Turkish people
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For other uses of Turkish, see Turkish (disambiguation), and for the broader concept of Turkic-speaking ethnic groups, see Turkic peoples.
Turkish people
Türkler
Osman Gazi.jpg Mihrimah Sultan.jpg TheTurkishEmperorSuleiman.jpg Princess Durru Shehvar.jpg Sultan Abdulmecid Pera Museum 3 b.jpg
Safiye Ali.jpg MustfaFehmi.jpg Edib Halide.jpg Mimar Kemaleddin.jpg Feriha Tevfik.gif
Kemalbey.jpg Cahide Sonku.jpg Atatürk.jpg Sabiha gökçen.jpg Tevfik Fikret2.jpg
Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ 2009.jpg ElifShafak Ask EbruBilun Wiki.jpg Nuri Şahin in the Turkish national team strip at Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, Istanbul, Turkey - 20100811.jpg 60x70px Orhan Pamuk3.jpg
Total population
70 million[citation needed]

(see also Turkish population & Turkish diaspora)
Regions with significant populations
 Turkey 55,500,000-59,000,000 [1][2][3][4]
 Germany 3,500,000-4,000,000 [5][6][7]
 Iraq 500,000-3,000,000 [8][9][10]
 Algeria 600,000-2,000,000 [11][12]
 Syria 750,000-1,500,000 [13]
 Bulgaria 588,000-750,000 [14][15]
 France 500,000-1,000,000 [16][17]
 United Kingdom 500,000a[›] [18][19][20]
 United States 500,000 b[›] [21][22][23]
 Netherlands 400,000-500,000 c[›] [24][25][26]
 Austria 350,000-500,000 [27][28][29][30]
 Northern Cyprus 300,000-500,000 d[›] [31][32]
 Belgium 200,000 [33][34]
 Macedonia 77,959-200,000 [35].[36][37]
 Saudi Arabia 200,000 e[›] [38]
 Australia 60,000-150,000 f[›] [39][40]
 Greece 80,000-150,000 g[›] [41][42][43]
 Kazakhstan 150,000 h[›] [44]
 Russia 120,000-150,000 [45]
 Switzerland 120,000 e[›] [46]
 Azerbaijan 110,000 h[›] [44][47][48]
 Sweden 100,000-150,000 i[›] [49][50]
 Egypt 70,000-100,000 [51][52]
 Denmark 70,000 [53]
 Canada 50,000-100,000 [54][55][56]
 Lebanon 50,000-80,000 [57][58]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 50,000 [59][59]
 Kosovo 50,000 [60][59]
 Kyrgyzstan 50,000 h[›] [44][61]
 Romania 28,226-80,000 [62][63][64]
 Italy 21,000 [65][66]
 Norway 16,000 e[›] [67]
Languages

Turkish
Religion

Predominantly Islam
Related ethnic groups

Turkic peoples  · Anatolian peoples
Footnotes
^ a: According to the Home Affairs Committee this includes 300,000 Turkish Cypriots.[68] However, some estimates suggest that that the Turkish Cypriot community in the UK has reached between 350,000[69] to 400,000.[70][71]

^ b: Government immigration figures on the number of Turks in the US estimates a total of 190,000 persons;[72] however, these statistics are not fully reliable because a considerable number of Turks were born in the Balkans and USSR.[73]
^ c: A further 10,000-30,000 people from Bulgaria live in the Netherlands. The majority are Bulgarian Turks and are the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands.[74]
^ d: This includes Turkish settlers. A further 2,000 Turkish Cypriots currently reside in the southern part of the island.[75]
^ e: This figure only includes Turkish citizens. Therefore, this also includes ethnic minorities from Turkey; however, it does not include ethnic Turks who have either been born and/or have become naturalised citizens. Furthermore, these figures do not include ethnic Turkish minorities from Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Kosovo, Macedonia, Romania or any other traditional area of Turkish settlement because they are registered as citizens from the country they have immigrated from rather than their ethnic Turkish identity.
^ f: A further 40,000-60,000 Turkish Cypriots live in Australia.[76][77][78]
^ g: This figure only includes Turks of Western Thrace. A further 5,000 live in the Rhodes and Kos.[79] In addition to this, 8,297 immigrants live in Greece.[80]
^ h: These figures only includes Meskhetian Turks.
^ i: A further 30,000 Bulgarian Turks live in Sweden.[81]

Turkish people, also known as the "Turks" (Turkish: singular: Türk, plural: Türkler), are a nation and ethnic group primarily living in Turkey, and in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire where Turkish minorities had been established. The Turkish minorities are the second largest ethnic groups in Bulgaria and Cyprus. In addition, due to modern migration, a Turkish diaspora has been established, particularly in Western Europe (see Turks in Europe), where large communities have been formed in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. There are also Turkish communities living in Australia, the former Soviet Union and the United States.

