Wikipedia

Thomas Andrews

For other people named Thomas Andrews, see Thomas Andrews (disambiguation).

Thomas Andrews Jr. (7 February 1873 – 15 April 1912) was a British businessman and shipbuilder, who was managing director and head of the drafting department of the shipbuilding company Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Ireland. He was the naval architect in charge of the plans for the ocean liner Titanic and perished along with more than 1,500 people when the ship sank on her maiden voyage.[1]

Thomas Andrews
Andrews in 1911
Born
Thomas Andrews Jr.

(1873-02-07)7 February 1873
Comber, County Down, Ireland
Died15 April 1912(1912-04-15) (aged 39)
Atlantic Ocean
Cause of deathSinking of the Titanic
NationalityBritish
OccupationShipbuilder
Known forChief Designer of RMS Titanic
Spouse
Helen Reilly Barbour
​
​
(m. 1908)​
Children1
RelativesViscount Pirrie (uncle)
J. M. Andrews (brother)
Sir James Andrews, 1st Baronet (brother)

Early life edit

 
Thomas (second from right) with family, circa 1895.

Thomas Andrews Jr. was born on 7 February 1873 at Ardara House, Comber, County Down, in Ireland, to The Rt. Hon. Thomas Andrews, a member of the Privy Council of Ireland, and Eliza Pirrie. Andrews was a Presbyterian of Scottish descent, and like his brother considered himself British. His siblings included J. M. Andrews, the future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, and Sir James Andrews, the future Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland. Thomas Andrews lived with his family in Ardara, Comber. In 1884, he began attending the Royal Belfast Academical Institution until 1889 when, at the age of sixteen, he began a premium apprenticeship at Harland and Wolff where his uncle, the Viscount Pirrie, was part owner. Andrews' sharp wit and penchant for hard work had brought him prominence within his uncle's company.

Harland and Wolff edit

At Harland and Wolff, Andrews began with three months in the joiners' shop, followed by a month in the cabinetmakers' and then a further two months working on the ships. The last eighteen months of his five-year apprenticeship were spent in the drawing office. Andrews worked tirelessly during the day and continued his studies in the evening hours. In 1901, boarding at 11 Wellington Place, after working in the many departments of the company, he was deeply involved in the construction of White Star's ocean liners, and was serving as Assistant Shipyard Manager and was later appointed Manager of the Construction Works. That same year, he also became a member of the Institution of Naval Architects. By 1907, he had been appointed the Managing Director of Harland and Wolff, and began to oversee the plans for three new ocean liners for the White Star Line: RMS Olympic, RMS Titanic and RMS (later HMHS) Britannic. All three ships were designed by Andrews, William Pirrie and general manager Alexander Carlisle to be the largest, safest and most luxurious ships at sea. He was intimately connected with the design of Olympic and Titanic. By that point, Andrews had earned a reputation as a genius in the field of ship design. Andrews usually referred to his position as that of a "shipbuilder" or a "director" of the shipbuilding firm he worked at, rather than claiming the more formal title of "Naval Architect".[2] During his long years of apprenticeship, study, and work, Andrews had become well-loved in the company and amongst the shipyard's employees. Andrews was a tireless worker; he frequently showed up at the shipyard at any time. He was always willing to pitch in and lend a hand at some physically demanding work task as the need arose. He was known to have shared his lunch with fellow workers when the need came up. Even so, Andrews was not afraid to correct workers when he saw them doing something the wrong way or breaking shipyard rules. It was said that while he wouldn't fire a worker when he found him in the middle of some such nonsense, he would give the worker "the rough side of his tongue and a friendly caution." He also enjoyed it when workers did more than just mindlessly plug away at their tasks - he encouraged them to put their minds into it. Andrews was willing to listen to input from workers who thought they had a better way to do something. Well-documented sources seemed to describe him as cheery, optimistic, and generous. One yard foreman recalled that it "seemed his delight to make those around him happy. His was ever the friendly greeting and the warm handshake and kind disposition" and one co-worker described him as "diligent to the point of strenuousness".

