Talk:Azad Hind

INA gave independence, not stupid non-violence

You are saying that British were committed to leave India from 1942, they said they would leave India after First World War. But what happened? British were comparatively weaker then Soviet Union and United States but were they weaker at the end of the war then 1930? No. They were at there strongest point after world war. Neither U.S.A. nor Soviet Union showed any opposition to British Rule in India. But France and Netherlands condemned the British decision of leaving India as there colonies on South East Asia depended on British Military dominance at India. But still British left India. There is no doubt that British didn't care about India. But still they left. Reason? Gandhi lead movement? Impossible. It is there fear of Bose. British didn't believe the Japanese claim that Bose is dead, they saw this by suspect. All major spy agencies of allies got active in finding the truth, but none succeed. Bose foresaw that Soviet-West alliance is temporary. Allies did know this by the meetings at the end of War at Europe. British were afraid that Bose would meet Stalin, impress him as he did to Nazis, Italians and Japanese. Japanese prime minister, Gen. Tojo was so impressed that he promised the Indian Independence. Bose was semi-socialist, so chances of his and Russian friendship were strong. So to avoid any possible war which left India united, strong and with a very strong leader- British left India immediately. Mountbatten was so afraid that he made British left India even sooner. British have seen the effect of arrest of INA soldiers. So they clearly know what would happen if they don't leave India. And now about Japanese-Bose relations. Japanese don't want to create a puppet state, Japanese clearly know that they need a strong ally who can keep British and other western powers at bay and there influence grow at South East Asia and pacific. Japanese helped Bose till the end. If they were helping India for there own selfish ends they might have left Bose much earlier. Japanese consider and still consider India as holy land of influence and light. They consider India's rightful share over it's land. Tell me the reason behind Japanese giving control of Andaman and Nicobar to Bose? Actually, major military decisions were taken by Japanese and major Administrative decisions were taken by Bose. Military decisions were more influenced by Japanese as it was there weapons, supplies, etc. Administrative decisions were taken by Bose as it was there land. And it was also easy for Japanese, if they want to create a puppet India, they they have to conquer whole India, but if they want ally India then they just have to conquer Imphal. As, if they are able to conquer Imphal with INA, then there way to Delhi would be cleared. People of India would have totally supported INA-Japan after this. British would had been hunted like animals and India would had got independence. If the Independent India enter the war, Soviet Unions would definitely had changed sides seeing better option with allaying India and Japan. Allies would have no option then giving Soviet Union command of West Europe, Bose getting the Independent Greater India and leaving Japan with it's territories. So to avoid this British left India... They had. And the talks between Lord Mountbatten and British Prime Minister is still kept secret by this fucking traitors Congressmen.

Sources: Books by Azad Hind ministers(written after independence), history and commonsense(Not so common :P) and I'm historian. --User:Leodescal (talk) 05:26, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Language of Azad Hind and correct script

Please see this link that shows some propaganda posters released by Azad hind govt. These are in Hindi and Bengali (based on devnagari) scripts. Where Hindi letters are used, the language is still hindustani, which means you're just as right putting the Urdu script there, as anybody else is in putting the Devnagari. The point is both can be justifiably claimed to be appropriate, but also that a person who can't read urdu script can still pick it up from the Hindi script, and appreciate the link. Hope you see my point. Please discuss before reverting.130.209.6.40 23:02, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

I never ended up replying to this, though now I am. The link doesn't show anything. There are some posters in Hindi and Bengali... so what? It doesn't prove the need for a Devanagari rendering of Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind. Writing Devanagari here is contrived, based not on something to do with the topic itself but on extraneous after-the-fact developments such as the ascent of Hindi. Tuncrypt (talk) 14:26, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

See Peter Fay's The Forgotten Army pg 245,246,317,320. It says in clear words that the language of Azad Hind was to be Hindustani written in Romanic script, not Dev Nagari, not Urdu, not Persian. Hope this clarifies the matter. Also, if you have any constructive edits to contribute, please do so, and desist from seemingly PoV (linguist in this case) edits. One thing you need to remember is a number of readers wont know urdu or persian script, so the hindi text helps as well.Rueben lys (talk) 14:59, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

If your point about Azad Hind's official language is the case, then we might feel free to remove both Urdu and Hindi. Regardless, Urdu makes sense being there, because AHAH is an Urdu series of words. Secondly, point out the POVness in my edits before just hurling out that abbreviation at me. Lastly, "One thing you need to remember is a number of readers wont know urdu or persian script, so the hindi text helps as well" is shockingly inept. Cyrillic text would help as well. As would Korean. And Hebrew. So really, what's your point? What matters is the factual applicability of Hindi to the item, not its "helpfulness". Seemingly there is none, and it is the omission of irrelevant information and inclusion of relevant information that is the "help" which we are assigned to give. If it is simply a rendering of the word in such and such a language that a user desires then he/she is completely free get that information by going to the left-hand side of the page and checking its different language versions. Tuncrypt (talk) 17:27, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

