In acting, units of action, otherwise known as bits or beats,[1] are sections that a play's action can be divided into for the purposes of dramatic exploration in rehearsal.[2]
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The concept was propounded by the Russian actor, director and educator Konstantin Stanislavsky, who initially liked to use the term kusok (Russian: кусок, IPA: [kʊˈsok] ⓘ) an ordinary Russian word that can be translated as bit – as in a bit, or slice, of bread or meat.[3] This was the term Stanislavsky preferred in the original drafts of his books. Stanislavsky also referred to these bits of action as episodes, events and facts.
The term “unit” was introduced in the standard early translations of Stanislavsky's writings. Use of beat in the place of bit has become mainstream in American method acting. This historic mistranslation may have helped spawn the common metaphor of the dramatic script as a musical score. Stanislavsky used the same metaphor to refer to detailed production plans. It was also taken up by the innovative Polish director Jerzy Grotowski as a score of physical actions.
Bits of pieces edit
Stanislavsky conceived the segmentation of script as a preparatory tool for actors working on a play. Although he used the Russian word for "bit" (kusok) in the drafts he originally made for his planned books, he later preferred to speak in terms of "episode" (epizod in Russian), "event" (sobytie), and "fact" (fakt).[2] These were the terms that Stanislavsky chose to use while teaching his system of acting to students at the Opera-Dramatic Studio in Moscow in the final years of his life, when he was concerned about the risk of losing sight of the play as a whole after breaking the action down into small bits.[3] By this time, he was consistently distinguishing between more extended "episodes" (large bits or "events") and shorter "facts" (medium or small bits or "events"), using the Russian terms he had already employed in his notes and drafts earlier in his career.[3] In Stanislavsky's conception, division into "episodes" can reveal the basic building-blocks of action, while subdivision into "facts" can help uncover the changes that occur from one moment to the next.[3] Such divisions can be used to help players explore their characters and discover their actions through improvisation work during the early stages of rehearsal.[1][2]
The frequently used term "units" derives from the somewhat less intuitive terminology introduced by Stanislavsky's original American translator, Elizabeth Hapgood[3] (a fluent speaker of Russian who had married the diplomat Norman Hapgood). In addition to choosing more abstract terms for her translations, Hapgood was somewhat inconsistent in their use. For example, she sometimes confuses "bits" (i.e. "units") with the related "tasks" that actors must confront in their roles ("objective" is her translation of zadacha, the Russian for task).[3]
The term "beats" is commonly used in American method acting.[4] The transformation of "bits" into "beats" may derive from the pronunciation of émigré Russian teachers in America, possibly in conjunction with the image of a string of "beads" on a necklace.[1] It has been suggested that oral teachings by Richard Boleslavsky of the Moscow Art Theater, who helped bring Stanislavsky's system to America, may have triggered the persistent mistranslation, and ultimately the metaphor commonly encountered in method acting of the script as a musical score.[5] (Following the 1898 Moscow Art Theatre production of The Seagull, Stanislavsky had himself referred to the detailed production plan that can be made for a play as the directorial score,[6] and later the metaphor was further developed by Jerzy Grotowski, who envisaged a physical score of action.[7]) The word "beat" is sometimes also employed as a stage direction to indicate a significant pause.[8]
References edit
- ^ a b c Carnicke, Sharon Marie (2009). Stanislavsky in Focus: An Acting Master for the Twenty-first Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-415-77496-3.
Bit (Kusok) – The analytical segment or "unit" (Hapgood's translation) into which the actor divides each scene in a play. A new "bit" begins whenever an action or counteraction shifts in manner of execution or strategy based upon the mutual interaction of the scene's partners. In the US this term has been transformed into "beats", which may derive from "bits" of the play strung together like "beads" on a necklace when pronounced with a Russian accent by émigré teachers.
- ^ a b c Stanislavski, Konstantin (2008). Benedetti, Jean (ed.). An Actor's Work: A Student's Diary. Taylor & Francis. p. 682. ISBN 978-1-134-10146-7.
[From editor's glossary of key terms:] Kusok, Bit, Unit – A section of the total action of the play that can be explored separately. Bits can be large, medium or small. The definition of a bit depends entirely on what the actor can understand and improvise immediately in the early stages of rehearsal. Elsewhere, Stanislavski defined bits as episodes, events and facts.
- ^ a b c d e f Benedetti, Jean (2013). Stanislavski and the Actor. Routledge. pp. 7, 150–151. ISBN 978-1-136-75804-1.
- ^ Larlham, Daniel (2013). "Stanislavsky, Tolstoy and the 'life of the human spirit'". In White, Andrew (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Stanislavsky. Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-136-28185-3.
- ^ Esch, Kevin (2012). "The Bond that Unbinds by Binding: Acting Mythology and the Film Community". In Taylor, Aaron (ed.). Theorizing Film Acting. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-136-33773-4.
- ^ Benedetti (1999). Stanislavski: His Life and Art (3rd ed.). Methuen Drama. p. 76. ISBN 0-413-52520-1.
- ^ Slowiak, James; Cuesta, Jairo (2007). Jerzy Grotowski. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-134-51370-3.
- ^ Harrison, Martin (1998). The Language of Theatre. Psychology Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-87830-087-7.