Family edit

 
Andrews with wife, Helen Barbour, and daughter, Elizabeth Law Barber Andrews

On 24 June 1908, Andrews married Helen Reilly Barbour, daughter of textile industrialist John Doherty Barbour and sister to Sir John Milne Barbour- known as "Milne". The couple honeymooned in Switzerland and lived at Dunallan, 12 Windsor Avenue, Belfast, now numbered 20,[3][4] and worshipped at First Presbyterian Church on Rosemary Street.[5][6] Their daughter, Elizabeth Law-Barbour Andrews (known by her initials, "ELBA"), was born on 27 November 1910. It is known that Andrews took Helen to view the Titanic one night, shortly before Elizabeth was born.[citation needed] He was always willing to acknowledge the hard work of other people, and his wife recalled that he had of himself "the humblest opinion of anyone I ever knew."[7][8] During the maiden voyage of RMS Olympic, Andrews and Ismay made selected notes on what could be improved upon Titanic.[9] Andrews suffered from varicose veins in his legs. According to stewardess Violet Jessop, during the voyage of RMS Olympic, some crew members presented him with a very handsome walking stick; the crew were grateful for his ongoing efforts in making their accommodations more comfortable. She even felt that, in some way, Andrews managed to impact some of his positive personality into the ships he had designed and helped build.[10]

RMS Titanic edit

Main article: Sinking of the Titanic

Andrews also headed a group of Harland and Wolff workers called the guarantee group, who went on the maiden voyages of their ships in order to observe ship operations and spot any necessary improvements. Titanic was no exception, so Andrews and the rest of his Harland and Wolff group travelled from Belfast on Titanic for her sea trials on 2 April 1912. He had been assigned to head up the builder's delegation during the trials. He was accompanied by Edward Wilding and yard employees. He was booked in First Class and would occupy cabin A-36.[11] At the time of the departure from Belfast, Andrews' father was ill and his wife Helen had not been well, either. Andrews wrote a quick line to his wife: "Just a line to let you know that we got away this morning in fine style and have had a very satisfactory trial. We are getting more ship-shape every hour, but there is still a great deal to be done."[12] According to Edward Wilding, when the ship made its way to Southampton, Andrews "ceaselessly employed going round with representatives of the owners and of the Firm, in taking notes and preparing reports of work still to be done." Andrews did find time to eat, as Saloon Steward Frederick Ray, who had served him previously on RMS Olympic, was assigned to wait on Andrews' table during the trip down to Southampton. At Southampton, Andrews was up early on April 4, left the South Western Hotel where he was staying, and spent the day "with managers and foremen putting work in hand". Andrews and others coordinated in order to help finish the ship by Tuesday night. On Thursday evening, he wrote to his wife, "I wired you this morning of our safe arrival after a very satisfactory trip. The weather was good and everyone most pleasant. I think the ship will clean up all right before sailing on Wednesday." Andrews went on to mention that Lord Pirrie's doctors had refused to allow him to make the maiden voyage. From that point on, Andrews was constantly busy. Andrews' secretary, Thompson Hamilton, wrote of Andrews' activities at Southampton, that he "was never for a moment idle. He generally left his hotel about 8:30 for the offices, where he dealt with his correspondence, then went on board until 6:30, where he would return to the offices to sign letters. During the day I took to the ship any urgent papers and he always dealt with them no matter what his business. He would himself put in their place such things as racks, tables, chairs, berth ladders, electric fans, saying that except he saw everything right he could not be satisfied."[13] On April 9, Andrews wrote to his wife, "The Titanic is now about complete and will I think do the old Firm credit to-morrow when we sail."