Etymology

The name Turk (Old Turkic: Old Turkic letter UK.svgOld Turkic letter R2.svgOld Turkic letter U.svgOld Turkic letter T2.svg[82][83] or Old Turkic letter UK.svgOld Turkic letter R2.svgOld Turkic letter U.svgOld Turkic letter T2.svg Old Turkic letter K.svgOld Turkic letter U.svgOld Turkic letter UK.svg Kök Türük[82][83] or Old Turkic letter K.svgOld Turkic letter R2.svgOld Turkic letter U.svgOld Turkic letter T2.svg Türük,[84]Chinese: 突厥, Pinyin: Tūjué, Wade-Giles: T'u-chüeh, Middle Chinese (Guangyun): [dʰuət-ki̯wɐt]) was first applied to a clan of tribal chieftains (known as Ashina) who overthrew the ruling Rouran Khaganate, and founded the nomadic Göktürk Khaganate ("Celestial Turks")[85] These nomads roamed in the Altai Mountains in northern Mongolia and on the steppes of Central Asia.[86]

The name Türk spread as a political designation during the period of Göktürk imperial hegemony to their subject Turkic and non-Turkic peoples. Subsequently, it was adopted as a generic ethnonym designating most if not all of the Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes in Central Asia by the Muslim peoples with whom they came into contact. The imperial era also provided a legacy of political and social organisation (with deep roots in pre-Türk Inner Asia) that in its Türk form became the common inheritance of the Turkic groupings of Central Asia.[87]

History

Main article: History of Turkey

Origins

Further information: Anatolians, Oghuz Turks, and Genetic history of the Turkish people

The homeland of the Turkic peoples is assumed to have been somewhere in the vicinity of Altai in Central Asia.[88] The first nomadic empire founded in present day Mongolia was Xiongnu, sometimes identified as a candidate for the locus of proto-Turkic.[89][90] The Turkic languages spread from its homeland over much of Central Asia and the Eurasian steppe during the Turkic migrations of the 6th to 11th centuries.[91]

The Turkic migration reached the territory of what is now Turkey, by the 11th century. The Turkomen, Oghuz Turks who had been converted to Islam, were the main component of Turkic migration into Anatolia.[citation needed] The process was accelerated after the Battle of Manzikert victory of Seljuk Turks against the Byzantines. Anatolia would be called Turchia in the West as early as the 12th century.[92] The Mongols invaded Transoxiana, Iran, Azerbaijan and Anatolia; this caused Turkomens to move further to Western Anatolia.[93] In the case of the migrations, the Turkic peoples assimilated some of the Indo-European peoples encountered; Tocharian as well as the numerous Iranian speakers across the Asiatic steppe were switched to the Turkic language, and ultimately Greek, the majority language of Anatolia, declined in favour of Turkish.[94]

The question of to what extent a gene flow from Central Asia, via Persia, to Anatolia has contributed to the current gene pool of the Turkish people, and the role of the 11th century invasion by Seljuk Turks, has been the subject of several genetic studies. A 2010 publication by Prof. Inci Togan and co-workers based on mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA estimated a 13% Central Asian genetic contribution to Anatolia.[95] A 2011 study reveals the impossibility of long-term, and continuing genetic contacts between Anatolia and Siberia, and confirms the presence of significant mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome divergence between this regions, with minimal admixture. The research confirms also the lack of mass migration with correlative archeological, historical, and linguistic data, and suggests that it was irregular punctuated migration events that engendered large-scale shifts in language and culture among Anatolia's diverse autochthonous inhabitants.[96] According to 2012 study the Turkish genetic structure is unique and the ancestry of the Turks is 38% European, 35% Middle Eastern, 18% South Asian and 9% Central Asian.[97]

Seljuk era

Main article: Great Seljuq Empire
The victory of the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert over the Byzantine Empire in 1071 allowed Turcoman tribesmen from Central Asia to push westward and settle in Anatolia.

The Seljuk Turks were a nomadic people from Central Asia who had converted to Sunni Islam and flourished as military mercenaries for the Abbasid caliphate, where they were known for their ability as mounted archers.[98] Moving gradually into Persia and Armenia as the Abbasids weakened, by the eleventh century, the Seljuk Turks grew in number and were able to occupy the eastern province of the Abbasid Empire. In 1055 the Seljuk Empire captured Baghdad and in the course of the early 11th century the Turks made their first incursions into the edges of Anatolia.[98] The victory of the Turks at the Battle of Manzikert, north of Lake Van, over the Byzantine Empire in 1071 opened the gates of Anatolia to the Seljuk Turks led by Alp Arslan.[99] The Turkish language and Islam were introduced and gradually spread over the region and the slow transition from a predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking one was underway.[99] In dire straits, the Byzantine Empire turned to the West for help setting in motion the pleas that led to the Crusades.[100] Between 1096 and 1099 the First Crusade commenced, with the Crusaders taking Iznik, then crossing Anatolia and retaking Jerusalem. Driven from Iznik, the Seljuk Turks established the Sultanate of Rum from their new capital at Konya in 1097.[99]

