Thigmomorphogenesis (from Ancient Greek θιγγάνω (thingánō) to touch, μορφή (morphê) shape, and γένεσις (génesis) creation) is the response by plants to mechanical sensation (touch) by altering their growth patterns. In the wild, these patterns can be evinced by wind, raindrops, and rubbing by passing animals.
Botanists have long known that plants grown in a greenhouse tend to be taller and more spindly than plants grown outside. M.J. Jaffe discovered in the 1970s that regular rubbing or bending of stems inhibits their elongation and stimulates their radial expansion, resulting in shorter, stockier plants.[1]
Growth responses are caused by changes in gene expression. This is likely related to the calcium-binding protein calmodulin, suggesting Ca2+ involvement in mediating growth responses.[2]
Thigmomorphogenesis has also been determined to be a form of phenotypic plasticity in plants, potentially inducing different adaptive and stress responses in a variety of species.[3][4]
References edit
- ^ Jaffe, MJ (1973). "Thigmomorphogenesis: The response of plant growth and development to mechanical stimulation". Planta. 114 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1007/bf00387472. PMID 24458719. S2CID 25308919.
- ^ Braam J, Davis RW (1990). "Rain-, wind-, and touch-induced expression of calmodulin and calmodulin-related genes in Arabidopsis". Cell. 60 (3): 357–364. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90587-5. PMID 2302732. S2CID 38574940.
- ^ BIDDINGTON, N. L.; DEARMAN, A. S. (January 1, 1985). "The Effect of Mechanically Induced Stress on the Growth of Cauliflower, Lettuce and Celery Seedlings". Annals of Botany. 55 (1): 109–119. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086869. ISSN 1095-8290.
- ^ Pigliucci, Massimo (May 2002). "Touchy and Bushy: Phenotypic Plasticity and Integration in Response to Wind Stimulation inArabidopsis thaliana". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 163 (3): 399–408. doi:10.1086/339158. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 84173889.
- Biro, RL; Hunt, ERJr; Erner, Y; Jaffe, MJ (1980). "Thigmomorphogenesis: Changes in cell division and elongation in the internodes of mechanically perturbed or ethrel treated bean plants". Annals of Botany. 45 (6): 655–664. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085874.
- Biro, RL; Jaffe, MJ (1984). "Thigmomorphogenesis: Ethylene evolution and its role in the changes observed in mechanically perturbed bean plants". Physiol Plant. 62 (3): 289–294. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04575.x.
- Erner, Y; Jaffe, MJ (1982). "Thigmomorphogenesis: The involvement of auxin and abscisic acid in growth retardation due to mechanical perturbation". Plant and Cell Physiol. 23: 935–941.
- Erner, Y; Jaffe, MJ (1983). "Thigmomorphogenesis: Membrane lipid and protein changes in bean plants as affected by mechanical perturbation and ethrel". Physiol Plant. 58 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04169.x.