Winsor McCay

Winsor McCay
Born	Zenas Winsor McKay c. 1867–1871 Spring Lake, Michigan, USA; or Canada (disputed)
Died	26 July 1934(1934-07-26) Brooklyn, New York, USA
Cause of death	Cerebral embolism
Resting place	Cemetery of the Evergreens 40°41′2.0″N 73°54′4.3″W
Occupation	Animator cartoonist
Notable work(s)	Gertie the Dinosaur Little Nemo
Spouse(s)	Maude Leonore McCay (m. 1891–1934)
Children	Robert Winsor McCay Marion Elizabeth Moniz
Parents	Robert McKay Janet McKay
Signature

Zenas Winsor McCay (c. 1867–1871 – July 26, 1934) was an American cartoonist and animator. He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo (1905–14; 1924–26) and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur (1914). For contractual reasons, he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend.

Since a young age, McCay was a prolific, technically dextrous artist. He began as a professional by making posters and performing for dime museums, and began illustrating newspapers and magazines in 1898. He joined the New York Herald in 1903, where he created popular comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend. In 1905, his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted, a work which demonstrated McCay's mastery of color and perspective. At the same time, McCay was doing chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit. Between 1911 and 1921 he produced ten animated films; these included Gertie the Dinosuar, which he used as an interactive part of his vaudeville act. McCay joined William Randolph Hearst's chain of newspapers in 1911, after which his comic strip, vaudeville and animation work was gradually curtailed as Hearst expected him to devote his energies to editorial cartooning.

The technical level of McCay's animation was not matched until Walt Disney's feature films arrived in the 1930s. He pioneered inbetweening, the use of registration marks, cycling, and other animation techniques that became standard. His comic strip work has influenced generations of artists, including William Joyce, André LeBlanc, Moebius, Maurice Sendak, Chris Ware and Bill Watterson.

Personal history

Family history

McCay's paternal grandparents, farmers Donald and Christiana McKay, immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s. McCay's father, Robert McKay (1840 – 21 March 1915) was born in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada, the third of six children. McCay's maternal grandparents, Peter and Mary Murray, were also Scottish immigrants, and settled as farmers in East Zorra in Upper Canada. Their daughter Janet was the third of nine children.

McCay's father Robert McKay (1840–1915)

Robert was a member of King Solomon's No. 43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock. In 1862, Robert first traveled to the U.S. Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8, 1866 at Woodstock's Methodist Episcopal Church. The couple moved across the American border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake, Michigan, on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan. Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G. Winsor (1814–1890), with whom he had made contact in Canada.

Records of McCay's birth are not extant. He claimed in a 1910 interview that he was born in 1869, and this is the year listed on his grave marker. Late in life, he told friends that his birthdate was September 26, 1871 in Spring Lake. These friends had this information published in a magazine article. Michigan census records from 1870 and 1880 list a Zenas W. McKay, who was born in Canada in 1867. No Canadian birth record has been found, and a May 1893 fire in Spring Lake might have destroyed any American birth record he may have had. His obituary in the New York Herald Tribune stated, "not even Mr. McCay knew his exact age".

The McCay's had two more children: Arthur in 1868, and Mae in 1876. Both were born in Michigan. Robert worked as a teamster under Winsor, and by May 1870 had saved enough money to buy a parcel of land. From 1879 to 1881, he worked as a retail grocer. In 1885, he moved the family to Stanton, Michigan, and expanded his land holdings; he was successful in real estate with his brother Hugh, who moved from Canada in 1887.

By 1905, Robert was also a notary public. He had settled in Edmore, Michigan and changed the spelling of "McKay" to "McCay" by this point. His son related this story about the change:

"Three Scotsmen of the clan McKay were looking for a fourth member to fight four members of the Irish clan Magee....'I'm not one of you,' my father pointed out. 'You see, I'm one of the clan M-c-C-A-Y.' And that is how I got both my name and my sense of humor."

—Winsor McCay

Early life

"I just couldn't stop drawing anything and everything."

Winsor McCay

McCay came to be known by his middle name, Winsor, rather than the more unusual "Zenas". His drawing skills appeared early. According to a story told within the family, McCay made his first drawing in the aftermath of one of the many fires that hit Spring Lake. It was said that he picked up a nail and etched the scene of the fire in the frost of a windowpane. Drawing became obsessive for him; he drew anything he saw, and the level of detail and accuracy in his drawing was noted at a young age. He was able to draw accurately from memory even things he had never drawn—what McCay called "memory sketching". His father thought little of his artistic talents, though, and had him sent to Cleary Business College in Ypsilanti, Michigan. McCay rarely attended classes. He bragged about how he would catch the train to Detroit to show off his drawing skills at the Wonderland and Eden Musee dime museum. He drew portraits there for 25¢ apiece, from which he kept half.

McCay thrived on the attention he received, and his talents soon drew wider attention. John Goodison, a geography and drawing professor at Michigan state Normal School, offered to teach art to McCay privately, which McCay eagerly accepted. The lessons were practical and focused on using observation to learn to draw in geometrical perspective. Goodison was a former glass stainer and influenced McCay's use of color. McCay learned how to draw quickly using drills on the blackboard, and gained an appreciation for master artists of the past.

