Telugu cinema

(Redirected from Telugu Cinema)

Telugu cinema, also known as Tollywood, is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Telugu language, widely spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Telugu cinema is based in Film Nagar, Hyderabad. As of 2021, Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office.[5][6] Telugu films sold 23.3 crore (233 million) tickets in 2022, the highest among various film industries in India.[3][4]

Telugu cinema
No. of screens1726 screens in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states of India (2022)[1]
Main distributorsSuresh Productions
Vyjayanthi Movies
DVV Entertainments
Annapurna Studios
Geetha Arts
Arka Media Works
Sri Venkateswara Creations
Mythri Movie Makers
Parameswara Art Productions
UV Creations
N.T.R. Arts
Sri Sai Ganesh Productions
Konidela Production Company
G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment
Varahi Chalana Chitram
Haarika & Hassine Creations
14 Reels Entertainments
Produced feature films (2022)[2]
Total219
Number of admissions (2022)[3][4]
Total233 million

Technical crafts of Telugu cinema, especially visual effects and cinematography, are considered as one of the most advanced in Indian cinema.[7] The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films of all time. Telugu production Baahubali 2 (2017) is currently the highest-grossing film of all time in India. The Telugu film industry is home to Ramoji Film City, certified by the Guinness World Records as the largest film studio complex in the world measuring over 1,666 acres (674 ha).[8][9]

Since 1909, filmmaker Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was involved in producing short films and exhibiting them in different regions of Asia. He established the first Indian-owned cinema halls in South India.[10] In 1921, he produced the silent film, Bhishma Pratigna, generally considered to be the first Telugu feature film.[17] As the first Telugu film exhibitor and producer, Naidu is regarded as the 'Father of Telugu cinema'.[18] The first Telugu film with audible dialogue, Bhakta Prahlada (1932) was directed by H. M. Reddy. In 1933, Sati Savitri directed by C. Pullayya received an honorary diploma at the 2nd Venice Film Festival.[19] Since its inception, Telugu cinema was known as the pre-eminent centre of Hindu mythological films in India.[20] From the late 1930s, films focused on contemporary living and social issues, like Raithu Bidda (1939), were produced and gradually gained prominence.

Ten Telugu films were featured in CNN-IBN's list of "100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time".[note 1] Though known for big-ticket, and masala films catering to wider audience, Telugu filmmakers have also forayed into parallel and arthouse films.[22] Parallel films like Daasi (1988), Thilaadanam (2000), Vanaja (2006) among others have won accolades at major film festivals including Berlin, Karlovy Vary, Moscow, and Busan.[note 2]

Since the mid-2010s, Telugu cinema has pioneered the pan-Indian film movement, cutting across ethnic and linguistic barriers. Baahubali 2 (2017) won the Saturn Award for Best International Film. RRR (2022) is only the second non-English language film ever to make it to the National Board of Review's Top Ten Films. It received various international accolades including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for the song "Naatu Naatu" and the Critics' Choice Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

History edit

Early development edit

 
Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu, father of Telugu cinema.[30][31][32]

Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was a photographer and photographic studio owner in Madras who was drawn into filmmaking. Since 1909, he was involved in producing short films.[33][34] He shot 12 three-minute-long short films and exhibited them in Victoria Public Hall, Madras. He also travelled to Bangalore, Vijayawada, Sri Lanka, Rangoon and Pegu to exhibit his films.[33] In c. 1909-10, he established a tent house called Esplanade in Madras to exhibit his films.[18][32] In c. 1912-14, he established Gaiety Theatre on Mount Road, the first ever permanent cinema theatre in Madras and all of South India.[18][35] He later constructed Crown Theatre on Mint Street and Globe Theatre in Purasawakkam.[32][33] In his theatres, he screened American and European films as well as silent films made in various parts of India.[10]

In 1919, he started a film production company called 'Star of East Films' also called 'Glass Studio', the first production company established by a Telugu person.[35][32] He sent his son, Raghupati Surya Prakash Naidu (R. S. Prakash) to study filmmaking in the studios of England, Germany, and United States.[10] In 1921, they made Bhishma Pratigna, generally considered as the first Telugu feature film.[17] Venkaiah Naidu produced the film, while R. S. Prakash directed and produced it along with playing the title character Bhishma.[35] As the first Telugu film exhibitor and producer, Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu is regarded as the 'Father of Telugu cinema'.[18]

From 1921 to 1931 about a dozen feature films were made by Telugu people.[36] C. Pullayya made a three-reel short film, Markandeya (1926 or 1931) at his house in Kakinada.[37][36] In 1921, the first cinema hall in Andhra, Maruthi Cinema was established in Vijayawada by Pothina Srinivasa Rao.[18] Y. V. Rao and R. S. Prakash established a long-lasting precedence of focusing exclusively on religious themes —Gajendra Moksham, Nandanar, and Matsyavataram —three of their most noted productions, centred on religious figures, parables, and morals.

Rise of the "talkie" edit

 
Promotional poster of Bhakta Prahlada the first full-length Telugu talkie to have a theatrical release.[38]

The first Telugu film with audible dialogue, Bhakta Prahlada, was directed by H. M. Reddy, who directed the first bilingual (Tamil and Telugu) talkie Kalidas (1931). Bhakta Prahlada was shot over 18 or 20 days at Imperial Studios, Bombay and was produced by Ardeshir Irani who also produced Alam Ara, India's first sound film.[39] The film had an all-Telugu starcast featuring Sindhoori Krishna Rao as the titular Prahlada, Munipalle Subbayya as Hiranyakasyapa, and Surabhi Kamalabai as Leelavathy.[34] Bhakta Prahlada was completed on 15 September 1931,[40] which henceforth became known as "Telugu Film Day" to commemorate its completion.[41][42][43]

Popularly known as talkies, films with sound quickly grew in number and popularity. In 1932, Sagar Movietone produced Rama Paduka Pattabhishekam and Sakunthala, both directed by Sarvottam Badami.[44] Neither the producer nor the director of these two films were Telugus. In 1933, Pruthviputra, based on the story of Narakasura was released.[45] It starred Kalyanam Raghuramayya and was produced by Pothina Srinivasa Rao, who had previously built the first cinema hall in Andhra in 1921. This was the first Telugu talkie entirely financed by Telugu people.[45]

In 1934, the industry saw its first major commercial success with Lava Kusa. Directed by C. Pullayya and starring Parupalli Subbarao and Sriranjani, the film attracted unprecedented numbers of viewers to theatres and thrust the young industry into mainstream culture.[34][45] Dasari Kotiratnam produced Anasuya in 1935 and became the first female producer of Telugu film industry.[46] The first film studio in Andhra, Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in Rajahmundry.[47][48] Sampurna Ramayanam (1936) was the first film produced by the studio relying mostly on local talent.[47] In 1937, another studio called Andhra Cinetone was built in Visakhapatnam.[49][10] However, both the studios were short-lived.

