_0kM]
q	q		voiceless uvular plosive	Arabic qasbah ["qQs_Gba]
r	r		alveolar trill	Spanish perro ["per:o]
r`	ɽ		retroflex flap
r\	ɹ		alveolar approximant	English red [r\Ed]
r\`	ɻ		retroflex approximant	Malayalam വഴി ["v6r\`i]
s	s		voiceless alveolar fricative	English seem [si:m], French session [se"sjO~]
s`	ʂ		voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish mars [mas`]
s\	ɕ		voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish świerszcz [s\v'erStS]
t	t		voiceless alveolar plosive	English stew [stju:], French raté [Ra"te], Spanish tuyo ["tujo]
t`	ʈ		voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mört [m2t`]
u	u		close back rounded vowel	English boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su]
v	v		voiced labiodental fricative	English vest [vEst], French voix [vwa]
v\ (or P)	ʋ		labiodental approximant	Dutch west [v\Est]/[PEst]
w	w		labial-velar approximant	English west [wEst], French oui [wi]
x	x		voiceless velar fricative	Scots loch [lOx] or [5Ox]; German Buch, Dach; Spanish caja, gestión
x\	ɧ		voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedish sjal [x\A:l]
y	y		close front rounded vowel	French tu [ty] German über ["y:b6]
z	z		voiced alveolar fricative	English zoo [zu:], French azote [a"zOt]
z`	ʐ		voiced retroflex fricative	Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN]
z\	ʑ		voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish źrebak ["z\rEbak]

Capital symbols

X-SAMPA	IPA	IPA image	Description	Example
A	ɑ		open back unrounded vowel	English father ["fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
B	β		voiced bilabial fricative	Spanish lavar [la"Ba4]
B\	ʙ		bilabial trill	Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
C	ç		voiceless palatal fricative	German ich [IC], English human ["Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-])
D	ð		voiced dental fricative	English then [DEn]
E	ɛ		open-mid front unrounded vowel	French même [mEm], English met [mEt] (RP and Gen.Am.)
F	ɱ		labiodental nasal	English emphasis ["EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-])
G	ɣ		voiced velar fricative	Greek γωνία [Go"nia], Danish vælge ["vElG@]
G\	ɢ		voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitut nirivvik [niG\ivvik]
G\_<	ʛ		voiced uvular implosive	Mam ʛa [G\_<a]
H	ɥ		labial-palatal approximant	French huit [Hit]
H\	ʜ		voiceless epiglottal fricative
I	ɪ		near-close near-front unrounded vowel	English kit [kIt]
I\	ᵻ or ɪ̈		near-close central unrounded vowel	Polish ryba [rI\bA]
J	ɲ		palatal nasal	Spanish año ["aJo], English canyon ["k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-])
J\	ɟ		voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian egy [EJ\]
J\_<	ʄ		voiced palatal implosive	Sindhi ʄaro [J\_<aro]
K	ɬ		voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh llaw [KaU]
K\	ɮ		voiced alveolar lateral fricative
L	ʎ		palatal lateral approximant	Italian famiglia [fa"miLLa], Castilian llamar [La"mar], English million ["mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-])
L\	ʟ		velar lateral approximant
M	ɯ		close back unrounded vowel	Korean 으 (eu)
M\	ɰ		velar approximant	Spanish fuego ["fweM\o]
N	ŋ		velar nasal	English thing [TIN]
N\	ɴ		uvular nasal	Japanese san [saN\]
O	ɔ		open-mid back rounded vowel	RP thought [TO:t], American English off [O:f]
O\	ʘ		bilabial click
P (or v\)	ʋ		labiodental approximant	Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/
Q	ɒ		open back rounded vowel	RP lot [lQt]
R	ʁ		voiced uvular fricative	German rein [RaIn]
R\	ʀ		uvular trill	French roi [R\wa]
S	ʃ		voiceless postalveolar fricative	English ship [SIp]
T	θ		voiceless dental fricative	English thin [TIn]
U	ʊ		near-close near-back rounded vowel	English foot [fUt]
U\	ᵿ or ʊ̈		near-close central rounded vowel	English euphoria [jU\"fO@r\i@]
V	ʌ		open-mid back unrounded vowel	RP English strut [str\Vt]
W	ʍ		voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scots when [WEn]
X	χ		voiceless uvular fricative	Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ [sXa?q_wa?]
X\	ħ		voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic <ح>ha’ [X\A:]
Y	ʏ		near-close near-front rounded vowel	German hübsch [hYpS]
Z	ʒ		voiced postalveolar fricative	English vision ["vIZ@n]