Early career (1889–1903)

McCay spent two years in Chicago after making his way there with his friend Mort Touvers sometime in 1889. He traded art techniques there with painter Jules Guérin, whom he met at a boarding house in which he lodged, and did artwork for posters and pamphlets at the National Printing and Engraving Company.

McCay did editorial cartoons early in his career (1899)

In 1891, McCay moved to Cincinnati, where he did more dime museum work while living in a dingy boarding house near where he worked. He spent nine years making posters and other advertisements for the Kohl & Middleton Dime Museum, and later Heck and Avery's Family Theater (1896), Avery's New Dime Museum (1898) and Will S. Heck's Wonder World and Theater (1899) on Vine Street. At the museum in 1896, a demonstration of Thomas Edison's Vitascope was given, which was likely McCay's first exposure to the new medium of film. McCay also did work during this time for Ph. Morton's printing and lithography company. His ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public.

His first year at Kohl & Middleton, McCay was smitten when Maude Leonore Dufour walked into the dime museum with her sister while he was painting. He rushed to his studio to change into a custom-tailored suit, returned, and introduced himself to the fourteen-year-old Maude. Soon they eloped in Covington, Kentucky.

McCay began working on the side for the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, where he learned to use a dip pen under the tutelage of Commercial Tribune art room manager Joseph Alexander. In 1898, he accepted a full-time position at the Commercial Tribune. He had a large number of illustrations published there which displayed his bold use of perspective and mastery of hatchwork. Soon after, he began freelancing for the humor magazine Life as well.

In 1900, McCay accepted a postion with a higher salary at The Cincinnati Enquirer. There, he produced a prolific amount of drawings, did some reporting, and became head of the art department. In his drawings, he began using line thickness to indicate depth, with thick lines surrounding his characters in an Art Nouveau-inspired style that became a trademark of his.

Comic strips (1903–1911)

Nemo's bed takes a walk in the July 26, 1908, episode of Little Nemo in Slumberland.

From January until November 1903, McCay drew an ongoing proto-comic strip for the Enquirer based on poems written by George Randolph Chester called A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle. Before the last two instalments appeared in print, McCay had moved to New York City to work for James Gordon Bennett, Jr.'s New York Herald, at first doing illustrations and editorial cartoons. He worked alongside comic strip pioneer Richard F. Outcault, who was doing the Buster Brown strip at the Herald. A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists which resulted in Outcault leaving the Herald to return to his previous employer William Randolph Hearst at The New York Journal.

McCay's first continuing comic strip, Mr. Goodenough, debuted in the Evening Telegram on January 21, 1904. The formula for the strip was that a sedentary millionaire would seek ways to be more active, with embarrassing results. Sister's Little Sister's Beau, McCay's first strip with a child protagonist, lasted one instalment that April, and his first color strip, Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipe's Phunny Phrolics, appeared in the Herald's Sunday supplement that May.

Little Sammy Sneeze (24 September 1905)

McCay's first popular attempt at a comic strip was Little Sammy Sneeze. The strip starred a young boy whose sneeze would build panel by panel until it was released with explosively disastrous results, for which he would usually be punished or chased away by those affected by it. The strip debuted in July 1904 and ran until December 1906.

McCay's longest-running strip, Dream of the Rarebit Fiend, first appeared in the Evening Telegram in September 1904. The strip was aimed at an adult audience, and had no recurring characters. The characters that appeared in the strip would have fantastic, sometimes terrifying dreams, only to wake up in the last panel, cursing the Welsh rarebit they had eaten the night before which they blamed for bringing on the dream.Rarebit Fiend was so popular that a book collection appeared in 1905 from Frederick A. Stokes. It was also adapted to film by Edwin S. Porter, and plans were made for a "comic opera or musical extravaganza" for stage that failed to materialize. McCay signed the Rarebit Fiend strips with the pen name "Silas", as his contract required that he not use his real name for his Evening Telegram work.

The McCays had been living in Manhattan, close to the Herald offices, but before 1905 they moved to Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn, New York, a seaside resort on Long Island. It was an hour commute from the Herald offices, but they believed it to be a better place to raise children. They lived at a number of addresses before settling into a three-story house at 1901 Voorhies Avenue, where McCay spent the rest of his life. As his reputation built, his employers allowed him to work from his home studio more often.

While still turning out illustrations and editorial cartoons daily, McCay began three more continuing strips in 1905. In January, he began The Story of Hungry Henrietta, in which the child protagonist visibly ages week by week, and eats compulsively in lieu of the love she craves from her parents.A Pilgrim's Progress by Mister Bunion was another "Silas" strip for the Evening Telegram, which ran from June 1905 until December 1910. Mr. Bunion spends each strip unsuccessfully scheming to rid himself of his suitcase, which is labeled "Dull Care".