By 1936, the mass appeal of film allowed directors to move away from religious and mythological themes.[34] That year, under the direction of Kruthiventi Nageswara Rao, Prema Vijayam, a film with a contemporary setting, was released. It was the first Telugu film with a modern-day setting as opposed to mythological and folklore films.[50] Later, more 'social films' i.e. films based on contemporary life and social issues, were made by filmmakers. Notable among them was Vandemataram (1939), touching on societal problems like the practice of dowry. Telugu films increasingly focused on contemporary living: 29 of the 96 films released between 1937 and 1947 had social themes.[51]

Cinema during the Crown Rule edit

Y. V. Rao (left), pioneer of cinema during crown rule[52] and stalwart V. Nagayya (right), known for his method acting.[53]

In 1938, Gudavalli Ramabrahmam has co-produced and directed the social problem film, Mala Pilla starring Kanchanamala. The film dealt with the crusade against untouchability, prevailing in pre-independent India.[54][55] In 1939, he directed Raithu Bidda, starring thespian Bellary Raghava. The film was banned by the British administration in the region, for depicting the uprise of the peasantry among the Zamindar's during the British raj.[56] The success of these films gave an impetus to Y. V. Rao, B. N. Reddy and others to produce films on social themes.[34] Viswa Mohini (1940) is the first Indian film depicting the Indian movie world. The film was directed by Y. V. Rao and scripted by Balijepalli Lakshmikantha Kavi, starring V. Nagayya. Rao subsequently made the sequel films Savithri and Sathyabhama (1941–42) casting thespian Sthanam Narasimha Rao.[57][58]

The outbreak of World War II and the subsequent resource scarcity caused the British Raj to impose a limit on the use of filmstrip in 1943 to 11,000 feet,[59] a sharp reduction from the 20,000 feet that had been common till then.[60] As a result, the number of films produced during the war was substantially lower than in previous years. Nonetheless, before the ban, an important shift occurred in the industry: Independent studios formed, actors and actresses were signed to contracts limiting whom they could work for, and films moved from social themes to folklore legends.[61] Ghantasala Balaramayya, has directed the mythological Sri Seeta Rama Jananam (1944) under his home production, Prathiba Picture, marking veteran Akkineni Nageswara Rao's debut in a lead role.[62]

Classical cinema and Golden Age edit

Malliswari is the first Telugu film which had a public release with thirteen prints along with Chinese subtitles at Beijing on 14 March 1953, and a 16 mm film print was also screened in the United States.[63][64] The film was directed by B. N. Reddy, a recipient of the Dada Saheb Phalke Award, and the Doctor of Letters honour.[64]

From left to right: A production still of Mayabazar (1957), N. T. Rama Rao in Pathala Bhairavi (1951) the only south Indian film screened at 1st IFFI, Kanta Rao with Raajanala in a folklore combat scene, and Vedantam Raghavayya

The industry is one of the largest producers of folklore, fantasy, and mythological films.[65][66][67] Filmmakers like K. V. Reddy, B. Vittalacharya and Kodi Ramakrishna have pioneered this genre.[68][69] 1956 film Tenali Ramakrishna has garnered the All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film.

K. V. Reddy's Mayabazar (1957) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of Telugu cinema that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humor in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology. The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, CNN-IBN included Mayabazar in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time". In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN among those 100 films, Mayabazar was voted by the public as the "greatest Indian film of all time."

Relangi and Ramana Reddy were a comedy double act during this era.[70] Nartanasala (1963) won three awards at the third Afro-Asian Film Festival in Jakarta.[71] Donga Ramudu directed by K. V. Reddy was archived in the curriculum of the Film and Television Institute of India.[72] Nammina Bantu received critical reception at the San Sebastián International Film Festival.[73][74] 1967 film Ummadi Kutumbam was selected by Film Federation of India as one of its entries to the Moscow Film Festival.[72][75] The 1968 cult classic Sudigundalu was screened at the Tashkent and Moscow Film Festivals.[76] Bapu's directorial venture Sakshi was showcased at Tashkent International film festival in 1968.[77] In 1976, he directed Sita Kalyanam got critical acclaim at the BFI London Film Festival and Chicago International Film Festival, and is part of the curriculum at British Film Institute.[78][79]

Rise of Tollywood edit

The nickname Tollywood is a portmanteau of the words Telugu and Hollywood.[80] Moola Narayana Swamy and B. N. Reddy founded Vijaya Vauhini Studios in 1948 in the city of Chennai.[81] Indian film doyen L. V. Prasad, who started his film career with Bhakta Prahlada, founded Prasad Studios in 1956 based in Chennai.[82] However, through the efforts of D. V. S. Raju, the Telugu film industry completely shifted its base from Chennai to Hyderabad in the early 1990s, during N. T. Rama Rao's political reign.[83]

Veteran actor Akkineni Nageswara Rao relocated to Hyderabad and has developed Annapurna Studios. The Telugu film industry is one of the three largest film producers in India. About 245 Telugu films were produced in 2006, the highest in India for that year. Film studios in Hyderabad, including Ramoji Film City, developed by D. Ramanaidu and Ramoji Rao, are involved in prolific film production and employment.[84] There is a fair amount of dispersion among the Indian film industries. Since 2005, many successful Telugu films have been largely remade by the Bengali cinema and Hindi film industries, while in the past, Telugu filmmakers drew inspiration from Bengali cinema and literature.[85] Telugu film production accounts for one per cent of the gross domestic product of the region.[86][87][88]

The digital cinema network company UFO Moviez marketed by Southern Digital Screenz (SDS) has digitised several cinemas in the region.[89][90] The Film and Television Institute of Telangana, Film and Television Institute of Andhra Pradesh, Ramanaidu Film School and Annapurna International School of Film and Media are some of the largest film schools in India.[91][92] The Telugu states consist of approximately 2800 theatres, the largest number of cinema halls of any state in India.[93] Being commercially consistent, Telugu cinema had its influence over commercial cinema in India.[94]

The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world, Ramoji Film City.[95] The Prasads IMAX located in Hyderabad is one of the largest 3D IMAX screens, and the most attended cinema screen in the world.[96][97][98] As per the CBFC report of 2014, the industry is placed first in India, in terms of films produced yearly.[99] The industry holds a memorandum of understanding with the Motion Picture Association of America to combat video piracy.[100][101][102] In the years 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2014 the industry has produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.[103][84]

1992 film Gharana Mogudu is the first Telugu film to gross over 10 crore at the box office.[104] Produced on a shoe string budget of 1.2 crore, 2000 film Nuvve Kavali became sleeper hit of the late 1990s.[105][106] It was screened for 200 days in 20 screens grossing over 20 crore.[107][108][109]

Neo Tollywood edit

 
Hyderabad International Convention Center has been the Hyderabad home for Filmfare Awards South since 2007.[110][111]

Dasari Narayana Rao directed the most number of films in the Telugu language, exploring themes such as aesthestics in Meghasandesam (1982), Battle of Bobbili in the biographical war film Tandra Paparayudu (1986), alternate history with Sardar Papa Rayudu (1980), and gender discrimination in Kante Koothurne Kanu (1998) for which he received the Special Jury Award (Feature Film - Director) at the 46th National Film Awards.[112] K. Raghavendra Rao explored devotional themes with Agni Putrudu (1987), Annamayya (1997), Sri Ramadasu (2006), Shirdi Sai (2012) and Om Namo Venkatesaya (2017) receiving various state honours.[113]

Singeetam Srinivasa Rao introduced science fiction to the Telugu screen with Aditya 369 (1991), the film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes.[114] The edge of the seat thriller had characters which stayed human, inconsistent and insecure. The film's narrative takes the audience into the post apocalyptic experience through time travel, as well as folklore generation of 1500 CE, which including a romantic backstory, the "Time Machine" made it a brilliant work of fiction.[115][116][117]

Ram Gopal Varma's Siva, which attained cult status in Telugu cinema, is one of the first Telugu films produced after the migration of Telugu film industry from Madras to Hyderabad to feature characters speaking the Telangana dialect.[118][119] Varma was credited with the introduction of steadicams and new sound recording techniques in Telugu films.[120] Within a year of the film's release, more than ten steadicams were imported into India.[121] Siva attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental Telugu films.[122][123]