It is NOT Urdu, it is HINDUSTANI, which is arose out of mixture of Hindi and Urdu. Hence it is as factually applicable as Urdu. You PoVness is your deleting the Hindi text selectively to undo "overemphasisation on Hindi" as you said earlier. And stop making weasel arguments, Korean, Fijian,or Apache Indian was not relevant to the languages of India, or that used by Azad Hind. Moreover, not many people from the amazonian rainforest are likely to come and look at this article, or try to interpret it. I dont see how it is ommission or irrelevant information when you spell out the name in a language extremely relevant to the name. If you have any concrete contributions to make, do so. If not stop trying to prove a point or call an RfC.Rueben lys (talk) 17:52, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Uh no, it's Urdu. The izafat construction makes it so. But either way, didn't you initially say that Roman script was what mattered?

Also, my last point was not quite a weasel argument. True, unlike all those languages Hindi/Devanagari does have a degree of association to the topic by virtue of its general Indian-ness. But that amounts to nothing at all substantial, and very much like all those other languages it lacks a concrete degree of applicability to the title. The vague, highly invoked principle of "what has to do with India has to do with Hindi" is wrong. So, is AHAH a Hindi word? Was AHAH ubiquitously, notably... written in Devanagari (e.g. by reason of the script being given official status)? The answers remain no, so no Hindi/Devanagari script. It's that simple. Tuncrypt (talk) 18:13, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

From User talk:Tuncrypt#Official language of Azad Hind —

Hello Turncrypt. It looks like we're getting into an impasse with the official name and language of Azad Hind. I can assure you the official language was Hindustani in Romanic script, and the name itself was adopted by Bose to precisely avoid the problems of Hinduness (Hindi or other Sanskrit derived languages) and Muslimness (Urdu). I dont know enough about language to tell you what's izfarat, but I have defeintely read enough about Azad Hind to know unequivocally that the language is Hindustani, not Urdu, not Hindi. If feel so strongly about this, I would recommend calling an RfC, since I felt your edits were not helping. Hope this helps.RegardsRueben lys (talk) 20:51, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

We are not at an impasse; you're just not making sense. You say that Azad Hind's language was Hindustani in Roman script, and yet you argue for the inclusion of Hindi script. That is a contradiction. If Azad Hind's language was Hindustani in Roman script as you have repeated endlessly and which I never denied anyway, then you can remove both Urdu and Hindi scripts.

Having done that, my second point is that again, while Azad Hind no doubt declared its working language as Hindustani, outside of that and for all purposes the actual phrase Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind itself is objectively Urdu in character (i.e. by vocabulary and grammar: izafat) and therefore having an Urdu transcription would be appropriate.

So that is it. I think that I have laid out my case in this post clearly and logically, and it is now simply left to be understood. I'm not here to fight you or to manifest any anti-Hindi bias or whatever (which I don't have). I'm simply calling for the removal of at least Hindi script because of its inappropriateness to the topic, and your point on Hindustani confirms that anyway. Tuncrypt (talk) 14:29, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

I am having to reply to this nonsensical rant after many months in hope that it will quench your bloated sense of knowledge. Tour first paragraph I think does not deserve a logical answer so I wont tax my brain. Your second paragraph is concluding that even though the organisation adopted Hindustani as its official language and therefore must have a hindustani name, by your logics it is actually urdu because you want it to be. Your Izafat page is a two line stub wthout any reference and Hindustani page maybe more instructive to you. So that is it. You have not only not laid down anything, you've just wasted my precious time and shown that you dont know anything about AHG, I doubt you know anything about language either. Make some constructive edits and try to improve this page instead of tring to make a point of your scholarship. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 10:48, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

---

I'm thinking we can get this article to be a little bit better, to anyone who is interested in contributing a little bit more to the history and functionality of Azad Hind. I've compiled a short list of things we could use:

Start of Article and suggested course of expansion

1. More primary sources! A lot of the stuff I'm finding is mostly scholarly research but we need more firsthand accounts from the occupied Andaman islands and from the actual ministers of Azad Hind. 2. More of life under the control of Azad Hind. From what I can gather, the government was pretty impotent with most of the governing work done by the Japanese military. 3. More people to come help!