The Muslim Turks lived alongside their Christian subjects relatively peacefully as they had been freed from the burden of heavy Byzantine taxes. Furthermore, many Christians converted to Islam to save themselves from further taxation.[99] However, other Turcoman tribes who had also swept into Anatolia at the same time as the Seljuk Turks, retained their nomadic ways, keeping their large flock of sheep and continuing to fight from horseback as accomplished archers, a skill unknown to the Byzantines.[99] They were more numerous than the Seljuks, and rejecting the sedentary lifestyle, adhered to an impregnated Islam with animism and shamanism from their central Asian steppeland origins, which then mixed with new Christian influences.[99] From this popular and syncretist Islam with its mystical and revolutionary aspects, sects such as the Alevis and Bektashis emerged, the Sufism of the countryside, expressed in poetry written in Turkish and in the music of the dervishes. The Seljuk Empire was greatly influenced by the Persian civilisation which had inspired its art and architecture, its literature and its mysticism. Seljuk architecture included a blend of Persian, Byzantine, and Armenian styles, whose mosques, caravanserais, madrasas and tombs have left a permanent mark in towns like Konya, Sivas, and Tokat.[99]

In 1243, at the Battle of Köse Dağ, the Mongols, who unlike the Turks were not Muslims,[101] were victorious over the Seljuk Turks and became the new rulers of Anatolia, and in 1256, the second Mongol invasion of Anatolia caused widespread distruction. As the Mongols occupied more lands in Asia Minor, the Turks moved further to western Anatolia and settled in the Seljuk-Byzantine frontier.[102] Particularly after 1277, political stability within the Seljuk territories rapidly disintegrated, leading to the strengthening of Turcoman principalities in the western and southern parts of Anatolia called the "beyliks".[103]

Beyliks era

Main article: Anatolian beyliks
When the Mongols defeated the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, Turcoman principalities (beyliks) emerged as autonomous fiefdoms.

Once the Seljuk Turks were defeated by the Mongol's conquest of Anatolia, the Turks became the vassal of the Ilkhans who established their own empire in the vast area stretching from present-day Afghanistan to Turkey.[102] As the Mongols occupied more lands in Asia Minor, the Turks moved further to western Anatolia and settled in the Seljuk-Byzantine frontier. By the last decades of the 13th century, the Ilkhans and their Seljuk vassals lost control over much of Anatolia to these Turkoman peoples.[102] A number of Turkish lords managed to establish themselves as rulers of various principalities, known as "Beyliks" or emirates. Amongst these beyliks, along the Aegean coast, from north to south, stretched the beyliks of Karasi, Saruhan, Aydin, Menteşe and Teke. Inland from Teke was Hamid and east of Karasi was the beylik of Germiyan. To the north-west of Anatolia, around Söğüt, was the small and, at this stage, insignificant, Ottoman beylik which was hemmed in to the east by other more substantial powers like Karaman, based on Iconium, which ruled from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Although the Ottomans were only a small principality among the numerous Turkish beyliks, and thus posed the smallest threat to the Byzantine authority, their location in north-western Anatolia, in the former Byzantine province of Bithynia, became a fortunate position for their future conquests. The Latins, who had conquered the city of Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, established a Latin Empire (1204–61), divided the former Byzantine territories in the Balkans and the Aegean among themselves, and forced the Byzantine Emperors into exile at Nicaea (present-day Iznik). From 1261 onwards, the Byzantines were largely preoccupied with regaining their control in the Balkans.[102] Toward the end of the 13th century, as Mongol power began to decline, the Turcoman chiefs assumed greater independence.[104]

Ottoman era

Main article: Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish empire which lasted from 1299 to 1922.

Under its founder, Osman I, the Ottoman beylik expanded along the Sakarya River and westward towards the Sea of Marmara. Thus, the population of western Asia Minor had largely become Turkish-speaking and Muslim in religion.[102] It was under his son, Orhan I, who had attacked and conquered the important urban center of Bursa in 1326, proclaiming it as the Ottoman capital, that the Ottoman Empire developed considerably. He used his newly acquired territory to capture the towns of Nicaea (Iznik) in 1331 and Nicomedia (Izmit) in 1337. In 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and established a foothold on the Gallipoli Peninsula while at the same time pushing east and taking Ankara.[105][106] Many Turks from Anatolia began to settle in the region abandoned by the inhabitants who had fled Thrace before the Ottoman invasion.[107] However, the Byzantines were not the only ones to suffer from the Ottoman advancement for, in the mid-1330s, Orhan annexed the Turkish beylik of Karasi. This advancement was maintained by Orhan's son Murad I who more than tripled the territories under his direct rule, reaching some 100,000 square miles, evenly distributed in Europe and Asia Minor.[108] He annexed the beyliks of Germiyan and Hamid in the 1370s and Teke in the 1380s. By the end of his reign Ottoman control in Anatolia stretched from the shores of the Bosphoros in the north to Antalya and the coastline of the Aegean in the south.[105]