Subsequently, Varma introduced road movie and film-noir to Indian screen with Kshana Kshanam. Varma experimented with close-to-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with unnecessary commercial fillers.[124] It went on to gather a cult following in south India,[125] with a dubbed Hindi version titled Hairaan released to positive reports from bollywood critics, the Ann Arbor Film Festival, and the Fribourg Festival.[126][127]

Chiranjeevi's works such as the comedy thriller, Chantabbai, the vigilante thriller, Kondaveeti Donga the first Telugu film to be released on a 70 mm 6-Track Stereophonic sound,[citation needed] the western thriller Kodama Simham, and the action thriller, Gang Leader, popularised genre films with the highest estimated footfall.[128] He received the Padma Vibhushan, the second-highest civilian award, in 2024.[129] Reddiff.com cited Sekhar Kammula's, National Award-winning Dollar Dreams (2000) as a take off from where Nagesh Kukunoor's Hyderabad Blues (1998) ends.[citation needed] Dollar Dreams explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings. The film re-introduced social realism to Telugu screen, and brought back its lost glory which until then was stuck in its run of the mill commercial pot-boilers.[130]

Vanaja (2006) won several international awards including the first prize in the live-action feature film category at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival.[131] Dream (2012), has garnered the Royal Reel Award at the Canada International Film Festival.[132][133][134] 2013 Social problem film, Naa Bangaaru Talli won Best Film award at the Detroit Trinity International Film Festival.[135][136][137]

Minugurulu (2014) about blind children received Best Indian Film at the "9th India International Children's Film Festival Bangalore".[138] 2013 Cultural film, O Friend, This Waiting! has received special mention at the Erasing Borders Festival of Classical Dance, Indo-American Arts Council, New York, 2013.[citation needed] Experimental film Parampara has garnered the Platinum Award for Best Feature at the International Indonesian Movie Awards.[139] 2018 biographical film Mahanati based on the life of veteran actress Savitri has garnered the "Equality in Cinema Award" at the 2018 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.[140]

During the 1990s, the Rayalaseema dialect was portrayed in films about the factional conflicts in the area, while the Telangana dialect, already having been pegged to villainous and comedic roles, saw an increase in this usage in reaction to the shift of the Telugu film production from Madras to Hyderabad.[141][142] After the formation of the state of Telangana in 2014, Telangana culture gained more prominence, and more films were produced portraying Telangana culture, and dialect.[143]

Sub-genres and off beat films edit

Screenwriters such as Chandra Sekhar Yeleti experimented with the off beat film Aithe (2003) with a caption "all movies are not the same". Aithe was made on a shoestring budget of about 1.5 crores and went on to collect more than 6 crores. After almost two years he delivered another thriller Anukokunda Oka Roju (2005) both films were a refreshing change of pace to the audiences, produced by Gangaraju Gunnam.[144] Aithe was remade in Tamil as Naam (2003) and in Malayalam as Wanted (2004).[145]

Mohana Krishna Indraganti explored the themes of chastity, and adultery in his literary adaption Grahanam (2004) (based on "Gunadosham" by social critic G. V. Chalam).[146][147] Grahanam was shot in 19 days with a digital camera.[148][failed verification] B. Anuradha of Rediff.com cited "In this offbeat film, Indraganti upholds the tirade against chauvinists who accuse a noble lady of infidelity, ignoring her denials with contempt". The film was featured at the Independent South Asian Film Festival in the United States.[149][148]

Speaking about the centenary of Indian cinema at the CII Media and Entertainment Summit 2012, filmmaker Shekhar Kapur said regional cinema is surpassing Hindi cinema in content and story, and cited Eega (2012) as an example. Kapur said he was impressed with its story and use of technology, and called it "no less than a Hollywood superhero film".[150] Shah Rukh Khan called Eega an "awesomely original" film and a "must watch" with children.[151][152] Eega won various awards at the 8th Toronto After Dark Film Festival.[153]

Sub Genre war drama Kanche (2015) by Krish Jagarlamudi explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the Italian campaign, during World War II in an engrossing background tale of caste-ism while giving it a technically brilliant cinematic rendition.[154] Sankalp Reddy explored submarine warfare in his directorial debut Ghazi (2017), based on the mysterious altercation between PNS Ghazi and INS Karanj during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[155] Indo-Asian News Service called new-generation film maker Sandeep Vanga's Arjun Reddy the "most original, experimental work to come out of Telugu cinema in a long time", and said the protagonist's (played by Vijay Deverakonda) "rise, fall and rise ... is nothing short of poetic and heart wrenching".[156] Actor-dancer Allu Arjun produced and acted in the short film, I Am That Change (2014), to spread awareness on individual social responsibility. The movie was directed by Sukumar, which was screened in theatres across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana on Indian Independence day, 2014.[157]

Adivi Sesh scripted the Neo-noir Kshanam (2016), based on a real life incident of a missing three-year-old girl.[158] Sesh followed it up writing R.A.W. thriller Goodachari (2018), and the war docudrama Major (2022).[159][160] Cinema Bandi (2022) scripted and directed by Praveen Kandregula, and produced by film making duo Raj and D. K.; explored the theme of how a lost camera fuels dreams in a Telugu hamlet, winning the Jury Special Mention at the 53rd IFFI.[161][162] Venu Yeldandi explored slice of life story from rural Telangana with Balagam (2023) hitting the right chords to be considered one of the best off-beat films of the year by various international juries.[163][164] Paul Nicodemus of The Times of India cited Prashanth Varma's super-hero film Hanu Man for merging elements of mythology with contemporary action, and offering a unique viewing experience in Indian cinema.[165]

Spread to World markets edit

 
Statue of L. V. Prasad at Prasad's IMAX theatre in Hyderabad, India
 
Sets of Baahubali series at Ramoji Film City

Athadu was released with 6 prints in United States and was distributed by Vishnu Mudda and Soma Kancherla of Crown DVD distribution company in San Jose, Dallas, Detroit, Virginia, New Jersey, Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Boston, Minneapolis, Phoenix at Arizona and also in centers like Lowell at Massachusetts, MA, Tulsa at Oklahoma, West Virginia, Springfield, Boulder at Colorado and Corpus Christi at South Texas. Because of the demand, another print was imported from India for screening.[166][167] The film's first screening in USA happened at Cine Plaza 13 at North Bergen on the night of 11 August 2005.[168] At Connecticut, a special screening was conducted on 19 August 2005. Initially one show was planned but because of the demand another show was screened. There at the theatre, a turn out of 442 people was observed which included standing audience for 434 seats and about 60 could not be accommodated.[169] Apart from USA, the film released in selected screens in United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany and Australia.[167]

Bommarillu was released worldwide with 72 prints. Owing to its success, the number of reels grew to about hundred.[170] It collected a distributors share of 5 crore in its opening week in India.[170] Released in six major metros in the United States, the film collected $73,200 (then approximately 0.3 crore) within the first four days of screening.[170] A 2006 survey conducted by a popular entertainment portal in the United States revealed that the film was watched by an Indian expatriate population of 65,000, which generated a revenue of 3 crore at that time.[171] A cumulative gross revenue for the film was reported to be 25 crore including 3.5 crore from overseas, the largest for any Telugu film at that time. Owing to this path breaking trade, the film was remade into Tamil, Bengali, Oriya and Urdu/Hindi.[172]

2006 action film, Pokiri has been remade in Hindi, Tamil and Kannada in the following two years owing to the film's commercial success. It was screened at the IIFA film festival held in Dubai in 2006.[173] Walt Disney Pictures co-produced Anaganaga O Dheerudu, making it the first South Indian production by Disney.[174][175] Dookudu was released among seventy nine screens in the United States, the Los Angeles Times quoted it as The biggest hit you've never heard of.[176][177][178] In the rest of north, east and west India, it opened up in 21 cities.[179] The film set a box office record by collecting a gross of more than 100 crore at the time.[180][181]

