Tritylodontidae

Tritylodonts Temporal range: Late Triassic - Late Cretaceous
Life restoration of Oligokyphus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	Therapsida
Clade:	Cynodontia
Clade:	Prozostrodontia (?)
Family:	†Tritylodontidae Cope, 1884
Genera
See below

Tritylodontids ("three knob teeth", named after the shape of animal's teeth) were small to medium-sized, highly specialized and extremely mammal-like cynodonts. They were the last known family of the non-mammalian synapsids. One of the last cynodont lines to appear, the Tritylodontidae descended from a Cynognathus-like cynodont. The Tritylodontids were herbivorous, chewing through vegetation, such as stems, leaves, and roots. Some scientists believe that the mammals arose from this group of cynodonts, however, some say that mammals arose from the Tritheledontidae, another group of specialized cynodonts.

Description

The tritylodont's skull had a high flat crest. They retained the reptilian joint between the quadrate bone of the skull and the auricular bone of the lower jaw, but they were reduced. It is only through the retention of the vestigial reptilian jawbones that they are technically regarded as reptiles. The back of the skull had huge zygomatic arches for the attachment of its large jaw muscles. They also had a very well-developed secondary palate. The tritylodont dentition was very different from that of other cynodonts. They did not have canines. The front pair of incisors were enlarged that were very similar to rodents of today. Traversodonts had a large gap, the diastema, that separated the incisors from the square-shaped cheek. Each of the cheek teeth in the upper jaw had three rows of cusps running along its length that had grooves in between. The lower teeth had two rows of cusps which fitted into the grooves in the upper teeth. The matching of the cusps allowed the teeth to meet in a precise bite. It would grind its food between the teeth in somewhat the same way that a modern rodent would with their food. The teeth were well suited for shredding plants matter.

The Tritylodonts can very much be seen as Mesozoic rodents. Tritylodonts were active animals that were probably warm blooded and burrowed like modern day rodents. For example, Oligokyphus could be compared to a weasel or mink, with a long, slim body and tail. Its legs had evolved directly beneath the body, as they have in mammals.

Discovery

Tritylodonts were first discovered in the Upper Triassic rocks of South Africa in the late 1800s and were initially thought to be amongst the very earliest mammals.

Extinction

The Tritylodontids are the longest living of all the non-mammalian therapsids. They appeared in the latest Triassic period, and persisted through the Jurassic until the Middle Cretaceous. This shows that the Tritylodontids were a very successful group of therapsids, even though they lived right beneath the ruling dinosaurs' feet. No one knows why the Tritylodontids went extinct by the Middle Cretaceous. Perhaps the Tritylodontids were outcompeted by their relatives, the mammals. Some mammals have developed herbivory during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous. Or, the Tritylodontids may have gone extinct because of the new plant group, the angiosperms or flowering plants because they weren't used to eating new type of plants. Chronoperates may be one exception, it may be a Tritylodontid, and it lived in the Paleocene, long after the Middle Cretaceous, and after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. If true, then the Tritylodontids were elusive and rare during the Late Cretaceous, because no Tritylodonts were found by that time. However, the Chronoperates 's anatomy almost closely resembles to that of symmetrodonts - a mammalian lineage. It is very clear that the Tritylodontids were warm-blooded. The Tritylodontid fossils were found in the Americas, South Africa, and Eurasia. They may have managed to live worldwide, including Antarctica.

Phylogeny

Bocatherium

Because of their extremely mammal-like appearance, tritylodontids were originally placed within Mammalia. Starting with the work of British paleontologist D. M. S. Watson in 1942, a close relationship began to be favored between tritylodontids and cynodonts. Watson and other paleontologists noted that tritylodontids lacked a connection between the dentary and squamosal bones in the lower jaw that was characteristic of early mammals. Haughton and Brink (1954) were the first to classify tritylodontids within Cynodontia. Later studies identified close similarities between the teeth of tritylodontids and traversodontids, and tritylodontids were eventually thought to be descendants of traversodontids. Under this classification, which was widely accepted in the following decades, Tritylodontidae is a member of Gomphodontia, part of the larger group of distant mammal relatives called Cynognathia. The name Tritylodontoidea has also been used for the group, which traditionally includes the families Diademodontidae, Trirachodontidae, Traversodontidae, and Tritylodontidae.

More recently, tritylodontids have been reinterpreted as close relatives of mammals. Beginning with Kemp (1983), Tritylodontidae has been proposed by numerous studies as a member of Probainognathia, the same cynodont group that contains Mammalia. Gomphodontia is still used for the cynognathian group containing traversodontids and is preferred over Tritylodontoidea now that tritylodontoids are not part of it. Below is a cladogram from Liu and Olsen (2010) that places Tritylodontidae very close to Mammalia:

Cynodontia

Procynosuchus Galesaurus Thrinaxodon Platycraniellus Eucynodontia Cynognathia Cynognathus Gomphodontia Diademodon Langbergia Trirachodon Sinognathus Traversodontidae Pascualgnathus Luangwa Scalenodon angustifrons Scalenodon hirschoni Massetognathus Exaeretodon Probainognathia Ecteninion Chiniquodon Probainognathus Prozostrodontia Prozostrodon Therioherpeton Riograndia Pachygenelus Tritylodontidae Oligokyphus Kayentatherium Tritylodon Beinotherium Brasilodon Mammalia Adelobasileus Sinoconodon Morganucodon

Genera

Kayentatherium

• Bienotherium
• Bienotheroides
• Bocatherium
• Dianzhongia
• Dinnebitodon
• Kayentatherium
• Lufengia
• Oligokyphus
• Stereognathus
• Tritylodon
• Xenocretosuchus
• Yunnanodon

See also

• Mammalian embryonic diapause