Gains in Anatolia were matched by those in Europe; Ottoman forces took Edirne (Adrianople), which became the capital of the Ottoman empire in 1365, and defeated the forces of Despot Uglješa and Vukašin Mrnjavčević in the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, which opened the way to Bulgaria and Macedonia before them.[109] With the conquests of Thrace, Macedonia, and Bulgaria, rather significant numbers of Turkish emigrants settled in these regions.[107] This form of Ottoman-Turkish colonization became a very effective method to consolidate their position and power in the Balkans. The colonizers consisted of soldiers, nomads, farmers, artisans and merchants, dervishes, preachers and other religious functionaries, and administrative personnel.[110] While Ottoman attacks were launched into the kingdom of Bosnia and Serbia, Niš falling in 1385, further south, Ottoman forces were active in Greece, taking Thessaloniki in 1397. Under Murad's son, Bayezid I, the Ottoman state continued to expand. In Anatolia, the beyliks of Menteşe and Aydin fell to the Ottomans in 1389-90 and Karaman once more came under attack. Accompanied by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II as his vassal, Bayzeid campaigned against the İsfendiyaroğul territory and established control over northern Anatolia. In Europe, Bayzeid ultimately took Serbia and Ottoman forces moved into Bulgaria and Wallachia. This advancement resulted in a large crusading force which, in 1396, met the Ottoman forces in Battle of Nicopolis, and was soundly defeated, thus effectively ending the era of Christian crusading to the east.[109]

Beyezid's victorious conquests served an inspiration for his successors, and half a century later, in 1453, Ottoman armies under Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople.[108] Mehmed reconstructed and repopulated Constantinople, renaming it "Istanbul", and making it the new Ottoman capital.[111] After the Fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of conquest and expansion with its borders eventually going deep into Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[112]Selim I dramatically expanded the empire’s eastern and southern frontiers in the Battle of Chaldiran. He established Ottoman rule in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria and gained recognition as the guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.[113] His successor, Suleiman the Magnificent, further expanded the conquests after capturing Belgrade in 1521 and using its territorial base to conquer the Hungary, and other Central European territories, after his victory in the Battle of Mohács. The Habsburgs emerged as the northern neighbours of the Ottoman Empire and the expected attack on its capital, Vienna, came in 1529, but the arrival of the rainy season made the roads impassable for the Ottomans, forcing Suleiman to abandon the Siege of Vienna. Meanwhile, to the east, the sultan pushed the frontiers of his empire by attacking Iran in 1535 and occupying Iraq and the Persian cities of Tabriz and Hamedan.[114] Furthermore, the exploits of the Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa included the conquest of Tunis and Algeria.[108] Following Suleiman's death, Ottoman victories continued, albeit less frequently than before. The island of Cyprus was conquered in 1571, bolstering Ottoman dominance over the sea routes of the eastern Mediterranean.[115] However, after its defeat at the Battle of Vienna, in 1683, the Ottoman Empire started to stagnate. The army’s retreat was met by ambushes and further defeats, ending in the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, which granted Austria the provinces of Hungary and Transylvania, and marked the first time in history that the Ottoman Empire actually relinquished territory.[116]

By the 19th century, the stagnation of the empire turned into a quick decline when ethno-nationalist uprisings occurred across the empire. The period of "Tanzimat" aimed at strengthening the power of the government while encouraging an economic and social structure similar to that of Europe.[116] However, in 1875, the empire was confronted with a rebellion by a Russian-backed Pan-Slavic movement in the Balkans and was forced to sign the Treaty of San Stefano in which much of the Ottomans European territory was lost. The Ottoman territorial decline would later continue: Tunisia was lost to the French in 1881, Egypt to the British in 1882, and Eastern Rumelia to Bulgaria in 1885.[117] When World War I broke out, the Ottomans chose to side with Germany, they scored some success in the war with Mustafa Kemal Pasha's legendary defence of Gallipoli at the Battle of the Dardanelles over the Allied forces in 1915 which succeeded in saving the Straits, and therefore Istanbul, from invasion. However, in 1918, the Turks, represented by the Committee of Union and Progress, agreed to an armistice with England and France. The Treaty of Sèvres was signed in 1920 by the government of Mehmet VI which dismantled the Ottoman Empire. The Turks, under Mustafa Kemal, refused to accept the conditions of the treaty and fought for the Turkish War of Independence, resulting in the abolition of the Sultanate. The 623-year old Ottoman Empire had come to an end. In 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne liberated Turkey from foreign tutelage and recognised its independence within the reduced borders of the former Ottoman Empire.[117]

Modern era

See also: History of the Republic of Turkey

After the Ottoman Empire lost World War I, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led the Turkish War of Independence against the Allied Forces which were occupying the former empire. Atatürk united the Turkish-Muslim majority and successfully led them from 1919-22 in throwing the occupying forces out of what was considered to be the Turkish homeland.[118] The Turkish identity became the unifying force when in 1923 the newly founded Republic of Turkey was formally established. Atatürk's 15-year rule was marked by a series of radical reforms in order to transform Turkey into a secular, modern republic.[119]