On 10 April, Andrews boarded the ship, having left his room at the South Western Hotel. Immediately upon boarding, he began a thorough inspection. He was pleased with what he found, it was said.[14] Titanic began her maiden voyage from Southampton. Before departure, Andrews took the opportunity to say goodbye to Thomas Hamilton and others were not to be accompanying the ship on the voyage. His spirits were high and he said, "Remember now and keep Mrs Andrews informed of any news of the vessel." When the ship nearly collidied with the liner SS City of New York, Andrews thought that the situation was "decidedly unpleasant". A few hours later, the Titanic called at Cherbourg Harbour in north-western France, and Andrews wrote to his wife, "We reached here in nice time and took on board quite a number of passengers...the weather is fine and everything shaping for a good voyage." After departing Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland, Andrews, at a dining table, mentioned that in certain ways, the ship was not ready to sail but they had to proceed because the prescheduled sailing date of April 10 arrived and the ship simply had to sail on time. On April 11, Third Class Steward John E. Hart recalled that at some point during the day, there was a general bulkhead inspection. He saw Andrews and Chief Officer Henry Tingle Wilde checking to make sure that the crew would close the watertight doors manually. Andrews' bedroom steward, Henry Etches, noticed that Andrews "was working all the time" taking notes on various improvements he felt were needed, primarily cosmetic changes to various facilities. Jessop said that Andrews "never failed to stop for a cheerful word, his only regret that we were "getting further from home"."[15] On the night of April 12, stewardess Mary Sloan conversed with Andrews in the Grand Staircase and noted Dr William Francis Norman O'Loughlin note Andrews seemed "loth to go, he wanted to talk about home; he was telling me his father was ill and Mrs Andrews was not so well...he said...he did not like (that the ship) was taking us further away from home...his face struck me as having a very sad expression".[16] However, on the night of 14 April, Sloan felt Andrews was in "good spirits". Eleanor Cassebeer put on a stunning grown and arrived at the Purser's table, which she shared with Dr O'loughlin and Andrews, a chipper Andrews let out a friendly little cheer for her choice, then he learned over to her and said, "Now that's the way a lady should look!" Albert Dick and his wife Vera had grown attached to Andrews and noticed that "upon every occasion, and especially at dinner on Sunday evening, he talked almost constantly about his wife, little girl, mother and family, as well as of his home". After dinner, Andrews made his way aft "to thank the baker for some special bread he had made for him" and returned to his stateroom to make calculations and drawings for future use.[17] Andrews reportedly remarked to a friend that Titanic was "as nearly perfect as human brains can make her."[citation needed]

At 11:40 PM, Titanic struck an iceberg on the ship's starboard side. Eleanor Cassebeer may have been the first witness to see Andrews after the collision, and said that he "assured everybody that we were absolutely safe, and that the Titanic was absolutely unsinkable. He said that she could break in three separate and distinct parts and that each part would stay afloat indefinitely"; Andrews may have felt the collision and immediately went out on deck to investigate for himself, moving forward along A Deck. He may have saw the iceberg as it faded in the distance astern. Albert and Vera Dick saw Andrews who said "that he was going below to investigate...he knew the ship as no one else did and that he might be able to allay the fear of the passengers". Saloon Steward James Johnstone saw Andrews race down to E Deck, seemingly heading towards the Engine Room, to help examine the damage; he reassured some First Class Ladies. Johnstone saw Andrews come back up to D Deck and heading towards the mail room. Stewardess Annie Robinson saw him on E Deck, heading towards the Mail Room with a mail clerk and Chief Purser Hugh McElroy. She saw Andrews come back with Captain Edward J. Smith and overheard Andrews saying, "Well, three have gone already, Captain"; Smith and Andrews separated, with Smith heading up to the bridge, while Andrews stayed below to continue his inspection. Andrews determined that the first five of the ship's sixteen watertight compartments were rapidly flooding, more than the four that the vessel was supposed to withstand. He was seen by First Class passenger Anna Warren rushing up the Grand Staircase on D Deck, taking the steps three at a time, with a "look of terror" on his face. Passenger William Sloper saw Andrews rushing up the staircase on A Deck, hurrying towards the bridge, "worried". Albert and Vera Dick were told by Andrews, "There is no cause for any excitement. All of you get what you can in the way of clothes and come on deck as soon as your can. She is torn to bits below, but she will not sink if her after bulkheads hold". Andrews may have relayed the information to Captain Smith on the bridge, adding that in his opinion, the vessel had only about an hour and a half before foundering. He and Smith had to have realised the severe shortage of lifeboats on board the ship.[18]