On 1 June 2022, RRR was screened in over 100 theatres across the United States for a one night event called "#encoRRRe".[182] Speaking to Deadline Hollywood, Dylan Marchetti of Variance Films said that "With more than 250 films coming out of India annually, RRR could be a gateway drug".[183] Nashville Scene's Jason Shawhan wrote about the event that "the nationwide encore of RRR is American audiences reaching with outstretched arms to something so exciting and rock-solid entertaining that its success already happened without insular traditional media even mentioning it. This isn't America dipping a toe in Indian cinema — it's a victory lap".[184][14] Filmmaker S. S. Rajamouli has been signed by American talent agency Creative Artists Agency, owing to RRR being the only non-English-language film to trend globally on Netflix Platform for 10 consecutive weeks.[185]

Pan-India film edit

 
S. S. Rajamouli

Pan-Indian film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with Telugu cinema as a mainstream commercial cinema appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets. S. S. Rajamouli pioneered the pan-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) and Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017), that changed the face of Indian cinema.[186] "Pan-India film" is both a style of cinema and a distribution strategy, designed to universally appeal to audiences across the country and simultaneously released in multiple languages.[187]

Film journalists and analysts, such as Baradwaj Rangan and Vishal Menon, have labelled Prabhas as the "first legit Pan-Indian Superstar" in Indian cinema.[188] Actors like Prabhas, Allu Arjun, Ram Charan and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan-Indian films.[189]

Srivatsan S of The Hindu wrote that Telugu cinema has excelled in marketing Pan-Indian films. It primarily employed two strategies – promoting the film outside their home territory and collaborating with other regional stars for more visibility.[190] Following the success of the Telugu films Pushpa: The Rise (2021) and RRR (2022), Rahul Devulapalli of The Week identified "Content, marketing, [and] indulgent overseas audience" have led to the rise of pan-Indian films from Telugu cinema.[191]

Cast and crew edit

From left to right: Bhanumathi on a postal stamp, Sobhan Babu, Kota Srinivasa Rao, Brahmanandam, and Mohan Babu

V. Nagayya was one of the most influential method actors of Indian cinema during crown rule.[192] Vemuri Gaggaiah, Kalyanam Raghuramayya, R. Nageswara Rao, C.S.R. Anjaneyulu, Yadavalli Suryanarayana, C. H. Narayana Rao, Mudigonda Lingamurthy etc., are some of the finest method actors during the golden era.[193] S. V. Ranga Rao won Best Actor Award for his portrayal of Kichaka in Nartanasala at the third Afro-Asian Film Festival held in Jakarta.[194][195]

Adurthi Subba Rao, garnered seven National Film Awards, for his pioneering work on drama films.[196] K. N. T. Sastry and Pattabhirama Reddy have garnered international recognition for their works in neo-realistic cinema.[197][198] A. Kutumba Rao is known for directing children's films such as Bhadram Koduko, Thodu, and Paatha Nagaramlo Pasivadu the latter winning Cairo International Film Festival's, Merit Certificate for best feature.[199][200] Jandhyala, and Trivikram Srinivas are known for screwball comedy, and action comedy.[201] A. Sreekar Prasad garnered pan-India recognition for film editing across multiple languages.[202]

Krishna Ghattamaneni is credited with producing many technological firsts such as the first cinemascope film Alluri Seetarama Raju, first 70mm film Simhasanam, first DTS film Telugu Veera Levara (1988) and introducing cowboy and bond movie styles to the Telugu screen.[203] Sharada, Archana, Vijayashanti, Rohini, Keerthy Suresh, P. L. Narayana, Nagarjuna, and Allu Arjun fetched the National Film Award for acting. Chiranjeevi, was listed among "The men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema" by IBN-live India.[204][205] Brahmanandam, holds a Guinness World Record for acting in the most films in the same language.[206][207] Veteran actor Mohan Babu starred in more than 500 feature films in a variety of antagonist and leading roles.[208] Vijayachander acted and produced hagiographical films, he esaayed "Jesus of Nazareth" in Karunamayudu (1978), "Sai Baba of Shirdi" in Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam (1986), "Vemana" in Vemana Charithra (1986), and "Saint Paul" in Dayamayudu (1987).[209]

Cinematography and visual effects edit

From left to right: Cinematographer turned mainstream director Teja at a shooting location, 1994; and Samala Bhasker on location, 2021

V. N. Reddy, K. S. Prasad, Jaya Gummadi, Sudhakar Yakkanti, K. K. Senthil Kumar, and C. Rajendra Prasad garnered pan India recognition for their cinematographic works.[210][211][212] Enhanced technology among live action animation, digital compositing, and special effects paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms. Visual effects based high fantasy works have tasted success.[213] Pete Draper, P. C. Sanath, Chakri Toleti and V. Srinivas Mohan supervise visual effects.[213] Lok Singh, Hari Anumolu, S. Gopal Reddy, Chota K. Naidu, and P. S. Vinod fetched various state honours for their works in popular cinema.[214]

Film critics and jury members edit

Vasiraju Prakasam and K. N. T. Sastry are one of the noted Indian film critics from the region.[215][216] B. S. Narayana was a member of the Indian delegation to the Tashkent Film Festival in 1974, and the Moscow International Film Festival in 1975.[217] Gummadi, served as official member of the Indian delegation from South India to the Tashkent Film Festival in 1978 and 1982.[74] He served as the Jury Member thrice for the 28th, 33rd, and 39th National Film Awards. Chandra Siddhartha served in South Jury at the 57th, 61st and 65th National Film Awards, as well as the 49th IFFI.[218][219]

Film Score and Lyrics edit

Italian explorer Niccolò de' Conti, who visited the Vijayanagara Empire during 15th-century, found that the words in the Telugu language follow a unique literary form that end with vowels, just like those in Italian, and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East".[220] Classical Telugu film scores were inspired by this literary form used by scholars Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty, Kandukuri Veeresalingam, and Gurajada Apparao.[221]

From left to right: Ghantasala on an Indian stamp, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki, and P. Susheela

Sri Sri was one of the influential film lyricists of his time, who garnered national honours such as Sahitya Akademi Award, Best Lyricist and Soviet Land Nehru Award for his pioneering work.[222][223]Susarla Dakshinamurthi, Parupalli Ramakrishnaiah Pantulu, Ogirala Ramachandra Rao, Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, Tanguturi Suryakumari, and Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna are some of the influential music composers of Southern Indian cinema.[224][225][226] Music composers such as Pendyala Nageswara Rao, R. Sudarshanam and R. Goverdhanam made contributions to folklore and mythological films.[227][228]

 
Former vice-president Venkaiah Naidu presenting Ustad Bismillah Khan Award for culture to veteran songwriter Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry in 2017

Madhavapeddi Satyam, P. Adinarayana Rao, Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao, Satyam, P. B. Sreenivas, S. P. Kodandapani, G. K. Venkatesh, S. Hanumantha Rao, have contributed their work extensively for films containing themes of social relevance.[229] S.P. Balasubrahmanyam is a multilingual playback singer from Telugu cinema to win National Film Awards across four languages. He holds the record of having recorded more songs than any other male playback singer and has received 25 state Nandi Awards.[230]

S. Rajeswara Rao pioneered the use of light music in Telugu cinema; Rao's most rewarding assignments came from Gemini Studios, which he joined in 1940 and with which he remained for a decade.[231] Ghantasala, performed in the United States, England, and Germany. According to The Hindu, and The Indian Express he was "Such a divine talent and with his songs he could move the hearts of the people. Ghantasala's blending of classical improvisations to the art of light music combined with his virtuosity and sensitivity puts him a class apart, above all others in the field of playback singing".[232][additional citation(s) needed]