I was responsible for putting in most of the information about the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, derived from the few books which have been written on the subject. The difficulty is that whilst Mohan Singh & Gurbux Singh Dhillon published memoirs of their time in the INA, Loganathan and the other members of the Provisional Govt. do not seem to have done so. The Japanese destroyed all the records on the Andamans when they left, and the accounts I've read rely mainly on interviews with elederly inhabitants who lived through this period, and a couple of unpublished manuscripts (See the main article Invasion and Occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II. Wikipedia is not a place for original research, so we have to rely on published sources which others can verify. Sikandarji 09:32, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Apparent exaggeration of the role of Azad Hind on India's attainment of freedom

Frankly, I am not too happy with the changes that have been made to this page over the last month or so, which in my view grossly exaggerate the role of the "Provisional Government of Free India" in securing India's independence. When all's said and done, it was nothing more than an Axis puppet state. The British were committed to leaving India from 1942 after the Cripps Mission (which is why Congress agreed to participate in State elections in 1946) and the INA trials and the RIN Mutiny were minor factors - and in any case these have only the most tenuous connection with the actual activities of "Azad Hind" in the only territory it even nominally controlled, namely the Andaman Islands. References to jingoistic newspaper articles and other wikipedia articles are not really satisfactory. Any comments? Sikandarji 22:31, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

I agree with you. Parts of the article aren't factually accurate and represent more of a nationalistic POV than the reality of how little power the INA and Azad Hind really had working with the Japanese. Over the next couple of days I'm going to go through and mark the specific stuff I'd like looked at. --Woogums 22:57, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

There is a separate article for the Indian National Army and a lot of these additions (such as the latest reference and quote) belong there and not on this page. Sikandarji 16:13, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

The INA-related stuff in the 'Relationship with Japan' section is stuff I'd like either moved to another section or removed entirely. What do you think? I'd do it now but I'm at work, heh. --Woogums 22:45, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

It seems it doesn't agree with your point of view rather than exaggerate. The role of the AZH in securing India's independence is not a matter of exaggeration but taking a non-biased viewpoint beyond the military campaign, into the political situation after the war, right from Imphal to the mutinies in the de-mobillising Indian forces. For that to be considered, you need to consider the entire Azad Hind Movement, and not just the INA in Imphal or Kohima. Speculatory and inaccurate facts ought to be removed. But the POVs put down are not just the editor's, they are referenced to Specific govt. intelligence and view points at the time(at least the ones I put down are), and of historians of then and now. I am sure you can find (and you have found) POVs that match yours. Other editors have found stuff to support their's. Fair shout.Rueben lys 11:50, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

There is a strong claim re the INA's impact on Clement Attlee's thinking -- which is backed up by a reference to an offline Bengali source. Could someone please supply a more authorative source? E.g. cabinet minutes or a letter or diary from Attlee. Meanwhile, I'm marking this as . --81.174.226.62 (talk) 16:21, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Citation is already given. tHE source is in English, not Bengali, and is one of the most authorative works on Indian history by reknowned historian R. C. Majumdar. What you're asking for is primary source, which would make them Original research (see WP:OR). rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 00:34, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

Debate over the role of the Azad Hind Government

As I said before, newspaper articles and links to other wikipedia articles are not "evidence" - for that you have to turn to the work of reputable scholars, who are mostly agreed that by 1942 the British had already decided to leave India after the war. The protests over the INA trials and the mutiny in the Navy certainly shook them, but they were on their way out by then in any case (and Mountbatten's decision to bring independence forward by a year was largely driven by the growing violence in Bengal). I do not think you can simply conflate the INA and the Azad Hind Government either: what did the puppet state in the Andamans achieve? How many people knew anything about it? You can write about Bose and his personal impact, you can write about the 45,000 men of the INA, but Azad Hind itself was nothing more than an impotent puppet regime.

I am not sure you have seen the references I have cited, for they are not news paper articles. What the British agreed in 1942 was to grant limited power to an elected body and retain policies under the crown (including defence, foreign policy and possibly- although I am not sure on this- finance, which I am not sure equates to independence at all. The word to describe the Cripp's mission's achievemtn was the offer of limited dominion status. The Atlantic charter had declared the support for freedom and liberty etc etc, but Chruchill had specified afdterwards to the parliament that this did not apply to India. So I am not sure where it is that the claim comes from. And regarding the INA and AHG,the newspaper the wikipedia articles have references contained within themselves, and they do show the views of "reputable scholars". If you're trying to prove that INA and the AZH (for the purpose of the AZH was to legitimse the INA) had nothing to do with independence, sorry, I am not an academic so I don't know, but I can find articles and POVs that differ with yours and those of the reputable scholars.