Traditional areas of Turkish settlement

See also: Turkish population and Turkish diaspora

Turkey

Ethnic Turks make up between 70% to 90% of Turkey's population.[4][120]

Balkans

Turkish colonization in the Balkans
Region colonized Ottoman conquest and
year of Turkish settlement		 Name of Turkish community Current status
Bosnia 1463 Bosnian Turks The 1991 Bosnian census showed that there was a minority of 267 Turks.[121] However current estimates suggest that there is actually 50,000 Turks living in the country.[59]
Bulgaria 1396 Bulgarian Turks In the 2011 Bulgarian census, which census did not receive a response regarding ethnicity by the total population, 588,318 people, or 8.8% of the self-appointed, determined their ethnicity as Turkish;[122] while the latest census which provided answers from the entire population - the 2001 census, recorded 746,664 Turks, or 9.4% of the population.[123] Other estimates suggests that there are 750,000[15] to up to around 1 million Turks in the country.[124]
Croatia 1526 Croatian Turks According to the 2001 Croatian census the Turkish minority numbered 300.[125] More recent estimates have suggested that there are 2,000 Turks in Croatia.[126]
Rhodes (in Greece)
Kos (in Greece)		 1523 Dodecanese Turks Some 5,000 Turks live in the Dodecanese islands of Rhodes and Kos.[79]
Kosovo 1389 Kosovan Turks[127] There is approximately 50,000 Kosovo Turks living in the country, mostly in Mamuša, Prizren, and Priština.[59]
Macedonia 1392 Macedonian Turks[128] The 2002 Macedonian census states that there was 77,959 Macedonian Turks, forming about 4% of the total population and constituting a majority in Centar Župa and Plasnica.[35] However, academic estimates suggest that they actually number between 170,000-200,000.[15][37] Furthermore, about 200,000 Macedonian Turks have migrated to Turkey during WWI and WWII due to persecutions and discrimination[129]
Moena (in Italy) Never conquered by the Ottomans, though settlement began during the Siege of Vienna Moena Turks During the Battle of Vienna, in 1683, Turkish soldiers who fled to the south arrived in Moena.[130] Thus, today there is still a community who trace their roots to the Ottoman Turks. Moena is often called "Rione Turchia" which means "Turkish district/region".[131]
Montenegro 1496 Montenegrin Turks There were 104 Montenegrin Turks according to the 2011 census.[132] The majority left their homes and migrated to Turkey in th 1900s.[133]
Dobruja (in Romania) 1388 Romanian Turks[134] There were 28,226 Romanian Turks living in the country according to the 2011 Romanian census.[62] However, academic estimates suggest that the community numbers between 55,000[59][63] and 80,000.[64]
Western Thrace (in Greece) 1354 Western Thrace Turks The Greek government refers to the community as "Greek Muslims" or "Hellenic Muslims" and denies the existence of a Turkish minority in Western Thrace.[42] Traditionally, academics have suggeted that the Western Thrace Turks number about 120,000-130,000,[42] although more recent estimates suggest that the community numbers 150,000.[43] Between 300,000 to 400,000 have immigrated to Turkey since 1923.[135]

Cyprus

The Turkish Cypriots are the ethnic Turks whose Ottoman Turkish forbears colonised the island of Cyprus in 1571. About 30,000 Turkish soldiers were given land once they settled in Cyprus, which bequeathed a significant Turkish community. In 1960, a census was conducted by the new Republic's government which revealed that the Turkish Cypriots formed 18.2% of the islands population.[136] However, once inter-communal fighting and ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974 occurred between the Turkish and Greek Cypriots, known as the "Cyprus conflict", the Greek Cypriot government conducted a census in 1973, albeit without the Turkish Cypriot populace. A year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government’s Department of Statistics and Research estimated the Turkish Cypriot population to be 118,000 (or 18.4%).[137] A coup d'état in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 by Greek and Greek Cypriots favouring union with Greece (also known as "Enosis") was followed by military intervention by Turkey whose troops established Turkish Cypriot control over the northern part of the island.[138] Hence, census's conducted by the Republic of Cyprus have excluded the Turkish Cypriot population which had been settled in the unrecognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.[137] Between 1975 and 1981, Turkey encouraged its own citizens to settle in Northern Cyprus; a 2010 report by the International Crisis Group suggests that out of the 300,000 residents living in Northern Cyprus perhaps half were either born in Turkey or are children of such settlers.[31]