P. Susheela, has been recognised by both the Guinness Book of World Records and the Asia Book of Records for singing most songs in Indian languages.[233] She is also the recipient of five National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer and numerous state awards.[234] Works by S. Janaki, Ramesh Naidu, M. M. Keeravani, Chandrabose have received global recognition, the later fetching the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 2023 for "Naatu Naatu" from RRR.[235] K. S. Chitra has received highest Nandi awards for best female playback singer. Multi-instrumentalists duo Raj–Koti holds a notable career spanning a decade, the duo has garnered particular acclaim for redefining contemporary music.[236][237] R. P. Patnaik is the current president of the Telugu Cine Music Association.[238] New age musicians Thaman S and Devi Sri Prasad received pan-Indian acclaim for works such as Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (2020) and Pushpa: The Rise (2021) respectively.[239][240]

Guinness records edit

Dubbed films edit

The 1949 film Keelu Gurram was the first Telugu film to be dubbed into the Tamil language, being subsequently released under the name Maya Kudhirai.[63] According to the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce, "as per the Judgement of Supreme Court in Ashirwad Films in W.P.(Civil) No.709 there will be no difference in taxation of films between the dubbed films coming in from other states and the films produced in the Telugu States".[250] Aarya movie was later dubbed to Malayalam.[citation needed]

Distribution edit

The Telugu-speaking areas are broadly divided into three areas for the purposes of Film Distribution, namely, Nizam, Ceded and Andhra.[251][252][253][254]

Domestic territories edit

Territory[251][252][253][254] Areas Included
Nizam State of Telangana, along with two districts of Karnataka viz., Raichur and Koppal
Ceded Eight districts of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh along with Bellary and Vijayanagar of Karnataka and Markapur revenue division of Prakasam district
Uttarandhra Visakhapatnam district, Vizianagaram district, Srikakulam district, Anakapalli district and parts of Alluri Sitharama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh
East East Godavari district, Kakinada district, Konaseema district, Yanam district of Puducherry and parts of Alluri Sitharama Raju district
West West Godavari district, and parts of Eluru district of Andhra Pradesh
Krishna Krishna district, NTR district and parts of Eluru district of Andhra Pradesh
Guntur Guntur district, Bapatla district, Palnadu district and Ongole revenue division of Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh
Nellore Nellore district and parts of Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka State of Karnataka excluding districts of Raichur, Koppal, Bellary and Vijayanagar, including Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu State of Tamil Nadu including Pondicherry city, excluding Krishnagiri district
Kerala State of Kerala including Mahé and Lakshadweep
North/Rest of India All the other regions of India

From the above territories, Nizam is known for the maximal earnings.[251][252][253][254]

International territories edit

Territory Areas Included
North America North America including United States
UK & Europe Europe including United Kingdom
South Africa South Africa
UAE & GCC United Arab Emirates and other Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
Singapore Singapore
Japan Japan
Malaysia Malaysia
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Australia Countries of Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and PNG
Oceania Other parts of Oceania
Rest of World All other parts of the world excluding above Territories

Awards edit

Studios edit

Major Filmmaking studios

Visual effects and animation studios

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Telugu films in the list include Pathala Bhairavi (1951), Malliswari (1951), Devadasu (1953), Mayabazar (1957), Nartanasala (1963), Maro Charitra (1978), Maa Bhoomi (1979), Sankarabharanam (1980), Sagara Sangamam (1983), and Siva (1989).[21]
  2. ^ Mrinal Sen's Oka Oori Katha (1977) won the "Special Jury Prize" at "Karlovy Vary";[23] K. Viswanath's Sankarabharanam (1980) won the "Prize of the Public" at the Besançon Film Festival of France, and Swathi Muthyam (1986) was India's official entry to the 59th Academy Awards.[24][25] B. Narsing Rao's Maa Ooru (1987) won the "Media Wave Award" of Hungary; Daasi (1988) and Matti Manushulu (1990) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the 16th and 17th MIFF respectively.[26][27] K. N. T. Sastry's Thilaadanam (2000) received "New Currents Award" at the 7th Busan;[28] Rajnesh Domalpalli's Vanaja (2006) won "Best First Feature Award" at the 57th Berlinale;[29]