Lastly, the legacy of AGH or INA does not consider the two as fighting forces, it considers the political after-effects of the INA and AGH in the post-war scenario. It does suggest an alternate history, but one has to take a balanced view point and consider both the constitutional negotiations as well as the impetus from the ground by the non-support of the army in 1946 against any possible civillian (and militant) unrest, unlike in 1942 (Quit India) when the police faltered but the army stayed behind the Raj. I have tried to( and am still trying to) portray these both in their fair light. PS: Sorry if I have seemed rude at times. Rueben lys 19:27, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

I take your point - there is still a lot of academic debate about the Cripps mission - what Cripps offered or was authorised to offer, but my source (Judith Brown's Modern India: The Making of an Asian Democracy (Oxford) 1999) suggests that Cripps offered India full Dominion status at the end of the war, with the chance to secede from the Commonwealth and go for total independence - i.e. the same status enjoyed by Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In the short term he is supposed to have promised to get rid of Linlithgow and grant India Dominion Status with immediate effect, reserving only the Defence and Foreign Ministry for the British for the duration of the War, though this remains murky. Apparently even Churchill realised that the former was a promise which could not be reneged upon, not that he had any say in the matter by 1946-7 anyway. Congress was quite happy to participate in elections in 1946, which it most certainly would not have been had its leaders thought the British had any intention of staying. Gandhi and the Congress had removed the main prop of British rule - namely Indian cooperation - and when you add that to the damage and destruction caused to the Empire by the war, the fact that Attlee was under enormous pressure to bring British troops home, and the hostility of the Americans to any continuation of British Rule, you can see quite clearly that the Raj was finished, with or without the INA and the RIN Mutiny (and you have yet to explain the connection the latter has with the Azad Hind Government). The debates, the worries, the bloodshed in 1945-7 were not over whether the British would go: that battle had been won. It was the question of what would replace the Raj, the division of the spoils if you like, and above all the question of Pakistan.

Finally, I do not think a source (from the RIN Mutiny page) which apparently has this to say about independence in 1947 can be seen as either reputable or unbiased:

Subrata Banerjee, The RIN Strike (New Delhi, People’s Publishing House,1954) "The RIN uprising would have developed in a different direction; had it not been for the policy pursued by them in relation to every struggle that broke out in that period, we would have seen something different from the 1947 transfer of power, according to which the iron grip of British rule was allowed to continue". p.xvii, Introduction by E. M. S. Namboodiripad

So British Rule continued after 1947 did it? That's a new one on me - mind you Namboodiripad was a doctrinaire Marxist and no doubt considered that so long as capitalism continued to exist in India the British (not the banias of course) would still, somehow, be in control. What is this nonsense supposed to mean? Absolute poppycock. Sikandarji 23:13, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Nice ending to the last edit Mr Sikanderji, though I expected a bit better from you, but I'll let that go.

As for the main issue, there's a debate as to what was offered by Cripp's mission, as you point out now- and there's no confirmation as to what was offered. My source (James Raj: Making and Unmaking of British India) tells me the offer was of dominion status to the tune of those in the commonwealth at an unspecified time after the war. And you keep harping on the elections of 1946, they were held after the RIN mutiny in feb. I don't know if you have noticed, but there's a (referenced) military intelligence report that says the forces could not be trusted. The date of ToP was not set till much later after Feb 1946, so what it certainly did was accelerate the thing (that is believeing that there was concrete desire to leave India in the first place). And the blatant link between RIN mutiny and AHG is that when the movement took a political turn (pretty quickly), it brought forth the nationalist feelings whithin the Indian troops and this became a major inspiration (ie, the political aim of AHG), and the mutineers made the release of INA troops one of their rallying cries. I am really surprised it's taking you so long to spot the link. Lastly, I can't see how deduced the "poppycock" of "So British Rule continued after 1947 did it? That's a new one on me - mind you Namboodiripad was a doctrinaire Marxist and no doubt considered that so long as capitalism continued to exist in India the British (not the banias of course) would still, somehow, be in control. What is this nonsense supposed to mean? Absolute poppycock." from. What Namboodiripad, as a doctrinated communist, would be talking in relation to, was furthering the socialist revolution. The mutinies in the forces gave them the ideal oppurtunity to kick start this. The Raj feared a spread of Soviet influence (these I will include in the INA or AGH article soon, for a fair and balanced view, soon). It was in this situation that the decision to transfer power was made (and whi Wavell, so opposed to Pakistan intially, agreed to partition before he left). The congress intitally drummed up the INA, but after the RIN stuff, did not rick the boat anymore for allowing other powers (namely communists) to gain any support. And yes, Congress was tranferred power in 1947. Lastly, you may have gathered that I am a very polite person, I expect the same from those I correspond or debate with. Please allow this when posting your acknowledgedly informed views.Rueben lys