As the evacuation began, Andrews appears to have gone below deck in order to help prepare passengers for evacuation. He may have told George Rheims and his brother-in-law Joseph Loring to put their lifebelts on, and continued down on to A Deck, where he helped crewmembers who were trying to get passengers roused, dressed and up on deck with their lifebelts on. He came upon Stewardess Annie Robinson and told her, "Put on your lifebelt on and walk about and let the passengers see you." When she protested, "It looks rather mean." Andrews firmly replied, "No, put it on", and added, "Well, if you value your life put your belt on." Mary Sloan said that he "here, there and everywhere, looking after everybody, telling the women to put on lifebelts, telling the stewardesses to hurry the women up to the boats, all about everywhere, thinking of everyone but himself."[19] Etches bumped into Andrews who asked if he had awakened all of his passengers. Andrews told Etches to follow him down the Pantry stairs to C Deck, and began to instruct Etches to "be sure and make the passengers open their doors, and to tell them the lifebelts were on top of the wardrobes and on top of the racks", as well as to assist them in every way that the steward could, which Etches endeavoured to follow through on. Before parting, Andrews said that Etches should make sure no lifebelts were left in the cabins. Etches re-joined Andrews on C Deck, and proceeded to the first class entrance and forward grand staircase. When Chief Purser McElroy told them he wanted passengers to put lifebelts on, Andrews said, "That is exactly what I have been trying to get them to do"; he left to go down the stairs to D Deck.[20]

 
Illustration of the sinking of the Titanic

Andrews and Ismay were present at the launch of Boat No.7, and they moved on to help at boat No.5. Fully aware of the short time the ship had left and of the lack of lifeboat space for all passengers and crew, he urged people into the lifeboats in the hope of filling them with as many people as possible. He motioned Eleanor Cassebeer into Boat No.5; when asked why he did not get in, he replied, "No, women and children first".[21] John and John "Jack" Borland Thayer III ran into Andrews; the father asked Andrews what the situation was; Andrews replied quietly that he did not give the ship "much over an hour to live". Titanic sank at 2:20 a.m, on April 15. Andrews perished along with more than 1,500 others; his body was never recovered.

Death edit

Andrews was reportedly last seen by an assistant steward, named by some sources as steward John Stewart, after approximately 2:05 a.m.; Andrews was standing alone in the 1st-class smoking room, his arms folded and lifebelt lying on a nearby table.[22][23] The steward asked Andrews, "Aren't you going to have a try for it, Mr. Andrews?" Andrews did not answer or move, "just stood like one stunned".[24] In his 1955 book A Night to Remember, Walter Lord suggested that Andrews was staring at a Norman Wilkinson painting over the fire place that depicted the entrance to Plymouth Sound, which Titanic had been expected to visit on her return voyage.[25] The sighting of Andrews in the smoking room became one of the most famous stories of the Titanic disaster – published in a 1912 book, Thomas Andrews: Shipbuilder by Shan Bullock, and thereby perpetuated – and led to popular belief that Andrews may have made no attempt to escape and awaited his end in the smoking room.[26]

However, there is circumstantial evidence to suggest that Stewart had left the ship in lifeboat No. 15 at approximately 1:40 a.m.,[26] 40 minutes before the ship sank. In Thomas Andrews: Shipbuilder, Bullock even suggested that Andrews likely stayed in the smoking room for some time to gather his thoughts, then continued assisting with the evacuation, and discussed several other later sightings of Andrews.[26] This is further corroborated by a private letter written by Andrews' friend David Galloway to Lord Pirrie; Galloway interviewed crewmembers to see if they had any information on Andrews' fate. An unnamed officer reportedly saw Andrews throwing deck chairs overboard for people to use as floatation devices.[24] Mary Sloan, a stewardess on the ship, said that Andrews persuaded her to enter a lifeboat, saying "Ladies you must get in at once! You cannot pick and choose your boat! Don't hesitate, get in at once, and Get in!" Bullock placed this event at 2:05 a.m.. Andrews was also reportedly seen, carrying a lifebelt, possibly the lifebelt from the smoking room, heading to the bridge, perhaps to search for Captain Smith.[24] Mess steward Cecil Fitzpatrick claimed to have seen Andrews and Captain Smith together on the bridge just a few minutes before the ship began its final plunge, and that both men put on lifebelts; Smith told Andrews, "We cannot stay any longer; she is going!" Fitzpatrick saw Andrews and Smith both jump overboard just as the water reached the bridge.[26]