References edit

  1. ^ Vinayak, A. J. (28 September 2022). "Why films from the South set the box office on fire". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  2. ^ "KGF 2 to RRR, South Indian film industry saw THESE many releases across 4 languages in 2022!". India Today.
  3. ^ a b Jha, Lata (31 January 2023). "Footfalls for Hindi films slump up to 50%". Mint. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  4. ^ a b "10K Crore: Return of the box office". Ormax Media. 27 January 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  5. ^ Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (4 February 2022). "Rise of the South: Telugu cinema sets Indian box office on fire". Business Standard. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  6. ^ "Why Telugu films gave Hindi films a run for their money in the pandemic". Business Today. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  7. ^ Ali, Maaz; Khan, Maaz; Hussain, Anum (24 March 2021). Bollywood For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-119-78070-0.
  8. ^ "Largest film studio". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  9. ^ Reith-Banks, Tash (29 January 2019). "Tollywood confidential: inside the world's biggest film city". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d Kasbekar, Asha (2006). Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle. ABC-CLIO. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-85109-636-7.
  11. ^ Encyclopaedia of early cinema, by Richard Abel, pp. 677, Bhishma Pratigya, 1921 film
  12. ^ Thoraval, Yves (2000). The Cinemas of India. Macmillan India. ISBN 978-0-333-93410-4.
  13. ^ W. Chandrakanth. "Nijam cheppamantara, abaddham cheppamantara...". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007.
  14. ^ a b Hindi Cinema Year Book. Screen World Publication. 2002.
  15. ^ Asian Film Directory and Who's who. 1952.
  16. ^ Mareswara Rao 1997, p. 93.
  17. ^ a b [11][12][13][14][15][16]
  18. ^ a b c d e Mareswara Rao 1997, p. 95.
  19. ^ Narasimham, M. L. (7 November 2010). "Sati Savithri (1933)". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  20. ^ Narayanan, Sujatha (9 May 2017). "SS Rajamouli's Baahubali follows Telugu cinema's long tradition of mythological films". Firstpost. Retrieved 4 March 2023. Telugu cinema is where the genre of mythology has its deep-set roots in Indian motion picture history.
  21. ^ "100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time". IBNLive. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  22. ^ Senapati, Udai (13 March 2022). Film Making. K. K. Publications. p. 56.
  23. ^ "25th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  24. ^ "K. Viswanath Film craft Page 6 DFF" (PDF). Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  25. ^ "8th IFFI Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  26. ^ "Mediawave Archívum (1991-2022) :: 1992 :: Filmes Díjlista". mwave.irq.hu.
  27. ^ "Metro Plus Hyderabad / Travel : Unsung moments". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 March 2005.
  28. ^ "Awards". Busan International Film Festival. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  29. ^ "Vanaja Best First Feature". 57th Berlinale. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  30. ^ "Telugu film industry turns 80". The Hindu Business Line. 11 September 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022. Mr Raghupati Venkaiah, regarded as the father of Telugu film industry, laid the foundation stone for the industry in the South by setting up Glass Studio and bringing one of the first cameras into the country.
  31. ^ Nyayapati, Neeshita (6 November 2019). "Naresh's 'Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu' has a release date". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 October 2022. Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was known as the 'father of Telugu cinema'.
  32. ^ a b c d Visweswara Rao, Namala. "Telugu Cinema Celebrity – Raghupati Venkaiah Naidu". Idlebrain.com.
  33. ^ a b c Kumar, Srikanth (26 June 2010). "Why AP Government named an award after Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu". South Scope. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  34. ^ a b c d e "Reliving the reel and the real". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2007.
  35. ^ a b c "History of Birth and Growth of Telugu Cinema (Part 3)". CineGoer.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2007.
  36. ^ a b Mareswara Rao 1997, p. 94
  37. ^ Parthasarathy, R. (1984). Andhra Culture: A Petal in Indian Lotus. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 128.
  38. ^ Narasimham, M. L. (10 September 2011). "Eighty glorious years of Telugu talkie". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
  39. ^ Vamsi, Krishna (6 February 2017). "Tollywood turns 85: With the release of Bhakta Prahlada, this is how the industry was born". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  40. ^ "'Bhaktha Prahladha': First Telugu talkie completes 81 years". CNN-IBN. 7 February 2013. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  41. ^ "Today's Paper / NATIONAL : Telugu Cinema Day on September 15". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  42. ^ Narasimham, M.L. (9 September 2012). "Wake up, industry". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  43. ^ "Telugu Cinema turns a grand 82!". The Hans India. 7 February 2013. p. 10. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  44. ^ Gita Vittal (1 January 2007). Reflections: Experiences of a Bureaucrat's Wife. Academic Foundation. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-81-7188-471-1. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  45. ^ a b c Mareswara Rao 1997, p. 101.
  46. ^ Mareswara Rao 1997, p. 102.
  47. ^ a b Ramachandran, T. M.; Rukmini, S. (1985). 70 Years of Indian Cinema, 1913-1983. CINEMA India-International. p. 477. ISBN 978-0-86132-090-5.
  48. ^ History and Culture of the Andhras. Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University. 1995. p. 390. ISBN 978-81-86073-07-0.
  49. ^ Srivastava, Manoj (6 December 2017). Wide Angle: History of Indian Cinema. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-946280-48-0.
  50. ^ Mareswara Rao 1997, p. 104.
  51. ^ "Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema". CineGoer.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  52. ^ Guy, Randor (22 August 2003). "A revolutionary filmmaker". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  53. ^ "Paul Muni of India – Chittoor V.Nagayya". Bharatjanani.com. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  54. ^ Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006, pp.14.
  55. ^ "Nostalgia Mala Pilla (1938) at Cinegoer.com". cinegoer.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012.
  56. ^ "Celebrating 100 Years of Indian Cinema: www.indiancinema100.in". indiancinema100.in. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  57. ^ "A revolutionary filmmaker". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 22 August 2003. Archived from the original on 17 January 2004.
  58. ^ "Y. V. Rao Fimograph". Indiancine.ma.
  59. ^ "Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema". CineGoer.com. 17 July 1943. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  60. ^ "Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema". CineGoer.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  61. ^ "Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema". CineGoer.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  62. ^ Narasimham, M.L. (25 February 2012). "Blast From The Past: Sri Sita Rama Jananam (1944)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  63. ^ a b Eenadu Daily, Eenadu Sunday – 28 April 2013, 100 years of Indian Cinema, Early Tollywood, Page 9
  64. ^ a b "Directorate of Film Festival" (PDF). iffi.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  65. ^ "'Maya Bazaar' forever!". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 21 April 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2006.
  66. ^ "Mythological characters, a hit in T-town". The Times of India. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012.
  67. ^ "I feel blessed to play Sita: Nayanthara". The Times of India on Mobile. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  68. ^ "A new Jaganmohini". The Times of India. 22 June 2008. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012.
  69. ^ "Ace lensman recalls magic moments". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 14 April 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2006.
  70. ^ M L Narasimham (14 January 2016). "Blast from the Past: Mahakavi Kalidasu (1960)". The Hindu.
  71. ^ "Directorate of Film Festival" (PDF). Iffi.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  72. ^ a b Eenadu Daily, Eenadu cinema – 17 July 2013, National art theater, Page 10
  73. ^ Guy, Randor (30 November 2013). "Master movie maker". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  74. ^ a b "Profile of Gummadi - Telugu film actor". www.idlebrain.com.
  75. ^ "Director Yoganand is no more – Telugu Movie News". indiaglitz.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
  76. ^ Collections. Update Video Publication. 1991. p. 387.
  77. ^ Metro Plus Visakhapatnam / Cinema : Mullapudi leaves behind enduring legacy. The Hindu (5 March 2011). Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  78. ^ Shivpprasadh, S. (21 February 2013). "The Hindu article on Bapu". The Hindu.
  79. ^ m.l. narasimham (12 November 2011). "Arts / Cinema : Preview: Epic comes full circle". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  80. ^ Kavoori, Anandam P.; Punathambekar, Aswin (15 February 2022). Global Bollywood. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814729441. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  81. ^ S. Muthiah (6 December 2009). "Arts / History & Culture : Madras Miscellany – 'The First Family' gets together". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  82. ^ "Stage set for technical excellence". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 18 April 2003. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  83. ^ "Film producer D.V.S. Raju passes away". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 14 November 2010.
  84. ^ a b "Telugu film industry enters new era". Blonnet.com. 6 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  85. ^ "Great role reversal of Tollywood". The New Indian Express. 18 November 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  86. ^ "Telugu film industry turns 81". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 16 September 2011.
  87. ^ "Telugu film industry, Ind: msg#00117". Osdir.com. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  88. ^ "B-town grabs Dookudu – The Times of India". The Times of India.