I apologise if you took offense at "Poppycock" (I wasn't referring to your writings) - it seems a fairly mild term to me. According to the quotation Namboodiripad says, quite plainly, that "The iron grip of British Rule was allowed to continue" after the 1947 transfer of power, which is quite clearly nonsense. I do not accept that the Nationalist turn taken by the RIN Mutiny can be directly linked to Azad Hind. All India, more or less, was fired by nationalism at this stage; everyone wanted the British to leave, everyone expected them to do so very soon, hence the constant struggles and debates over who whould inherit their power. Congress and the Muslim League also demanded the release of the INA prisoners because it was a convenient bandwagon to jump on once Bose and his army were safely out of the way: that does not mean that they were inspired by the Azad Hind, or viewed it as a model. I am trying to be specific here. The Azad Hind Government nominally ruled over the Andaman and Nicobar islands and a few regions in the far North-East which briefly fell under the control of the Japanese. Its record wasn't exactly stunning in these areas, and in any case it (and the INA) always had to dance to the Japanese tune. I repeat, what did anyone in India know about it? They knew a bit about the INA thanks to the British putting three INA officers on trial (one Hindu, one Muslim and one Sikh - what a propaganda gift that was)! The only people who knew anything about Azad Hind were the unfortunate inhabitants of the Andaman and Nicobar islands. I think you have to take a pretty squint-eyed view of the events of that period to believe that vague rumours about "Azad Hind" were more important than Congress and Muslim League agitation in whipping up nationalism and unrest.

I'm not sure we really disagree over all that much though - I gladly acknowledge that Bose, the INA, Azad Hind, Namboodiripad's communists - all represent a very different model of a post-independence India than that which eventually transpired. I happen to think it would have been a negative and authoritarian one, but that's by the by (the notion that Partition could thereby somehow have been prevented seems to me a fairy-tale. It was far too late by 1945: Jinnah and the Muslim League were ever-more determined, and communal violence steadily growing worse). What I do not accept is that the RIN Mutiny and the INA trials had any profound impact on the British decision to leave, which had been made long before. Sikandarji 10:31, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

I am not speculating as to what India would have been under Bose, or Communists or anybody else for that matter. As you rightly say, all India was gripped by nationalism at the time, but you refuse to believe this had anything to do with Azad Hind. The very thing is (all these I cite not as my own views, but from references which I think will be worthy addition to the article),

a. when the elections were held, there was reports of growing cult of the INA, encouraged by the congress intially. b. The Indian forces were rumoured (and in the process of) to be sent to dutch-east indies and french indo-china to help counter-insurgency (which was one of the causes of ranc during the RIN mutiny) and this bred resentment among them. c. The navy mutiny, after it started, pretty quickly, put the INA's trial as a rallying call, which shows it had a lot of inspiration from the INA (and that is how I'm linking it to AGH for the AGH was not an identity without the INA, and we are not considering the military or political success of the govt itself, but it's legacy in Indian political scenario) d.You say there was a lot of nationalist sentiment among Indians at the time which did not have anything to do with the AGH, where as (and this is from one of the references whithin the article, M Edwards) it seems to me that it rekindled a sleeping spirit. Note the RIN mutiny inspired riots all over India, and most of them demanded the INA's release. Auckinleck pardoned the officer's of the INA after conviction, and this is attributed to his commonsense in order to prevent military as well as civillian uprising of an un-imaginable scale (again I will add this, referenced, to the article once I get some more time). e. After the mutinies, it was deemed by the militray intelligence that the forces could not be trusted to suppress a civillian or insurgent uprising (the congress itself was planning a civillian movement again, prior to the RIN stuff kicking in) and was likely to be source of trouble themselves (see PRO/WO reference in the RIN mutiny article, last section). This was totally opposite to that during 1942, when the army was very active in suppressing Quit India.

I can see your points, but I can see too many grounds on which I (informed, I believe)disagree, and the major point is that there's a big assumption that everything was working smoothly towards indpendence in 1947 anyway, and that if things that did happen had not happened, ToP would have gone ahead regardless. I find that (again, based on more and more of what I am reading and have read in the past) very speculative, assupmptive, and dismissive of a huge chunk of history, whether good or bad. If British decision to leave was already made, when was it made? for it was not in 1942, as Cripp's mission did not know what it had to offer itself. It was not in 1945 for there were still plans to use Indian troops in pro-colonial duties and before the unrests of 1946, to use them as peace-keepers whithin India. Why did the viceroy (Wavell, not Mountbatten) not have a plan of phased withdrawal (he explored al least three different plans, all of which were shot down by the parliament) even in Novemebr 1945? If a proto-govt was already in shape, why was the congress still planning unrest in Nov 1945? Movement for Pakistan was shaping up by 1943 at the latest, why was there no plans to address this issue even in April 1946? And why was the decision for partition made so abruptly, how much did the spectre of Soviet Union shape the decisions that eventually came to be made(apparently) so hastily? I don't hold any water for the communist party, and am sure a communist India would have been authoratarian, and I don't know what kind of govt. Bose would have made, but that is not at all what is being discussed in Legacy of Azad Hind.