Legacy edit

 
Unionist banner in Belfast commemorating Thomas Andrews

Violet Jessop said that while on the Carpathia, she had searched for Andrews but found he was among the missing when the roll was called.[27] On 19 April 1912, his father received a telegram from his mother's cousin, who had spoken with survivors in New York: "INTERVIEW WITH TITANIC'S OFFICERS. ALL UNANIMOUS THAT ANDREWS DIED A HEROIC DEATH, THINKING ONLY OF OTHER'S SAFETY. EXTEND HEARTFELT SYMPATHY TO ALL."[citation needed]

Newspaper accounts of the disaster labelled Andrews a hero. Mary Sloan later wrote in a letter: "Mr. Andrews met his fate like a true hero, realising the great danger, and gave up his life to save the women and children of the Titanic. They will find it hard to replace him." A short biography was produced within the year by Shan Bullock at the request of Sir Horace Plunkett, a member of Parliament, who felt that Andrews' life was worthy of being memorialised.

In his home town, Comber, one of the earliest and most substantial memorials for a single victim of the Titanic disaster was built. The Thomas Andrews Jr. Memorial Hall was opened in January 1914. The architects were Young and McKenzie with sculpted work by the artist Sophia Rosamond Praeger. The hall is now maintained by the South Eastern Education Board and used by The Andrews Memorial Primary School. An Ulster History Circle blue plaque is located on his house in Windsor Avenue, Belfast.

The SS Nomadic remains the sole surviving ship designed by Andrews.[28]

Asteroid 245158 Thomasandrews was named in his honour in 2004.[29]

Portrayals edit

Bibliography edit

References edit

  1. ^ Official investigation report – the sinking of RMS Titanic (PDF) (1 ed.). London: The final board of inquiry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  2. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 22.
  3. ^ NationalArchives.ie
  4. ^ Ulster History Cycle Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "First Presbyterian Church – Belfast". Discover Northern Ireland. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  6. ^ "Oldest church in Belfast marking 375 years with a service of celebration". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  7. ^ « The character of Thomas Andrews », Thomas Andrews Shipbuilder. Consulté le 21 avril 2011
  8. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 23.
  9. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 36.
  10. ^ Jessop, Violet; Maxton-Graham, John (1997). Titanic Survivor. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Sheridan House. ISBN 1-57409-184-0.
  11. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 51.
  12. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 53.
  13. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 53–56.
  14. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 63.
  15. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, p. 105-107.
  16. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, p. 110.
  17. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, p. 124-134.
  18. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, p. 178-181.
  19. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, p. 184.
  20. ^ Mark Chirnside 2004, p. 163
  21. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, p. 197.
  22. ^ Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 155.
  23. ^ Mark Chirnside 2004, p. 177
  24. ^ a b c (in English) « The sinking of the Titanic », Thomas Andrews Shipbuilder. Consulté le 21 avril 2011
  25. ^ The painting is often incorrectly shown on television and in movies as depicting the entrance to New York Harbor. It was an error made by Walter Lord in his research.
  26. ^ a b c d On a Sea of Glass: The Life & Loss of the RMS Titanic by Tad Fitch, J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt. Amberley Books, March 2012. pp 321–323
  27. ^ Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, p. 252.
  28. ^ "The History of Nomadic & Hamilton Dock". www.nomadicbelfast.com. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  29. ^ Levy, David (18 January 2013). "Asteroid Named for Titanic Designer Thomas Andrews". Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

Sources edit

  • Mark Chirnside (2004). The Olympic-class ships : Olympic, Titanic, Britannic. Tempus. p. 349. ISBN 0-7524-2868-3.
  • Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1994). Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-493-6.
  • Fitch, Tad; Layton, J. Kent; Wormstedt, Bill (2012). On A Sea of Glass: The Life & Loss of the R.M.S. Titanic. Amberley Books. ISBN 978-1848689275.

External links edit

 
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