  89. ^ "UFO Moviez to digitize 1000 theatres in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh". businessofcinema.com. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  90. ^ "100 New IMAX Screens | Film". Slashfilm.com. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  91. ^ "Annapurna Studios' film, media school to offer course on iPhone, iPad apps". The Hindu. Hyderabad, India. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  92. ^ "FTIA". The Hindu. Hyderabad, India. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 September 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  93. ^ "Economic times indiatimes.com". The Times of India. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  94. ^ "Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood". Business Standard India. 25 January 2006. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  95. ^ a b "Official Site of Guinnessworldrecords.com Largest Film studio in the world". Archived from the original on 19 January 2014.
  96. ^ "CNN Travel". CNN.
  97. ^ "Thehindu.com King of Good times Prasad's Imax". Chennai, India: The Hindu Newspaper. 7 August 2011.
  98. ^ Dan Nosowitz (30 May 2009). "The Seven IMAX Wonders of the World". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  99. ^ Annual report 2011 (PDF) (Report). Central Board of Film Certification, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013.
  100. ^ "Reliance Media works digital postproduction facility, Hyderabad" (Press release). Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  101. ^ "UTV distribution market". India Glitz. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  102. ^ "Mou with MPAA". The Hindu Cinema. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  103. ^ "Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers". The Times of India. 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012.
  104. ^ AS, Sashidhar (17 August 2012). "First Telugu film to gross 100 million". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  105. ^ "Nuvve Kavali's budget was originally 75 lakhs". The Times of India. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  106. ^ "rediff.com, Movies: The bigger picture". Rediff.com. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  107. ^ Kumar, K. Naresh (14 July 2022). "Nuvve Kavali: Romantic start to the new millennium". The Hans India. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  108. ^ "All Time Long Run (In Direct Centers) List". www.cinegoer.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  109. ^ "To the camera born!". Rediff.com. 7 December 2000. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  110. ^ "56th Filmfare Awards South". The Times of India. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  111. ^ "Idea Filmfare awards ceremony on July 2". The Times of India. 11 June 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.
  112. ^ "Directorate of Film Festival" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  113. ^ "Tollywood extends birthday wishes to K Raghavendra Rao". The Times of India. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  114. ^ Narasimham, M. L. (12 October 2018). "The story behind the song ' Nerajaanavule' from the movie Aditya 369". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  115. ^ "Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule"". Silverscreen.in. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  116. ^ Srinivasan, Pavithra (7 September 2010). "Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ". Rediff.com. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  117. ^ "Sudeep's excited about film with Ram Gopal Varma". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
  118. ^ Pasupulate, Karthik (20 February 2013). "Power of the tongue". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  119. ^ Raghavan, Nikhil (4 October 2010). "A saga in the making?". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  120. ^ Pasupulate, Karthik (29 October 2015). "Raj Tarun to star in a silent film by RGV". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  121. ^ Varma, Ram Gopal (18 December 2015). Guns and Thighs: The Story of My Life. Rupa Publications. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-81-2913-749-4. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  122. ^ Chinnarayana, Pulagam (August 2007). శివ—సెల్యులాయిడ్ చరిత్రలో సహజావేశం [Siva—A natural frustration in the history of celluloid] (in Telugu). United States. p. 53. ISSN 1559-7008. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  123. ^ "Nagarjuna's Shiva completes 25 years". The Times of India. 5 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  124. ^ "telugu cinema – Good Films – Kshanakshanam – Venkatesh, Sridevi – Ram Gopal Varma – S Gopal Reddy – MM Keeravani". idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  125. ^ "The Indian Express - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  126. ^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (10 July 2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-94325-7 – via Google Books.
  127. ^ "Edouard Waintrop on the New Indian Cinema : UP Front – India Today". India Today. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  128. ^ Gopalan, Krishna (30 August 2008). "Southern movie stars & politics: A long love affair". The Economic Times. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  129. ^ "Padma Vibhushan for Megastar Chiranjeevi". Deccan Chronicle. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  130. ^ Gangadhar, V (17 July 2000). "rediff.com, Movies: The Dollar Dreams review". Rediff.com. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  131. ^ "2007's MediaBridge Award Winners". Chicago International Children's Film Festival. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  132. ^ "2013 Official Selections". canadafilmfestival.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013.
  133. ^ Krishnamoorthy, Suresh (4 March 2013). "'Dream' hops to Canada in flying colours". The Hindu.
  134. ^ Eenadu daily, Eenadu Cinema, page 16, 11 April 2013
  135. ^ "Naa Bangaru Talli as Best film at Trinity International Film Festival". gulte.com.
  136. ^ "'The story of Naa Bangaru Talli is quite shocking'". Rediff.com. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  137. ^ "'Naa Bangaru Talli' made it big in the TIFF 2013". alllightsfilmmagazine.com. July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014.
  138. ^ "'Minugurulu' Grabs Best Indian Film CIICFF – Telugu Movie News". indiaglitz.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014.
  139. ^ "International recognition for 'Parampara'". 25 September 2014.
  140. ^ "Mahanati: 100 glorious days of an undisputed classic!". in.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018.
  141. ^ "Cinema Bandi: A pathbreaker in Telugu film industry". The Week. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  142. ^ "From 'Fidaa' to 'iSmart Shankar': The rise of Telangana dialect in mainstream cinema". The News Minute. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  143. ^ Reddy, R. Ravikanth (1 June 2018). "Once-mocked Telangana dialect is now the mainstream". The Hindu. Hyderabad. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 9 April 2021 – via www.thehindu.com.
  144. ^ "The Hindu : Different strokes". Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  145. ^ "Telugu Cinema - Review - Aithe - Chandra Sekhar Eleti - Gangaraju Gunna - Kalyani Malik". www.idlebrain.com.
  146. ^ "Directorate of Film Festival" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  147. ^ "52nd National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  148. ^ a b "Grahanam review: Grahanam (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com".
  149. ^ "Grahanam: Impressive". www.rediff.com.
  150. ^ "Film Market In India Is Contracting: Shekhar Kapur". Daily News and Analysis. 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  151. ^ Sashidhar, A. S. (7 October 2012). "Shahrukh Khan praises Rajamouli's Makkhi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  152. ^ Chowdary, Y. Sunita (30 April 2015). "In a happy space". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  153. ^ "Rajamouli's Eega continues to win awards". The Times of India. 3 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  154. ^ Kalyanam, Rajeswari (24 October 2015). "Breaking new grounds". The Hans India. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  155. ^ "65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award". News 18date=13 April 2018. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  156. ^ "Arjun Reddy movie review: Intense, raw and unbelievably honest. 5 stars". Hindustan Times. Indo Asian News Service. 26 August 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  157. ^ "Allu Arjun's new film rolls out". The Times of India. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  158. ^ "'Kshanam' most rewarding and stressful film: Adivi Sesh". The Indian Express. Indo-Asian News Service. 22 February 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  159. ^ "Major BO Collections". The Times of India. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  160. ^ Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi (3 August 2018). "Goodachari review: Adivi Sesh's coming-of-age story of a spy is a winner". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  161. ^ "53RD IFFI 2022 official". Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  162. ^ "IFFI 2022 winners list: I Have Electric Dreams wins big". 28 November 2022.
  163. ^ Kumar, Nelki Naresh (8 May 2023). "Balagam Swedish Film Festival: బ‌ల‌గం సినిమాకు మ‌రో రెండు ఇంట‌ర్నేష‌న‌ల్‌ అవార్డులు". Hindustan Times (Telugu) (in Telugu). Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  164. ^ "Low-budget Tollywood movie 'Balagam' gets two LACA awards". The Times of India. IANS. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  165. ^ "Hanuman Movie Review : Blending Indian Mythology with Superhero Spectacle". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  166. ^ "Athadu in USA". idlebrain.com. 6 January 2006. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  167. ^ a b "Cycle Stand – Telugu Cinema Trade Story : Mahesh Babu's ATHADU sensation in USA". idlebrain.com. 16 September 2005. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  168. ^ "The experience of watching Athadu in New Jersey". idlebrain.com. 12 August 2005. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  169. ^ "The experience of watching Athadu in CT". idlebrain.com. 22 August 2005. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  170. ^ a b c "Trade Story: Bommarillu rocks". Idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
  171. ^ "Trade Story: Bommarillu rocks". Idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
  172. ^ Narasimhan, M. L. (29 December 2006). "A few hits and many flops". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