Other symbols

X-SAMPA	IPA	IPA image	Description	Example
.	.		syllable break
"	ˈ		primary stress
%	ˌ		secondary stress
' (or _j)	ʲ		palatalized
:	ː		long
:\	ˑ		half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
-			separator	Polish trzy [t-S1] vs. czy [tS1] (affricate)
@	ə		schwa	English arena [@"r\i:n@]
@\	ɘ		close-mid central unrounded vowel	Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ [k@\_M4@\_M]
{	æ		near-open front unrounded vowel	English trap [tr\{p]
}	ʉ		close central rounded vowel	Swedish sju [x\}:]; AuE/NZE boot [b}:t]
1	ɨ		close central unrounded vowel	Welsh tu [t1], American English rose's ["r\oUz1z]
2	ø		close-mid front rounded vowel	Danish købe ["k2:b@], French deux [d2]
3	ɜ		open-mid central unrounded vowel	English nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\	ɞ		open-mid central rounded vowel	Irish tomhail[t3\:l']
4	ɾ		alveolar flap	Spanish pero ["pe4o], American English better ["bE4@`]
5	ɫ		velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e	English milk [mI5k], Portuguese livro ["5iv4u]
6	ɐ		near-open central vowel	German besser ["bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d]
7	ɤ		close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estonian kõik [k7ik], Vietnamese mơ [m7_M]
8	ɵ		close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish buss [b8s]
9	œ		open-mid front rounded vowel	French neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@]
&	ɶ		open front rounded vowel	Swedish skörd [x\&d`]
?	ʔ		glottal stop	Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney English bottle ["bQ?l]
?\	ʕ		voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ع (`ayn) [?\Ajn]
*			undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor"
/			indeterminacy in French vowels
<			begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)
<\	ʢ		voiced epiglottal fricative
>			end nonsegmental notation
>\	ʡ		epiglottal plosive
^	ꜛ		upstep
!	ꜜ		downstep
!\	ǃ		postalveolar click
|	|		minor (foot) group
|\	ǀ		dental click
||	‖		major (intonation) group
|\|\	ǁ		alveolar lateral click
=\	ǂ		palatal click
-\	‿		linking mark

Diacritics

X-SAMPA	IPA	IPA image	Description
_"	̈		centralized
_+	̟		advanced
_-	̠		retracted
_/	̌		rising tone
_0	̥		voiceless
_<			implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
= (or _=)	̩		syllabic
_>	ʼ		ejective
_?\	ˤ		pharyngealized
_\	̂		falling tone
_^	̯		non-syllabic
_}	̚		no audible release
`	˞		rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
~ (or _~)	̃		nasalization
_A	̘		advanced tongue root
_a	̺		apical
_B	̏		extra low tone
_B_L	᷅		low rising tone
_c	̜		less rounded
_d	̪		dental
_e	̴		velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5
<F>	↘		global fall
_F	̂		falling tone
_G	ˠ		velarized
_H	́		high tone
_H_T	᷄		high rising tone
_h	ʰ		aspirated
_j (or ')	ʲ		palatalized
_k	̰		creaky voice
_L	̀		low tone
_l	ˡ		lateral release
_M	̄		mid tone
_m	̻		laminal
_N	̼		linguolabial
_n	ⁿ		nasal release
_O	̹		more rounded
_o	̞		lowered
_q	̙		retracted tongue root
<R>	↗		global rise
_R	̌		rising tone
_R_F	᷈		rising falling tone
_r	̝		raised
_T	̋		extra high tone
_t	̤		breathy voice
_v	̬		voiced
_w	ʷ		labialized
_X	̆		extra-short
_x	̽		mid-centralized

Charts

Consonants

Consonants (pulmonic)
Place of articulation →	Labial		Coronal				Dorsal				Radical				(none)
Manner of articulation ↓	Bilabial	Labio‐ dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post‐ alveolar	Retro‐ flex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Pharyn‐ geal		Epi‐ glottal		Glottal
Nasal	m	F	n			n`	J	N	N\
Plosive	p b	p_d b_d	t d			t` d`	c J\	k g	q G\				>\		?
Fricative	p\ B	f v	T D	s z	S Z	s` z`	C j\	x G	X	R	X\	?\	H\	<\	h h\
Approximant	B_o	v\	r\			r\`	j	M\
Trill	B\		r			*			R\				*
Tap or Flap	*†	*†	4			r`							*
Lateral Fricative			K K\			*	*	*
Lateral Approximant			l			l`	L	L\
Lateral Flap			l\			*	*	*

• Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, this is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA: A dedicated symbol for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.

Coarticulated
W	Voiceless labialized velar approximant
w	Voiced labialized velar approximant
H	Voiced labialized palatal approximant
s\	Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
z\	Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
x\	Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative

Affricates and double articulation
ts	voiceless alveolar affricate
dz	voiced alveolar affricate
tS	voiceless postalveolar affricate
dZ	voiced postalveolar affricate
ts\	voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
dz\	voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
tK	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
kp	voiceless labial-velar plosive
gb	voiced labial-velar plosive
Nm	labial-velar nasal stop

Consonants (non-pulmonic)
Clicks		Implosives		Ejectives
O\	Bilabial	b_<	Bilabial	_>	For example:
|\	Laminal alveolar ("dental")	d_<	Alveolar	p_>	Bilabial
ǃ\	Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex")	J\_<	Palatal	t_>	Alveolar
=\	Laminal postalveolar ("palatal")	g_<	Velar	k_>	Velar
|\|\	Lateral coronal ("lateral")	G\_<	Uvular	s_>	Alveolar fricative

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i • y 1 • } M • u I • Y I\ • U\ • U e • 2 @\ • 8 7 • o @ E • 9 3 • 3\ V • O { • 6 a • & A • Q
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

See also

• CXS, an unofficial, extended version of X-SAMPA used for language construction
• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
• International Phonetic Alphabet for English
• Kirshenbaum and WorldBet, similar systems.
• List of phonetics topics
• SAMPA, a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA.
• SAMPA chart for English
• WorldBet

External links

• Computer-coding the IPA: A proposed extension of SAMPA
• Translate English texts into IPA phonetics with PhoTransEdit. This free software tool allows to export transcriptions to X-SAMPA.
• Online converter between IPA and X-Sampa
• Web-based translator for X-SAMPA documents. Produces Unicode text, XML text, PostScript, PDF, or LaTeX TIPA.
• Z-SAMPA, an extension of X-SAMPA sometimes used for conlangs