PS: Thankyou for the apology, but it is not neccessary. I am starting to enjoy these discussions.Rueben lys 12:54, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm enjoying the discussion too. I certainly wouldn't claim that things were progressing "smoothly" towards independence in 1947. Nobody was quite sure what form it would take, it was a time of immense turmoil and bloodshed, and the situation changed all the time as the Congress and the Muslim League wrangled amongst themselves, and events such as the RIN Mutiny threw additional spanners in the works. That rather underlines the fact that the British were no longer in control of the process, or indeed making the rules. Part of the reason they couldn't get Congress and the Muslim League to agree was because both sides knew the British were going, and that there was no real reason to listen to them any more. That was the one certainty of this period, even if it is clearer with hindsight: namely that the British were going to hand over sovereignty. To what, to whom - these questions remained unresolved. I would in fact argue that this was more or less inevitable from the time of the Cripps Mission, when the British offered Dominion Status, i.e. de facto independence. It was an offer even Churchill realised could not be withdrawn. The legacy of the INA - particularly the trials - was important in this period in radicalising public opinion and creating unrest. However, this is not the same thing as arguing that the puppet state of Azad Hind was a major inspiration or model for anyone in this period. Unlike the army, its role (or even existence) was more or less nominal. Much of what has been added here belongs on (and in fact duplicates) the Indian National Army page. This article should deal with the territories, leaders and achievements (if any) of the Azad Hind government during the war. Sikandarji 16:13, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

A short reply, will get into details later. One is, The common Indian man is (or was) not a historian, so they draw (drew) the simplest conclusions (again; Edwards ref in article;Indians perceived INA to be on the right side), secondly, unlike Canada, Australia, or even South Africa, Indians are (were, and will remain) racially, culturally, and emotionally different people. So while dominion status does not really make a difference to them (Australia would happiliy keep the queen as the HoS), to Indians, especially in the post-war pressure cooker of India, there wasn't much difference between Dominion and colony (funny because India was a dominion between 1947 and 1950). In fact a significant part of the RIN mutiny had been very anti-white (not neccessarily anti british). No doubt the civil service and the country was passing more and more into Indian hands, but as you said

"Nobody was quite sure what form it would take, it was a time of immense turmoil and bloodshed, and the situation changed all the time as the Congress and the Muslim League wrangled amongst themselves, and events such as the RIN Mutiny threw additional spanners in the works. That rather underlines the fact that the British were no longer in control of the process, or indeed making the rules."

The British were no longer in control because the forces could not be trusted anymore. They were very much in control in 1942, when the army could be trusted. And these mutinies (inspired by INA- which was legitimised in the eyes of the common Indian by the AHG ) provided a ready source of disgruntlement for exploitation by Communist Party, and the Soviet Union had started looking towards India already by then (and raised the communist spectre to Britain. Logical reasoning; transfer power, leave country (at least seem to), stop popular criticism and stop spread of possible revolution). Ie, if army was trustable, then not so much to fear. Which might suggest that so called preformed plans for relinquishing Raj is only a part of the truth.Rueben lys

I'm not sure it's true to say that the British were "very much in control" even in 1942. They managed to suppress the Quit India movement with relative ease, but only because, in connection with the war, there were more British troops in India then than at any time before. They were extremely reluctant to use Indian troops for the suppression of internal disorder (remember, even at Amritsar in 1919 it was Gurkha troops which were ordered to open fire on the crowd). With the growth of popular protest and dissent this wasn't remotely sustainable - not without a permanent garrison of about 150,000 British soldiers, probably not even then. With the end of the war the British forces had to be demobilised and sent back home. The British were able to run their empire on the cheap with very few European troops (never more than 50,000 in India in peacetime) because they could rely on certain sections of Indian society to cooperate with them, most obviously the army but also the princes, the English-speaking Indian elite, the thousands who served the administration as clerks, telegraph and railway workers. During the 1920s, 30s and 40s the Congress (and later to some degree the Muslim League) dealt a series of hammer-blows to these relationships of patronage, which resulted in the grudging concession of limited democratic government which the British were extremely unwilling to grant. Apart from the princes, whose influence waned sharply in the face of popular politics, the last institution which remained loyal and cooperative was the Indian army, whose recruitment grounds in Punjab received preferential treatment from the regime. During WWII, well before the establishment of Azad Hind, cracks began to appear even in this institution, with the creation of the first INA by Rash Behari Bose. That said, if ordinary Indians perceived the INA to be on the "right" side it is slightly hard to understand why 2.5 million Indians volunteered to fight Fascism and only 45,000 joined the INA. I think there was a widespread recognition that the war had to be won, not least because whilst the British were a weakening force, and would soon have to grant independence, the Japanese might be less obliging if they conquered India. In all this, the activities of Azad Hind were of marginal significance. It was what was happening within India that mattered. Hence the INA trials are important, not least because Congress and the Muslim League joined forces on this issue. The RIN Mutiny is less so, because it was condemned by the major political parties, but in neither case is the Azad Hind Government of any great significance. Hence references on this page to it playing a key role in liberating India from British rule are misplaced. Sikandarji 16:56, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Another quickie. First of all, India had no interest in Britain re: Indian sub-continent. In fact, Auckinleck( as far as I can remember) actually sent a note to the parliament to this vry effect that the Indians (and Burmese and Malays) have no sympathy or interest towards the British whatsowever, and are only in the Empire because they're forced into it, and they will turn and happily kick the British if the chance arose. Second, as I said earlier, the Average (and even the not-so-average)Indian doesn't think as an allied or European Historian, because they had (and still don't have) no interest on the fate of Fascism vs Democracy etc etc, for at the end those democracies and liberalists had no qualms in enslaving(sic) them. Third, 2.5 million certainly fought with the allies, and only 45000 joined the INA. But the perception that INA was on the right (sic) side arose after the war (during the trial in fact) and not during. See the reference of Edwards M whithin the introduction. And lastly, Azad Hind was not an identity (govt.) in isolation to everything else, it was a part of a broader (and possibly a socialist) movement of which the INA, AHG, the Freies Indien, the IIL, the Free India Center and Radio, and possibly even the soviet Union was or was intended to be a part of (and may be even, by a far shot, Iqbal Shedai, and the centro Militaire), although it was quite far removed. (We can call it the Azad Hind Movement). It ended with Netaji's death, but the legacy of Azad Hind (which is what I've called it in the introduction) is not uniquely the legacy of AHG, but a part of that of this broader Azad Hind movement.Rueben lys 08:45, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