Levant

Turkish colonization in the Levant
Region colonized Ottoman conquest and
year of Turkish settlement		 Name of Turkish community Current status
Iraq 1534 Iraqi Turks The Turks of Iraq are often called "Iraqi Turkmens" or "Iraqi Turcomans" because there has been various Turkic migrations to Iraq which began as early as the 7th century. However, most of today's descendants of these first migrants have been assimilated into the local Arab population.[139] Once Suleiman the Magnificent conquered Iraq in 1534, followed by Sultan Murad IV's capture of Baghdad in 1638, a large influx of Turks settled down in the region.[140][141][142] Thus, most of today's Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq during the rule of the Ottoman Empire.[143][144][140][142]
Jordan 1516 Jordanian Turks There exists a small minority of about 5,000 people in the country who are the descendants of the Ottoman-Turkish colonisers.[145]
Lebanon 1516 Lebanese Turks The Turkish community in Lebanon currently numbers about 80,000.[57] Turks were brought into the region along with Sultan Selim I’s army during his campaign to Egypt. The descendants of these early Ottoman Turkish settlors mainly live in Akkar and Baalbeck.[146] Late Ottoman-Turkish migration continued when the Ottoman Empire lost its dominion over the island of Crete, in modern-day Greece.[147] After 1897, when the Ottomans lost control of the island, the Ottoman Empire sent ships to protect the island’s Cretan Turks, most settled in Izmir and Mersin, but some of them were also sent to Tripoli, Lebanon.[147]
Syria 1516 Syrian Turks The Turks of Syria are often called "Syrian Turkmens" or "Syrian Turcomans" because there has been various Turkic migrations to Syria which began as early as the 7th century. However, most of today's descendants of these first migrants have been assimilated into the local Arab population. In 1516 Sultan Selim I conquered Syria and the region was part of the Ottoman Empire until 1918.[148] Hence, during the 402 years of Ottoman-Turkish rule, Turks migrated from Anatolia to Syria for centuries, establishing themselves as a significant community.[149] Today, there is about 1.5 million Turks living in Syria who still speak Turkish, although about a further 2 million are believed to be assimilated within the Arab population.[150]

Meskhetia

The Meskhetian Turks are the ethnic Turks formerly inhabiting the Meskheti region of Georgia, along the border with Turkey. The Turkish presence in Meskhetia began with the Ottoman invasion of 1578,[151] although Turkic tribes had settled in the region as early as the eleventh and twelfth centuries.[151] Today, the Meskhetian Turks are widely dispersed throughout the former Soviet Union (as well as in Turkey and the United States) due to forced deportations during World War II. At the time, the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey and Joseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Turkish population in Meskheti who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.[152] In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border;[153] nationalistic policies at the time encouraged the slogan: "Georgia for Georgians" and that the Meskhetian Turks should be sent to Turkey "where they belong".[154][155] Approximately 115,000 Meskhetian Turks were deported to Central Asia and only a few hundred have been able to return to Georgia ever since.[154]

North Africa

Turkish colonization in North Africa
Region colonized Ottoman conquest and
year of Turkish settlement		 Name of Turkish community Current status
Algeria 1517 Algerian Turks Estimates on the Algerian Turkish community vary significantly, according to the Turkish Embassy in Algeria there is between 600,000 to 2 million people of Turkish origin living in Algeria.[11] The Oxford Business Group has suggested that people of Turkish descent make up 5% of Algeria's total population, accounting to about 1.7 million.[12] However, other estimates state that the Turkish community make up 10-25% of Algeria's population.[156][157]
Egypt 1517 Egyptian Turks About 100,000 Turks are still living in Egypt.[52]
Libya 1551 Libyan Turks In 1936 there was 35,000 Turks living in Libya, forming about 5% of the total population at the time.[158]
Tunisia 1574 Tunisian Turks As much as 25% of Tunisia's population are of Turkish origin.[157]

Modern diaspora

Europe

See also: Turks in Europe

Current estimates suggests that there is approximately 9 million Turks living in Europe, excluding those who live in Turkey.[159] Modern immigration of Turks to Western Europe began with Turkish Cypriots migrating to the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when the British Empire annexed Cyprus in 1914 and the residents of Cyprus became subjects of the Crown. However, Turkish Cypriot migration increased significantly in the 1940s and 1950s due to the Cyprus conflict. Conversely, in 1944, Turks who were forcefully deported from Meskheti in Georgia during the Second World War, known as the Meskhetian Turks, settled in Eastern Europe (especially in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine). By the early 1960s, migration to Western and Northern Europe increased significantly from Turkey when Turkish "guest workers" arrived under a "Labour Export Agreement" with Germany in 1961, followed by a similar agreement with the Netherlands, Belgium and Austria in 1964; France in 1965; and Sweden in 1967.[160][161][162] More recently, Bulgarian Turks, Romanian Turks, and Western Thrace Turks have also migrated to Western Europe.