McCay got "an idea from the Rarebit Fiend to please the little folk". In October 1905, the full-page Sunday strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted in the Herald. Considered McCay's masterpiece, its child star had fabulous dreams that would be interrupted with his awakening in the last panel. McCay experimented with the form of the comics page, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, perspective, architectural and other detail. The Herald was considered to have the highest quality color printing of any newspaper at the time. Its printing staff used the Ben Day process for color. McCay annotated the Nemo pages for the printers with the precise color schemes he wanted.

Impresario F. F. Proctor approached McCay in April 1906 to perform chalk talks for the vaudeville circuit. For $500 per week he would draw twenty-five sketches in fifteen minutes before live audiences, with a pit band playing a piece called "Dream of the Rarebit Fiend" in the background. In his The Seven Ages of Man routine, he drew two faces and progressively aged them. His fist performance was on June 11, 1906, in a show that also featured W. C. Fields. It was a success, and he toured with the show throughout 1907 while managing to maintain his comic strip and illustration work on time, often in hotel rooms or backstage.

Cover to the score of the extravagantly expensive Little Nemo stage musical (1908)

As early as 1905, several abortive attempts were made to put Little Nemo on stage. In summer 1907, Marcus Klaw and A. L. Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant Little Nemo show for an unprecedented $100,000, with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry B. Smith. It starred midget Gabriel Weigel as Nemo, Joseph Cawthorn as Dr. Pill, and Billy B. Van as Flip. Reviews were positive, and it played to sold-out houses in New York. It went on the road for two seasons. McCay brought his vaudeville act to each city where Little Nemo played. When a Keith circuit refused McCay to perform in Boston without a new act, McCay switched to the William Morris circuit, with a $100-a-week raise. In several cities, McCay brought his son, who sat on a small throne dressed as Nemo as publicity.

As part of an improvised story, Cawthorn introduced a mythical creature he called a "Whiffenpoof". The word stuck with the public, and became the name of a hit song and a singing group. Despite the show's success, it failed to make back its investment due to its enormous expenses, and came to an end in December 1910.

McCay displayed his social awareness in the last strip he created for the Herald, Poor Jake. Its title character was a silent laborer who worked thanklessly for a Colonel and Mrs. Stall, who exploit him. The strip ran until spring 1911.

McCay was approached in early 1910 to bring his vaudeville show to Europe. McCay requested the Herald's permission, but the plans never materialized. His show stayed within the eastern U.S. until he ceased performing in 1917. Biographer John Canemaker assumed McCay's request to tour Europe was turned down, and that the refusal added to McCay's growing frustration with the Herald. His distrust of big business became pronounced in his work around this time, including a story arc in Little Nemo in which the characters visit a Mars that has been oppressed by a greedy business magnate.

Animation (1911–1921)

McCay's animation was the work for which he said he was most proud. He completed ten animated films between 1911 and 1921, and at least three more are known to have been planned.

McCay busy creating his first animated film, Little Nemo (1911)

Inspired by the flip books his son brought home, McCay "came to see the possibility of making moving pictures" of his cartoons. He claimed that he "was the first man in the world to make animated cartoons", though he was preceded by James Stuart Blackton and Émile Cohl. McCay made four thousand drawings on rice paper for his first animated short, which starred his Little Nemo characters. They were shot at Vitagraph Studios under Blackton's supervision. Live-action sequences were added to the beginning and end of the film, in which McCay bets his newspaper colleagues that in one month he can make four thousand drawings that move. Among those featured in these sequences were cartoonist George McManus and actor John Bunny.Little Nemo debuted in movie theatres on April 8, 1911, and four days later McCay began using it as part of his vaudeville act. Its good reception motivated him to hand-color each of the frames of the originally black-and-white film.

McCay based How a Mosquito Operates (1912) on a Dream of the Rarebit Fiend episode (June 5, 1909).

McCay had become frustrated with the Herald, partly over money issues and partly bacause he perceived a lack of freedom. He accepted a higher-paying offer in spring 1911 from William Randolph Hearst at the New York American and took Little Nemo's characters with him. The Herald held the strip's copyright, but McCay won a lawsuit that allowed him to continue using the characters, which he did under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams. The Herald was unsuccessful in finding another cartoonist to continue the original strip.

McCay began work that May on his next animated film, How a Mosquito Operates, based on a Rarebit Fiend episode from June 5, 1909, in which a giant mosquito with feeds on a man in bed, who tries in vain to defend himself. The mosquito drinks itself so full that it explodes. The animation is naturalistic—rather than expanding like a balloon, with each sip of blood, the mosquito's abdomen swells according to its body structure. The film was completed in January 1912, and McCay toured with it that spring and summer.

Gertie the Dinosaur (1913) was an interactive part of McCay's vaudeville act.

Gertie the Dinosaur debuted in February 1914 as part of McCay's vaudeville act. McCay introduced Gertie as "the only dinosaur in captivity", and commanded the animated beast with a whip. Gertie seemed to obey McCay, bowing to the audience, and eating a tree and a boulder, though she had a personality of her own and sometimes rebelled. When McCay admonished her, she cried. McCay consoled by throwing her an apple—in reality, pocketing the cardboard prop apple as a cartoon one appeared in the film. In the finale, McCay walked offstage, then appeared on the film, and Gertie carried him away. Producer William Fox's Box Office Attractions obtained distribution rights to a modified version of Gertie that could be played in regular movie theaters. This version replaced the interactive portions with live-action sequences and intertitles.