When Auchinleck sent his note he was no doubt correct: but for the previous ninety-odd years, going back to the Mutiny, this can't have been true, otherwise the Indians would have kicked out the British long before. With only 50,000 British troops and 1,000 ICS, the opportunity presented itself every day. It didn't happen because certain groups within Indian society found it was in their interests to work with the British, and once those relationships had been destroyed by Gandhi and the Congress the departure of the British was inevitable unless they were prepared to sustain their rule with overwhelming force. This they were able to do temporarily in wartime, but after 1945 it ceased to be sustainable. The troops were going home, the Americans had not been fighting a war for the restoration of the British Empire. In retrospect, Bose's fratricidal campaign was entirely pointless and unnecessary. The only significant legacy of his puppet regime would, as you rightly pointed out, be the furore surrounding the INA trials, creating a widespread (and in my view unfair) public perception that these were the only Indians who had put their lives on the line to secure independence. That is nothing more than a populist myth (why the obsession with violence) but myths can be powerful things: a myth of British military invincibility helped to sustain the Raj and maintain the loyalty of its troops until the fall of Singapore. It was not a myth, however, which destroyed the Raj itself, but a mixture of Japanese aggression and Indian domestic political agitation which slowly but surely suborned all the main props of the regime. Finally, I would draw your attention to the title of this article. It is not called the "Azad Hind Movement", it is not called "The Broad Socialist Movement in India 1945-7" (incidentally, referring to the "Freies India Legion" as Socialist is about as sick a joke as the ostensible title of the Nazi party. I've always felt that Bose's activities in Germany were much less defensible than what he did with the Japanese). There are separate pages for the INA, the RIN Mutiny, for Subhash Chandra Bose. This page is called "Provisional Government of Free India" and should concern itself solely with that. Sikandarji 09:07, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Wish I didn't have to go to work, but the section where the stuff is being discussed is What Indians feel about..... The Free India legion may not have been given Nazi help to be turned into a socialist force (that depends on your interpretation of what deifnes as socialism), and lastly Bose's actions may be counted as fatricidal, but as I said, to a huge population of Indians, his actions were pragmatic because the Politics of negotiations seemed to be going nowhere. And as I said, European historians see it as black-and-white Fascism vs not-so-much fascism, it made little difference to Indians because India was an occupied country run by an alien people with the help of collaborators who were just as much getting along with their daily lives and being a part of the society. The congress held little real pwoer as shown by Linlithgow's declaration of India as a belligerent state on the side of allies, and Indians saw it as much. Bose seeking Nazi help seen through that POV does not require defence at all (and keeps whthin the NPOV I believe). Also, American help would not have been there to prop up the Raj, true, but that doesn't necessarily equeate America bothering with the Raj at all as long as they got access to the Indian Market (one of Roosevelt's point to Churchill when discussing possible American involvement in the war). And re: Gandhi and the Congress destroying the civil service is debatable, the congress is alleged to have put in yes-men wherever it was elected, and the loyalties of civil servants are said to have been guided by who would be (or was )in power. If the Raj lasted for another hundred years they would have happily stayed in their post. But all this is speculation. The Gurkhas definitely fired at Amritsar, but not during Quit India, when it was the Indian army helping put down the riots. Besides, the whole reason why Quit India was launced was because the Congress saw the Cripp's Mission as another pointless mission designed to delay the movement. Also, Bose did not decide to go to violence overnight. He sought and got support, even from whithin the Congress supporters when he got elected at Tripuri on a radical agenda (and hence Gandhi decided to part ways). Certainly Bose's campaign looks collaborationst from a British POV, whether it was pragmatic or not is still an open question. Whether it did anything to turn the British Indian Army is however, not an open question, and whether it gave any impetus to the Raj to leave is another. As you said yourself, the Raj wouldn't have had the will or power to put down a popular (the congress, as I said earlier was planning a civil disobedience as late as January 1946) or military uprising. It didn't because the people who helped them earlier were not gonna do that anymore (see the estimate from military intelligence report). ButGotta goRueben lys 10:57, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