North America

Compared to Turkish immigration to Europe, migration to North America has been relatively small. According to the 2000 United States Census and the 2006 Canadian Census, 117,575 Americans[163] and 43,700 Canadians[164] claimed Turkish descent. However, the actual number of Turks in both countries is considerably larger, as a significant number of ethnic Turks have migrated to North America not just from Turkey but also from the Balkans (such as Bulgaria and Macedonia), Cyprus, and the former Soviet Union.[73] Hence, the Turkish American community is currently estimated to number about 500,000[23][21] whilst the Turkish Canadian community is believed to number between 50,000-100,000.[55][56] The largest concentration of Turkish Americans are in New York City, and Rochester, New York; Washington, D.C.; and Detroit, Michigan. The majority of Turkish Canadians live in Ontario, mostly in Toronto, and there is also a sizable Turkish community in Montreal. With regards to the 2010 United States Census, the U.S government was determined to get an accurate count of the American population by reaching segments, such as the Turkish community, that are considered "hard to count", a good portion of which falls under the category of foreign-born immigrants.[22] The Assembly of Turkish American Associations and the US Census Bureau formed a partnership to spearhead a national campaign to count people of Turkish origin with an organisation entitled "Census 2010 SayTurk" (which has a double meaning in Turkish, "Say" means "to count" and "to respect") to identify the estimated 500,000 Turks now living in the United States.[22]

Oceania

A notable scale of Turkish migration to Australia began in the late 1940s when Turkish Cypriots began to leave the island of Cyprus for economic reasons, and then, during the Cyprus conflict, for political reasons, marking the beginning of a Turkish Cypriot immigration trend to Australia.[165] The Turkish Cypriot community were the only Muslims acceptable under the White Australia Policy;[166] many of these early immigrants found jobs working in factories, out in the fields, or building national infrastructure.[167] In 1967, the governments of Australia and Turkey signed an agreement to allow Turkish citizens to immigrate to Australia.[168] Prior to this recruitment agreement, there were less than 3,000 people of Turkish origin in Australia.[169] According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, nearly 19,000 Turkish immigrants arrived from 1968-1974.[168] They came largely from rural areas of Turkey, approximately 30% were skilled and 70% were unskilled workers.[170] However, this changed in the 1980s when the number of skilled Turks applying to enter Australia had increased considerably.[170] Over the next 35 years the Turkish population rose to almost 100,000.[169] More than half of the Turkish community settled in Victoria, mostly in the north-western suburbs of Melbourne.[169] According to the 2006 Australian Census, 59,402 people claimed Turkish ancestry;[39] however, this does not show a true reflection of the Turkish Australian community as it is estimated that between 40,000 to 60,000 Turkish Cypriots[76][77][78] and 150,000 to 200,000 mainland Turks[171][172] live in Australia. Furthermore, there has also been ethnic Turks who have migrated to Australia from Bulgaria,[173]Greece,[174]Iraq,[175] and the Republic of Macedonia.[174]

Former Soviet Union

On 15 November 1944, the then President of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, ordered the deportation of over 115,000 Meskhetian Turks from their homeland,[176] and were secretly driven from their homes and herded onto rail cars, thousands of which died of hunger, thirst and cold as a direct result of the deportations and the deprivations suffered in exile.[177][178] As opposed to the other nationalities who had been deported during WWII, no reason was given for the deportation of the Meskhetian Turks, which remained secret until 1968.[152] The Soviet government finally recognised that the Meskhetian Turks had been deported in 1968 and the reason for the deportation was because, in 1944, the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey.[152] In June 1945 Vyacheslav Molotov, who was then Minister of Foreign Affairs, presented a demand to the Turkish Ambassador in Moscow for the surrender of three Anatolia provinces (Kars, Ardahan and Artvin).[152] As Moscow was also preparing to support Armenian claims to several other Anatolian provinces, war against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Georgian-Turkish border where the Meskhetian Turks were settled and who were likely to be hostile to such Soviet intentions.[152] According to the 1989 Soviet Census, 106,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Uzbekistan, 50,000 in Kazakhstan, and 21,000 in Kyrgyzstan.[176] However, in 1989, the Meshetian Turks who had settled in Uzbekistan became the target of a pogrom in the Fergana valley, which was the principal destination for Meskhetian Turkish deportees, after an uprising of nationalism in Uzbekistan.[176] The riots had left hundreds of Meskhetian Turks dead or injured and nearly 1,000 properties were destroyed and thousands of Meskhetian Turks were forced into renewed exile.[176] The majority of Meskhetian Turks, about 70,000, went to Azerbaijan, whilst the remainder went to various regions of Russia (especially Krasnodar Krai), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine.[176][179] Soviet authorities recorded many Meskhetian Turks as belonging to other nationalities such as "Azeri", "Kazakh", "Kyrgyz", and "Uzbek".[176][180] Hence, official census's have not shown a true reflection of the Turkish population; for example, according to the 2009 Azerbaijani census, there were 38,000 Turks living in the country;[181] yet in 1999, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees stated that there were 100,000 Meskhetian Turks living in the country.[47] Furthermore, in 2001, the Baku Institute of Peace and Democracy suggested that there was between 90,000 to 110,000 Meskhetian Turks living in Azerbaijan.[48]

Language

Main article: Turkish language

The Turkish language is natively spoken by the Turkish people in Turkey, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece (primarily in Western Thrace), Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Meskhetia, Romania, and other areas of traditional settlement which were formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Turkish is the official language of Turkey and is one of the official languages of Cyprus. It also has official (but not primary) status in the Prizren District of Kosovo and several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia, depending on the concentration of Turkish-speaking local population. Due to a large Turkish diaspora, significant Turkish-speaking communities also reside in countries such as Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States;[182] although, because of cultural assimilation of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic Turkish immigrants and their offspring speak the language with native fluency.

Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of Istanbul.[183] Nonetheless, dialectal variation persists, in spite of the levelling influence of the standard used in mass media and the Turkish education system since the 1930s.[184] The terms ağız or şive are often used to refer to Turkish dialects. Rumelice is spoken by Turkish minorities living in "Rumelia" (the Balkans), whilst Kıbrıs Türkçesi is the name for Cypriot Turkish and is spoken by the Turkish Cypriots. Edirne is the dialect of Edirne. Ege is spoken in the Aegean region, with its usage extending to Antalya. The nomadic Yörük tribes of the Mediterranean Region of Turkey also have their own dialect of Turkish. Güneydoğu is spoken in the southeast, to the east of Mersin. Doğu, a dialect in Eastern Anatolia, has a dialect continuum with Azeri, particularly with Karapapak dialects in some areas. The Central Anatolia region speaks Orta Anadolu. Karadeniz, spoken in the Eastern Black Sea Region and represented primarily by the Trabzon dialect.

Religion

See also: Religion in Turkey and Secularism in Turkey

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Bibliography

Portal icon Turkey portal

Further reading

Turkish people
History
  • Atillasoy, Yüksel (2002). Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic. Woodside House, Woodside, NY. ISBN 978-0-9712353-4-2. 
  • Barber, Noel (1988). Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kemal Ataturk. Arrow, London. ISBN 978-0-09-953950-6. 
  • Findley, Carter Vaughn (2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-517726-6. 
  • Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03093-9. 
  • Mango, Andrew (2000). Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-011-1. 
  • Merriman, Roger Bigelow (1944). Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 1-4067-7272-0. OCLC 784228. 
  • Shaw, Stanford Jay; Kural Shaw, Ezel (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29163-1. 
Demographics
Language
  • Findley, Carter V. (2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6. 
  • Katzner, Kenneth (2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-415-25004-7. 
  • Lewis, Geoffrey (2001). Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-870036-9. 
  • Lewis, Geoffrey (2002). The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925669-1. 
  • Nişanyan, Sevan (2007). Sözlerin Soyağacı: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish). Adam Yayınları, Revised and Enlarged 3rd Edition. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/975-418-868-4|975-418-868-4]]. (Turkish)
  • Özsoy, A. Sumru; Taylan, Eser E. (eds.) (2000). Türkçe’nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri (Workshop on the dialects of Turkish). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi. ISBN 975-518-140-7. (Turkish)
  • Soucek, Svat (2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65169-1. 
Arts & Culture


Turkish people by country
Traditional areas of
Turkish settlement
Turkey  · Algeria  · Bosnia and Herzegovina  · Bulgaria  · Croatia  · Cyprus (Turkish Cypriot diaspora) · Egypt  · Georgia (Abkhazia  / Meskhetia)  · Greece (Crete  / Dodecanese  / Western Thrace)  · Iraq  · Italy (Moena)  · Kosovo  · Lebanon  · Libya  · Macedonia  · Montenegro  · Romania  · Syria  · Tunisia  · Yemen
Turkish population
Africa
Algeria  · Egypt  · Libya  · South Africa  · Sudan  · Tunisia
Americas
Asia
Afghanistan  · India  · Iraq  · Israel  · Japan  · Jordan  · Kazakhstan  · Kyrgyzstan  · Kuwait  · Lebanon  · Pakistan  · Qatar  · Saudi Arabia  · Syria  · Turkmenistan  · United Arab Emirates  · Uzbekistan  · Yemen
Europe
Austria  · Azerbaijan  · Belgium  · Bosnia and Herzegovina  · Bulgaria  · Croatia  · Cyprus (Turkish Cypriot diaspora) · Denmark  · Finland  · France  · Georgia (Abkhazia  / Meskhetia)  · Germany (Berlin)  · Greece (Crete / Dodecanese / Western Thrace)  · Hungary  · Ireland  · Italy (Moena)  · Kosovo  · Liechtenstein  · Macedonia  · Moldova  · Montenegro  · Netherlands  · Norway  · Poland  · Romania · Russia  · Serbia  · Spain  · Sweden  · Switzerland  · Turkey  · Ukraine  · United Kingdom (London)
Oceania
See also
Majority
Adygeans · Avars · Chechens · Dargins · Ingushs · Kabards · Kists · Laks · Lezgins · Rutuls · Tabasarans · Tsakhurs
Minority
Economic
and social
Flag of Turkey
Ethnic groups
Turkey
Africa
Americas
Asia
By Country
or Region
Eastern
Southern
Southeastern
Western
Europe
By Ethnicity
By Country
or Region
Northern
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Balkan
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