Gertie was McCay's first piece of animation with detailed backgrounds. McCay drew the foreground characters, while art student neighbor John A. Fitzsimmons traced the backgrounds. McCay pioneered the "McCay Split System" of inbetweening, in which major poses or positions were drawn first, and the intervening frames drawn after. This relieved tedium and improved the timing of the film's actions. McCay refused to patent his system, and was sued in 1914 by animator John Randolph Bray, who took advantage of McCay's lapse to patent many of McCay's techniques, including the use of registration marks, tracing paper, and the Mutoscope action viewer, and the cycling of drawings to create repetitive action. The suit was unsuccessful, and there is evidence that McCay may have countersued—he received royalty payments from Bray for licensing the techniques.

McCay was pressured by Hearst into giving up his comic strips and non-newspaper work to concentrate on editorial cartoons.
("His Best Customer", 1917)

Hearst was disappointed with the quality of McCay's newspaper work. Infuriated that he couldn't reach McCay during a vaudeville performance, Hearst had advertising for the theatre where McCay performed pulled from his papers. Editor Arthur Brisbane told him that he was "a serious artist, not a comic cartoonist", and that he was to give up his comic strip work to focus on editorial illustrations. Hearst pressured McCay's agents to reduce the number of his vaudeville appearances, and was induced to sign a contract with Hearst that limited his vaudeville appearances to greater New York, with occasional exceptions granted. In February 1917, Hearst had him give up entirely on vaudeville, and all other paid work outside the Hearst empire, though he was occasionally granted permission for particular shows. Hearst increased McCay's salary to cover the loss of income.

McCay was expected to report daily to the American building, where he shared a ninth-floor office with humorist Arthur "Bugs" Baer and sports cartoonist Joe McGurk. There, he illustrated editorials by Arthur Brisbane, who often sent back McCay's drawings with instructions for changes. The quality of his drawings varied depending on his interest in the subject of the assignment, whose sentiments he often didn't believe in, and on events in his personal life, as in March 1914, when he was subjected to a blackmail plot by a Mrs. Lambkin, who was seeking a divorce from her husband. She alleged that McCay's wife, Maude, was seeing her husband. With McCay's level of fame, such a story would likely be in the papers, and Mrs. Lambkin and her husband told McCay that she would keep it secret for $1,000. McCay did not believe the allegations, and gave testimony at the Lambkins' divorce trial. The blackmail failed, and the divorce was not granted.

Hearst animation studio International Film Service began in December 1915, and brought Hearst cartoonists to the screen. McCay was initially listed as one of them, but the studio never produced anything either by his hands or starring his creations. McCay derived satisfaction from doing the work himself. The Sinking of the Lusitania was his follow-up to Gertie. It was not a fantasy, but a detailed, realistic recreation of the 1915 German torpedoing of the RMS Lusitania. The event counted 128 Americans among its 1,200 dead, and was a factor leading to the American entry into World War I.

McCay's daughter Marion married military man Raymond T. Moniz, eighteen years her senior, on October 13, 1917. She gave birth to McCay's first grandchild, Ray Winsor Moniz, on July 16, 1918. Moniz and McCay's son Robert were called up for service when the U.S. entered World War I.

The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918) required 25,000 drawings to be made over two years, and was McCay's first film to use acetate cels.

McCay's self-financed Lusitania took nearly two years to complete. With the assistance of John Fitzsimmons and Cincinnati cartoonist William Apthorp "Ap" Adams, McCay spent his off hours drawing the film on sheets of cellulose acetate (or "cels") with white and black India ink at McCay's home. The cels were taken to the Vitagraph studios to be photographed. The film was naturalistically animated, and made use of dramatic camera angles that would have been impossible in a live-action film.

Jewel Productions released the film on July 20, 1918. Advertising touted it as "the picture that will never have a competitor", and the film itself called McCay "the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons" and drew attention to the fact that it took 25,000 drawings to complete.The Sinking of the Lusitania did not greatly return on McCay's investment—after a few years' run in theaters, it netted McCay $80,000.

McCay continued to produce animated films using cels. By 1921, he had completed six, though three were likely never shown commercially to audiences and have since survived only in film fragments: The Centaurs, Flip's Circus and Gertie on Tour. In 1921, he released three films based on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend: Bug Vaudeville, in which insects and other creepy-crawlies perform on stage; The Pet, in which a creature with a bottomless appetite grows enormously and terrorizes the city in a way reminiscent of King Kong; and The Flying House in which a man attaches wings to his house to flee from debt. McCay's son Robert is credited with the animation on this last film, but Canemaker notes it is highly unlikely that a first-time animator could have produced such an accomplished piece of animation.

Later career (1921–1934)

After 1921, McCay was made to give up on animation when Hearst learned he devoted more of his time to animation than to his newspaper illustrations. Unexecuted ideas McCay had for animation projects included a collaboration with Jungle Imps author George Randolph Chester, a musical film called The Barnyard Band, and a film about the Americans' role in World War I.

