Titanium isopropoxide, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4. This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science. It is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule. Titanium isopropoxide is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides.[1][2]
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Titanium isopropoxide
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| Other names
Tetraisopropyl titanate
Titanium(IV) i-propoxide Titanium tetraisopropoxide Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.100 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 1993 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C12H28O4Ti | |
| Molar mass | 284.219 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | colorless to light-yellow liquid |
| Density | 0.96 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 17 °C (63 °F; 290 K) approximation |
| Boiling point | 232 °C (450 °F; 505 K) |
| Reacts to form TiO2 | |
| Solubility | soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform |
Refractive index (nD)
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1.46 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
  
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| Danger | |
| H226, H318, H319, H336 | |
| P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P337+P313, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501 | |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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7600 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Titanium methoxide; Titanium ethoxide; Titanium butoxide |
Other cations
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Aluminium isopropoxide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex. Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula Ti4(OCH3)16.[3] Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol aggregate less. Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents.[4]
Preparation edit
It is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with isopropanol in presence of ammonia. Hydrogen chloride is formed as a coproduct:[4][page needed]
- TiCl4 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH → Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 4 HCl
Properties edit
Titanium isopropoxide reacts with water to deposit titanium dioxide:[5]
- Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 + 2 H2O → TiO2 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH
This reaction is employed in the sol-gel synthesis of TiO2-based materials in the form of powders or thin films. Typically water is added in excess to a solution of the alkoxide in an alcohol. The composition, crystallinity and morphology of the inorganic product are determined by the presence of additives (e.g. acetic acid), the amount of water (hydrolysis ratio), and reaction conditions.[5]
The compound is also used as a catalyst in the preparation of certain cyclopropanes in the Kulinkovich reaction. Prochiral thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using a catalyst derived from Ti(O-i-Pr)4.[6][7]
Naming edit
Titanium(IV) isopropoxide is a widely used item of commerce and has acquired many names in addition to those listed in the table. A sampling of the names include: titanium(IV) i-propoxide, isopropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, titanium tetraisopropylate, orthotitanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, Isopropyl titanate(IV), titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, isopropyltitanate, titanium(IV) isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, iso-propyl titanate, titanium tetraisopropanolate, tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), tetraisopropanolatotitanium, tetrakis(isopropoxy) titanium, tetrakis(isopropanolato) titanium, titanic acid isopropyl ester, titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, titanium isopropoxide, titanium isopropylate, tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)titanium.
Applications edit
TTIP can be used as a precursor for ambient conditions vapour phase deposition such as infiltration into polymer thin films.[8]
References edit
- ^ Katsuki, T.; K. Barry Sharpless (1980). "The first practical method for asymmetric epoxidation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (18): 5974. doi:10.1021/ja00538a077.
- ^ Hill, J. G.; Sharpless, K. B.; Exon, C. M.; Regenye, R. (1985). "Enantioselective Epoxidation Of Allylic Alcohols: (2s,3s)-3-propyloxiranemethanol". Org. Synth. 63: 66. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.063.0066.
- ^ Wright, D. A.; Williams, D. A. (1968). "The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Titanium Tetramethoxide". Acta Crystallographica B. 24 (8): 1107–1114. Bibcode:1968AcCrB..24.1107W. doi:10.1107/S0567740868003766.
- ^ a b Donald Charlton Bradley; Ram C. Mehrotra; Rothwell, Ian P.; Singh, A. (2001). Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-048832-5.
- ^ a b Hanaor, Dorian A. H.; Chironi, Ilkay; Karatchevtseva, Inna; Triani, Gerry; Sorrell, Charles C. (2012). "Single and Mixed Phase TiO2 Powders Prepared by Excess Hydrolysis of Titanium Alkoxide". Advances in Applied Ceramics. 111 (3): 149–158. arXiv:1410.8255. Bibcode:2012AdApC.111..149H. doi:10.1179/1743676111Y.0000000059. S2CID 98265180.
- ^ Zhao, S. H.; Samuel, O.; Kagan, H. B. (1987). "Asymmetric Oxidation of Sulfides Mediated by Chiral Titanium Complexes: Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects". Tetrahedron. 43 (21): 5135–5144. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)87689-4.
- ^ Zhao, S. H.; Samuel, O.; Kagan, H. B. (1990). "Enantioelective Oxidation of a Sulfide: (S)-(−)-Methyl p-Tolyl Sulfoxide". Organic Syntheses. 68: 49. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.068.0049; Collected Volumes, vol. 8, p. 464.
- ^ Giraud, Elsa C.; Mokarian-Tabari, Parvaneh; Toolan, Daniel T. W.; Arnold, Thomas; Smith, Andrew J.; Howse, Jonathan R.; Topham, Paul D.; Morris, Michael A. (2018-07-27). "Highly Ordered Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures via a Simple One-Step Vapor-Inclusion Method in Block Copolymer Films" (PDF). ACS Applied Nano Materials. 1 (7): 3426–3434. doi:10.1021/acsanm.8b00632. hdl:10468/11768. S2CID 139474500.