  173. ^ "Showcase: IIFA 2006 – Dubai | Film Festival". IIFA. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  174. ^ "Disney fantasy film in Telugu, Tamil". The Hindu. 2010. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  175. ^ "Walt Disney picks Shruti, Siddharth!". The Times of India. 17 March 2010. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  176. ^ "'Dookudu,' the biggest hit you've never heard of". Los Angeles Times. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  177. ^ "Winning combo". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  178. ^ "'Oosaravelli' takes competition to the US". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  179. ^ "Dookudu touches the one billion mark". The Times of India. 20 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  180. ^ Karthik Paspulatte (20 November 2011). "Dookudu touches the one billion mark". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  181. ^ "DCHL bankruptcy threat: PVP Ventures in fray to buy IPL team Deccan Chargers". The Economic Times. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  182. ^ "Indian action blockbuster 'RRR' roars back to theaters for one-night event". Los Angeles Times. 14 May 2022.
  183. ^ Goldsmith, Jill (10 June 2022). "Blockbuster 'RRR' Is Back, This Time At Arthouses In A New Move For Indian Film – Specialty Preview". Deadline. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  184. ^ Shawhan, Jason (26 May 2022). "The Outsized RRR Engages With History on Its Own Terms". Nashville Scene. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  185. ^ "SS Rajamouli signs with Hollywood agency CAA days after RRR Oscars entry snub". Hindustan Times. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  186. ^ ""Cinema's Biggest Mythmaker"". 1 April 2022.
  187. ^ "'Pan-India' films make a comeback". 17 April 2021.
  188. ^ ""Is Prabhas India's First Legit PAN Indian Star?'"". 20 August 2020.
  189. ^ "Prabhas, Ram Charan to Yash: 6 celebs who established pan-Indian appeal with just one film". 24 May 2023.
  190. ^ "The 'pan-Indian' strategy of Telugu cinema". 7 January 2022.
  191. ^ "Here's Telugu cinema's formula for pan-India success". 5 June 2022.
  192. ^ "Nagaiah – noble, humble and kind-hearted". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 8 April 2005. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005.
  193. ^ Early tollywood, Telugu Cinema Vythalikulu, (2002) by B. Venkateshwarlu
  194. ^ "Directorate of Film Festival" (PDF). iffi.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  195. ^ Mahabhinishkramana, Viswa Nata Chakravarti, M. Sanjay Kishore, Sangam Akademy, Hyderabad, 2005, pp: 69–70.
  196. ^ "Stars : Star Profiles : Adurti Subbarao: A Tribute". Telugucinema.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  197. ^ "Arts / Cinema : Conscientious filmmaker". The Hindu (Press release). 7 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  198. ^ "Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from NelloreOne Nellore". 1nellore.com. One Nellore. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  199. ^ "Long journey sans fun". The Hindu (Press release). 19 November 2002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  200. ^ "Children's Film Society, India | Page 14" (Press release). cfsindia. 23 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  201. ^ "8 decades of laughter". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013.
  202. ^ Sudhish Kamath (18 March 2011). "Life & Style / Metroplus : The Saturday Interview – A cut above". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  203. ^ Pasupulate, Karthik (25 December 2012). "Super Star Krishna retires from movies". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  204. ^ "100 Years of Cinema: The men who changed the face of Indian films". ibnlive.in.com. CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
  205. ^ "AU confers honorary degrees on Chiru, others". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 November 2006. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  206. ^ a b "Guinness record for Brahmanandam". The Times of India. 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  207. ^ a b "Home of the Longest, Shortest, Fastest, Tallest facts and feats". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  208. ^ "Mohan Babu's Hollywood guest". The Hindu. 25 October 2005. p. 4. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2010 – via The Hindu (old).
  209. ^ Y. Sunita Chowdhary (12 November 2011). "Arts: Stalwart Vijaya Chander". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  210. ^ "Cinema – The Era Of Talking Movies – 1940–1950". Windows on Asia. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  211. ^ Bamzai, Kaveree (18 July 1999). "Back To The Future". The Indian Express.
  212. ^ "16th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  213. ^ a b Borah, Prabalika M. (25 October 2012). "The animated lot". The Hindu.
  214. ^ "60th National Film Awards Announced" (PDF) (Press release). Press Information Bureau (PIB), India. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  215. ^ "48th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  216. ^ "54TH NATIONAL FILM AWARDS" (PDF). dff.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  217. ^ "Twenty Sixth National Film Festival" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  218. ^ "Jury-Chandra Siddhartha" (PDF). 57th NFA. New Delhi, India.
  219. ^ "Jury-Chandra Siddhartha" (PDF). 61st NFA. New Delhi, India.
  220. ^ Rao, M. Malleswara (22 December 2012). "When foreigners fell in love with Telugu language". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  221. ^ Morris, Henry (2005). A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras. Asian Educational Services. p. 86. ISBN 978-81-206-1973-9. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  222. ^ Chaso Dolls Wedding & Other Stories – Page xii introduction by Renee David Shulman, 194, Cāsō – 2012 "But Vizianagaram in the mid-twentieth century was also home to other literati including the most famous poet in modern Telugu, Sri Sri (Srirangam Srinivasa Rao); Arudra, historian of Telugu literature, literary critic and poet; and Racakonda Visvanatha Sastri, the short-story writer whose statue you can find on the Visakhapatnam beach...."
  223. ^ Dictionary of Hindu Literature Kuśa Satyendra – 2000 – Page 175 "Sriniwasaraw Srirangam (b 1910 Visakhapatnam). Telugu poet. Sri Sri, as he is popularly known, wrote his first poem at ..."
  224. ^ "National : French honour for Balamuralikrishna". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 May 2005.
  225. ^ Ramnarayan, Gowri (26 June 2010). "Maestro in many moods". The Hindu.
  226. ^ "Susarla's work". uiowa.edu. University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013.
  227. ^ "cinegoer.net – Nostalgia – AVM's Bhookailas". cinegoer.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011.
  228. ^ "Special story on veteran music director Susarla Dakshinamurthy – Etv2, Susarla Dakshinamurthy, Music". telugism.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
  229. ^ "Friday Review Hyderabad / Music : Melodious tribute". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
  230. ^ "SPB wins Padma Bhushan, no Bharat Ratna this year". Deccan Chronicle. (26 January 2011). Retrieved 2 May 2011
  231. ^ "A Tribute to (Ra)Saluri Rajeshwara Rao". Telugucinema.com. 27 October 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  232. ^ "Honouring a legend". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 February 2003. Archived from the original on 19 October 2003.
  233. ^ Naig, Udhav (29 March 2016). "P. Susheela enters Guinness World Records". The Hindu.
  234. ^ "Happy Birthday PSusheela". IndiaGlitz.com. 13 November 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  235. ^ Feinberg, Scott (9 January 2023). "The Golden Globes Auditions for Its Future". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  236. ^ "Music duo Rajkoti will be honoured-News, Telugu movie news, latest news". myfirstshow.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  237. ^ "Raj–Koti Reunited : Special Live show – ap7am". Archived from the original on 16 June 2011.
  238. ^ "No more Telugu music recording in Chennai". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013.
  239. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (22 July 2022). "68th National Film Awards | Updates". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  240. ^ "69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun, RRR, Gangubai Kathiawadi win big". 24 August 2023.
  241. ^ "Ramoji Film City sets Guinness record". The Hindu. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  242. ^ "Press Information Bureau English Releases". Pib.nic.in. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  243. ^ "Dasari Narayana Rao, pillar of Telugu film industry, passes away in Hyderabad". The News Minute. 30 May 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  244. ^ "Most screen credits for a living actor". Guinnessworldrecords.com. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  245. ^ "BBC Asian Network - Gagan Grewal, SP Balasubramaniam". BBC.
  246. ^ "Singing his way to the guinness". Spbala.com. 5 March 1999. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  247. ^ Vijayasarathy, R. G (19 November 2009). "Make way for SPB, the TV host!". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  248. ^ "They call the shots". The Hindu. 7 March 2012. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  249. ^ Naig, Udhav (29 March 2016). "P. Susheela enters Guinness World Records". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  250. ^ "GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH: Andhra Pradesh Entertainment Tax Act, 1939" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  251. ^ a b c https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/telangana-casts-its-shadow-on-telugu-film-industry-prospects-113073101015_1.html
  252. ^ a b c "Nizam territory will remain indispensable for Tollywood". The Times of India. 31 July 2013.
  253. ^ a b c http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=588&cid=8&fid=701
  254. ^ a b c "Recap 2022: Top Distribution Houses of Tollywood in USA". M9.news. 31 December 2022.
  255. ^ "TSR-TV9 film awards function in city today". The Times of India. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.
  256. ^ "Pre-visualisation". The Hindu.
  257. ^ "Sanath fire fly, digital lab, Hyderabad". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2005.
  258. ^ Suresh Krishnamoorthy. "Cities / Hyderabad : With technology, 'Eega' takes wings". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 19 September 2012.

Bibliography edit

Further reading edit

External links edit