Editorial cartoon "Oblivion's Cave—Step Right In, Please" (March 19, 1922)

McCay's son Robert married Theresa "Tedda" Munchausen on April 9, 1921. McCay bought them a nearby house as a wedding gift. The couple gave McCay two more grandchildren: Janet (named after McCay's mother) in 1922, and Robert in 1928. Robert suffered shell shock during World War I, and following the war had difficulty drawing. McCay tried to boost his son's confidence by finding him cartooning work, and some of the elder McCay's editorial cartoons were signed "Robert Winsor McCay, Jr."

In 1922, McCay began doing vaudeville shows again for the Keith circuit. He had a cameo in a newspaper office scene in a the boxing film The Great White Way in early 1924.

McCay left Hearst upon the expiration of his contract in May 1924, bitter over not having received a promised $5,000 bonus. He returned to the Herald Tribune, and brought back Little Nemo beginning that August. The new strip displayed the virtuoso technique of the old, but the panels were laid out in an unvarying grid. Nemo took a more passive role in the stories, and there was no continuity. The strip came to an end in December 1926, as it was not popular with readers. Hearst executives had been trying to convince McCay to return to the American, and succeeded in 1927. While McCay was gone, his place had been filled by Mel Cummin, who was let go after McCay's return. Due to the lack of the 1920s Nemo's success, the Herald Tribune signed over all copyrights to the strip to McCay for one dollar.

In 1927, McCay attended a dinner in his honor in New York. After a considerable amount of drinking, McCay was introduced by animator Max Fleischer. McCay gave the gathered group of animators some technical advice, but when he felt the audience was not giving him attention, he berated his audience, saying, "Animation is an art. That is how I conceived it. But as I see, what you fellows have done with it, is making it into a trade. Not an art, but a trade. Bad Luck!" That September he appeared on the radio at WNAC, and on November 2 he was interviewed for The Evening Journal's Woman's Hour by Frank Craven. During both appearances he complained about the state of contemporary animation.

An executive of the American Tobacco Company approached McCay in 1929 to do an advertising campaign for a financial "sum in excess of his annual salary". Brisbane refused, citing that McCay's contract didn't allow outside work. When the executive stormed into Brisbane's office threatening to pull American Tobacco's advertising dollars from the American, Brisbane provided a written release for the work.

In 1932, McCay found himself in what he recalled as "the wildest ride" in his life when Hearst's son "Young Bill" drove him at 85 miles per hour (137 km/h) to the scene of the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby. They arrived there two hours after the crime was first reported to police, and were able to interview the gathered police before the grounds were closed off to the public. McCay sketched the scene, the staff, and the ladders the kidnappers used, which he was allowed to see up close.

McCay had appeared in good health until July 26, 1934, when he complained to his wife of a pain in his head. To his horror, he found his right arm—his drawing arm—was paralyzed. He lost consciousness, and was pronounced dead later that afternoon, with his wife, children and son-in-law by his side. He had died of a cerebral embolism, and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn in a family plot. He had a Masonic funeral in his home, attended by his newspaper colleagues, Hearst and his son, and the Society of Illustrators, among others.

Brisbane hired back Mel Cummins to replace McCay. Due to his lavish lifestyle, McCay left a smaller fortune than those around him had expected. By the early 1940s, Maude had used up her inheritance and sold the house on Voorhies Avenue. When she died of a heart attack on March 2, 1949, she was living with her daughter and son-in-law. Son Robert was also careless with his inheritance, and less successful in art than his father. He worked for a short time at the Hearst papers, and tried unsuccessfully to get a job at the Disney studios, before finding a career as illustrator for Training Aids/Special Services at Fort Ord.

Personal life

Self-conscious and introverted in private, McCay was nevertheless a charismatic showman and self-promoter, and maintained several lifelong friendships. He stood barely five feet (150 cm) tall, and felt dominated by his wife, who was nearly as tall as he was.

His mother often visited him in Brooklyn, and attended Little Nemo's Philadelphia premiere. She died in Edmore, Michigan, in 1927.

Maude McCay (née Dufour, 1877–1949), c. 1910–1915

McCay married Maude Leonore Dufour, the youngest of three daughters of French-Canadian carriage painter John Dufour. About a decade separated the couple's ages. Biographer Canemaker speculates this may explain the lack of certainty behind McCay's birthdate, even by McCay himself, as he may have tried to downplay the age gap by lying about his birthdate. Maude was also reportedly age-conscious. She insisted on being called "Nan" instead of "Grandma", and kept her hair dyed black until her death at age seventy-two. The couple had two children: Robert Winsor, born June 21, 1896; and Marion Elizabeth, born August 22, 1897.

McCay was agnostic, and believed in reincarnation. He was a lifelong member of the Freemasons, which he may have joined as early as when he was living in Chicago. His father had also been a Freemason, and was buried in 1915 with full Masonic rites, with funerals arranged by his Masonic lodges in both Woodstock, Ontario, and Edmore, Michigan.

McCay's brother Arthur was placed in a mental hospital in Traverse City, Michigan on March 7, 1898, where he stayed until his death from bronchopneumonia and arteriosclerosis on June 15, 1946. He never received family visits. McCay never let his children know about his brother, nor did they know about the existence of his sister Mae, who died in 1910.

McCay was a light but frequent drinker; he drank for comraderie, rather than for a love of drinking. He was an avid reader of poetry, plays and novels; he admired W. B. Yeats, knew the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats, and could quote the Bible and Shakespeare.

Legacy

In 1937, McCay's son Robert attempted to carry on his father's legacy by reviving Little Nemo. Comic book packager Harry "A" Chesler's syndicate announced a Sunday and daily Nemo strip, credited to "Winsor McCay, Jr." Robert also drew a comic-book version for Chesler called Nemo in Adventureland starring grown-up versions of Nemo and the Princess. Neither project lasted long. In 1947, Robert and fabric salesman Irving Mendelsohn organized the McCay Feature Syndicate, Inc. to revive the original Nemo strip from McCay's original art, modified to fit the size of modern newspaper pages. This revival also did not last.

McCay's original artwork has been poorly preserved. McCay insisted on having his originals returned to him, and a large collection survived him, but much of it was destroyed in a fire in the late 1930s. His wife was unsure how to handle the surviving pieces, so his son took on the responsibility and moved the collection into his own house. The family sold off some of the artwork when they were in need of cash. Responsibility for it passed to Mendelsohn, then later to daughter Marion. By the early twenty-first century, most of McCay's surviving artwork remained in family hands.

McCay destroyed many of his original cans of film to create more storage space. Of what film he kept, much of it has not survived, as it was photographed on original 35mm nitrate film, which deteriorates and becomes inflammable in storage. Mendelsohn's son and a friend, both young animators, discovered the film in Mendelsohn's possession in 1947 and rescued what they could. In some cases, such as The Centaurs, only fragments could be saved. A negative and incomplete positive of Barnyard Animals was discovered but deemed unsalvageable.

In 1966, cartoonist Woody Gelman discovered the original artwork for many Little Nemo at a cartoon studio where McCay's son Bob had worked. Many of the recovered originals were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A. Hyatt Mayor. In 1973, Gelman published a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy. His collection of McCay originals has been preserved by the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum at Ohio State University.

"It is as though the first creature to emerge from the primeval slime was Albert Einstein; and the second was an amoeba, because after McCay's animation it took his followers nearly twenty years to find out how he did it. The two most important people in animation are Winsor McCay and Walt Disney, and I'm not sure which should go first."

Animator Chuck Jones

McCay's work, grounded solidly in his understanding of realistic perspective, presaged the techniques featured in Walt Disney's feature films. Disney paid tribute to McCay in 1955 on an episode of Disneyland. The episode, "The Story of Animated Drawing", gave a history of animation, and dramatized McCay's vaudeville act with Gertie. Robert was invited to the Disney studios as a consultant on the episode, where Walt Disney told him, "Bob, all this should be your father's".

Animator John Canemaker produced a film in 1974 called Remembering Winsor McCay, narrated by McCay's animation assistant John Fitzsimmons. Canemaker helped coordinate the first retrospective of McCay's films at the third International Animation Film Festival in 1975 in New York, which led to a film show at the Whitney Museum of American Art in winter 1975–76. Canemaker also wrote a biography in 1987 called Winsor McCay: His Life and Art. In 2005, a revised and expanded version of the biography was released, which comics scholar Jeet Heer called "far and away the most scholarly and intelligent biography ever written about an American cartoonist". Heer wrote that McCay's strength was in his visuals, but that his writing and characters were weak.

Federico Fellini read Little Nemo in the children's magazine Il corriere dei piccoli, and the strip was a "powerful influence" on the filmmaker, according to Fellini biographer Peter Bondanella. Comics historian R. C. Harvey has called McCay "the first original genius of the comic strip medium" and in animation. Harvey claims that McCay's contemporaries lacked the skill to continue with his innovations, so that they were left for future generations to rediscover and build upon. Cartoonist Robert Crumb called McCay a "genius" and one of his favorite cartoonists. Art Spiegelman's 1974 "Real Dream" strip was partially inspired by Rarebit Fiend and his In the Shadow of No Towers in 2004 appropriated some of McCay's imagery, and included a page of Little Nemo in its appendix. Cartoonist Kim Deitch's The Boulevard of Broken Dreams revolved around a character named Winsor Newton, based on an aged McCay.

Work

Style

McCay has panels grow to accommodate a growing mushroom forest in Little Nemo.

Virtually from the beginning, McCay innovated with the form of his chosen media. He varied the size and shape of comic strip panels for dramatic effect, as in the second instalment of Little Nemo (October 22, 1905), where the size of the panels grow to adapt to the growing forest of mushrooms in the story. Few of McCay's contemporaries were so bold with their page layouts. George Herriman with Krazy Kat was the most notable example, but it was not until a generation later that cartoonists such as Frank King with Gasoline Alley, Hal Foster with Prince Valiant and Roy Crane with Captain Easy attempted such daring designs on their Sunday pages.

McCay's mastery of perspective enhanced the fantastic illusions in his drawings, particularly in Little Nemo. Fantastic grotesqueries as what McCay witnessed during his time at the Wonderland and Eden Musee appeared often in McCay's work. McCay was noted for the speed and accuracy with which he could draw. Crowds of people would gather around to watch him paint billboards.

In contrast to the high level of skill in the artwork, the dialogue in McCay's speech balloons is crude, sometimes approaching illegibility, and "disfigur[ing] his otherwise flawless work", according to critic R. C. Harvey. This is further highlighted by the level of effort and skill apparent in the title lettering. McCay seemed to show little regard for the dialogue balloons, their content, and their placement in the visual composition. They tended to contain repetitive monologues expressing the increasing distress of the speakers, and showed that McCay's gift was in the visual and not the verbal.

McCay used Higgins black drawing ink, Gillott #290 pens, "a large lump of art gum", a T-square and angle, and an assortment of Venus lead pencils.

McCay's made use of traditional ethnic stereotypes in his comics and animation. Most prominent were the Little Nemo characters, the ill-tempered Irishman, Flip, and the rarely-speaking African, the Little Imp. In the animated Little Nemo, the Anglo-Saxon Nemo is shown drawn in a dignified Art Nouveau style, and controls by magic the more grotesquely caricatured Flip and Imp.

List of comic strips

Comic strips by Winsor McCay

Title	Begin date	End date	Notes
A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle	01903-01-11Jan 11, 1903	01903-11-09Nov 9, 1903
Mr. Goodenough	01904-01-21Jan 21, 1904	01904-03-04Mar 4, 1904
Sister's Little Sister's Beau	01904-04-24Apr 24, 1904	01904-04-24Apr 24, 1904
Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipe's Phunny Phrolics	01904-05-28May 28, 1904	01904-05-28May 28, 1904
Little Sammy Sneeze	01904-07-24Jul 24, 1904	01906-12-09Dec 9, 1906
Dream of the Rarebit Fiend	01904-09-10Sep 10, 1904	01911-06-25Jun 25, 1911
	01913-01-19Jan 19, 1913	01913-08-03Aug 3, 1913	Revived by the New York Herald, printing left-over strips in color
The Story of Hungry Henrietta	01905-01-08Jan 8, 1905	01905-07-16Jul 16, 1905
A Pilgrim's Progress	01905-06-26Jun 26, 1905	01910-12-18Dec 18, 1910
Little Nemo in Slumberland	01905-10-15Oct 15, 1905	01911-07-23Jul 23, 1911	1911-1914 under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams
	01924-08-03Aug 3, 1924	01926-12-26Dec 26, 1926	restarted after McCay returned to the Herald Tribune
Poor Jake	01909-01-011909	01911-01-011911
In the Land of Wonderful Dreams	01911-09-03Sep 3, 1911	01914-12-26Dec 26, 1914	Little Nemo retitled when McCay moved to Hearst's papers
Rarebit Reveries	01923-01-011923c. 1923	01925-01-011925c. 1925	Revival of Dream of the Rarebit Fiend signed "Robert Winsor McCay Jr.", though most likely McCay's artwork

Filmography

Films by Winsor McCay

Title	Year	Time	Notes	File
Little Nemo	1911	!!!!!!!10:34 10:34	also known as Winsor McCay and Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics
How a Mosquito Operates	1912	!!!!!!!!5:39 5:39	also known as The Story Of A Mosquito
Gertie the Dinosaur	1914	!!!!!!!12:19 12:19
The Sinking of the Lusitania	1918	!!!!!!!!9:37 9:37
Bug Vaudeville	1921	!!!!!!!13:46 13:46
The Pet	1921	!!!!!!!11:48 11:48
The Flying House	1921	!!!!!!!!6:18 6:18
The Centaurs	1921	!!!!!!!!3:01 3:01	survives only in fragments
Gertie on Tour	c. 1918–21	!!!!!!!!1:24 1:24
Flip's Circus	c. 1918–21	!!!!!!!!8:10 8:10
Performing Animals	c. 1922–1927		original 35mm nitrate film has not survived

References

Works cited

Books

• Barrier, Michael (2003). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516729-0. 
• Beckerman, Howard (2003). Animation: The Whole Story. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58115-301-9. 
• Berenbaum, May R. (2009). The Earwig's Tail: A Modern Bestiary of Multi-Legged Legends. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03540-9. 
• Bien, Laura (2011). Hidden History of Ypsilanti. The History Press. ISBN 978-1-60949-289-2. 
• Bondanella, Peter (2002). The Films of Federico Fellini. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57573-7.   – via Questia (subscription required)
• Canemaker, John (2005). Winsor McCay: His Life and Art (Revised ed.). Abrams Books. ISBN 978-0-8109-5941-5. 
• Canwell, Bruce (2009). Mullaney, Dean, ed. Bringing Up Father: From Sea to Shining Sea the Cross-Country Tour of 1939-1940. IDW Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60010-508-1. 
• Dover editors (1973). Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-21347-7. 
• Gardner, Jared (2012). Projections: Comics and the History of Twenty-First-Century Storytelling. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8178-7. 
• Gutjahr, Paul C.; Benton, Megan L. (2001). Illuminating Letters: Typography and Literary Interpretation. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-288-2. 
• Harvey, Robert C. (1994). The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0-87805-612-5. 
• Haverstock, Mary Sayre; Vance, Jeannette Mahoney; Meggitt, Brian L. (2000). "McCay, Winsor Zenic (1869–1934)". Artists in Ohio, 1787-1900: A Biographical Dictionary. Kent State University Press. p. 549. ISBN 978-0-87338-616-6. 
• Jamieson, Dave (2010). Mint Condition: How Baseball Cards Became an American Obsession. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1939-1. 
• Merkl, Ulrich (2007). The Complete Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904-1913) by Winsor McCay 'Silas' (.doc). Catolog of episodes & text of the book: Ulrich Merkl. ISBN 978-3-00-020751-8.  (on included DVD)
• Sito, Tom (2006). Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2407-0. 
• Stabile, Carol A.; Harrison, Mark (2003). Prime Time Animation: Television Animation and American Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-28326-7. 
• Telotte, J. P. (2010). Animating Space: From Mickey to Wall-E. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2586-2. 
• Sabin, Roger (1993). Adult Comics: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-04419-6. 
• Taylor, Constance, ed. (2005). Winsor McCay: Early Works VI. Checker Book Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9753808-3-3. 
• Taylor, Jeremy (2007). "Some archetypal symbolic aspects of Dream of the Rarebit Fiend". In Merkl, Ulrich. The Complete Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904-1913) by Winsor McCay 'Silas' (.doc). Catolog of episodes & text of the book: Ulrich Merkl. pp. 552–561. ISBN 978-3-00-020751-8.  (on included DVD)
• Waugh, Coulton (1947). The Comics. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0-87805-499-2. 
• Winokur, Mark (2012). "Creole Cartoons". In Kessel, Martina; Merziger, Patrick. The Politics of Humour: Laughter, Inclusion, and Exclusion in the Twentieth Century. University of Toronto Press. pp. 52–81. ISBN 978-1-4426-4292-8. 

Magazines and journals

• Heer, Jeet (2006). "Little Nemo in Comicsland". Virginia Quarterly Review 82 (2). 
• Spencer, David R. (2005). "The Cartoon Research Library at Ohio State University". Journalism History 31 (1). 

Newspapers

• Heer, Jeet (2006-01-08). "The Dream Artist". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2012-06-25. 
• Hubbard, Amy (2012-10-15). "Celebrating Little Nemo by Winsor McCay; his 'demons' made him do it". Los Angeles Times. 
• "The Cartoonist Group: Background About Winsor McCay". 
• Syracuse Herald staff (July 27, 1934-07-27). "Winsor M'Cay Early Comic Artist, Dies". Syracuse Herald. 

Web

• Fodor, Joe (2001-01-30). "Winsor McCay". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2012-12-18. 
• Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon staff (2002-01-26). "Zenas Winsor McCay". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved 2012-12-10. 
• Heller, Steven (2007-11-13). "The Rarebit Fiend Dreams On: An Interview with Ulrich Merkl". AIGA. Retrieved 2012-06-25. 
• van Opstal, Huib (January 2008). "Dreams and Obsessions on Shelf and Screen". For Inspiration Only. Retrieved 2012-09-04. 
• Young, James E. (2000). "Art Spiegelman's Maus and the After-Images of History". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-04. 

Further reading

• Bracero, Rocky (2008). Winsor McCay: Illustrator Turned Animator and His Influence on Pixar. Fashion Institute of Technology. Illustration. 
• Bukatman, Scott (2012). The Poetics of Slumberland: Animated Spirits and the Animating Spirit. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95150-1. Retrieved 2012-06-28. 
• Crafton, Donald (1993). Before Mickey: The Animated Cartoon, 1898-1928. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-11667-9. 
• Maltin, Leonard (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons; Revised and Updated. Plume Books. ISBN 0-452-25993-2. 
• Marschall, Rick (April 1986). "Penmen of the Past: Winsor McCay". Nemo (Fantagraphics Books) (18): 34–43. 
• McCay, Winsor (1983). "In His Own Words: Winsor McCay on Life, Art, Animation and the Danger of Greasy Foods". In Marschall, Richard. Nemo (Fantagraphics Books) (3): 34–40. 
• Wells, Paul (2006). The Fundamentals of Animation. AVA Publishing. ISBN 978-2-940373-02-4. 
• "Cartoon Library Acquires McCay Collection" (PDF). University Libraries New Notes (Ohio State University). 1 June 2006-06-01. 

External links

• Spring Lake District Library "The Talented Winsor McCay"
• The Fales Library of NYU's guide to the David C. Bohnett Collection of Winsor McCay Drawings
• Meeting McCay
• Winsor McCay at the Internet Movie Database on Internet Movie Database
• (French) Little Nemo in Slumberland Anniversary Special
• Winsor McCay's The Centaurs.
• Comic Strip Library has a complete collection of out-of-copyright Little Nemo pages
• obituary in The New York Times