1. I agree that there is a serious problem with differing POVs here, seen once again here: "the Politics of negotiations seemed to be going nowhere". That's absolutely correct: to Indian politicians, and to the population at large, all British concessions towards self-government were seen as too little, too late. They might indeed have felt that the British were going to stick around for ever. They would, however, have been wrong. From a British perspective, all these reforms from Montagu-Chelmsford onwards were things they didn't want to concede. Had they really been firmly in power, able to rely on overwhelming force, why would they have bothered to negotiate at all? The answer is that they needed the support of the Indian political class, and this pushed them reluctantly towards democratic, or semi-democratic reform. Thus while the Congress leadership saw the Government of India Act as a huge disappointment because it did not allow any representation at the centre, the British also saw it as a defeat, because they had had to hand over power in the provinces to elected Indian politicians (and they did have real power and access to patronage - hence the numbers who flocked to participate in the 1937 elections) who would now have authority over British members of the ICS. Negotiations actually achieved a lot, including the offer of post-war independence in 1942, but I agree that the level of trust between the two sides was so low by this stage that it would have seemed to many that they were going nowhere.

2. "And re: Gandhi and the Congress destroying the civil service is debatable, the congress is alleged to have put in yes-men wherever it was elected, and the loyalties of civil servants are said to have been guided by who would be (or was )in power. If the Raj lasted for another hundred years they would have happily stayed in their post". And how did Congress get the power to install these "yes-men", if not through Gandhian agitation? The reference to elections says it all really. I should have made it clearer that I am not talking about the ICS, which was being Indianised in this period (40% of ICS officers were Indian by the end of the war) but in a process over which Congress had no control, as it was by examination. What I was referring to was the manner in which Gandhi and the Congress undermined confidence in the Raj amongst those working lower down the scale, and encouraged them to withdraw their cooperation, until the Government of India needed Congress assistance to help run the country (hence the Government of India Act, still the basic foundation of the Modern Indian Constitution). The whole point is that this meant the Raj couldn't last for another hundred years.

3. "Bose seeking Nazi help seen through that POV does not require defence at all". I'm really not sure I can agree with you there. Most other Congress leaders seemed to have realised just how unpleasant the Nazis were, and that the British were the lesser of two evils. Indeed, if Linlithgow hadn't been such an idiot in failing to consult the Congress leadership before declaring war it is very likely that they would have supported the war effort. Only Bose seems to have put on his moral blinkers at this stage, choosing to leave India and espouse violent struggle on the other side just when the British started to negotiate again. I suspect this was also influenced by the fact that he wanted to re-join his wife in Berlin.

4. "it made little difference to Indians because India was an occupied country". I think they would have discovered the difference pretty quickly if the Germans or the Japanese had succeeded in invading and occupying India, with or without Bose's assistance. This is something else that has been lost sight of in this debate. Even if Bose's violent struggle had succeeded, it would not have resulted in an independent India, but in the country acquiring new and much nastier masters, all at the expense of a massive and possibly terminal allied defeat.Sikandarji 08:53, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

I have just come accross a really good book (and got pressing commitment issues as well)Rueben lys 18:06, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

This gonna be as quick as possible.

1.The first point you make, Democratic or Semi Democratic Reform. These concilliatory sugar plums (not my words) were intended to "Create a stable political situation to prolong the British rule in India and keep her a willing partner of the British Common Wealth" (Montagu's intial words. Words may have changed a bit due to memory quoting but generally a right and accurate portrayal). The first of the points is British rule was not only political, but also (as Gandhi realised in 1919) economic, and hence the efforts to keep her whthin common-wealth at the least. In fact, the biggest thorn on the congress's side was not independence in the 20s, it was allowing British industries Free Trade. And in 1937, the elections were held not to form a national govt, but to form local bodies and a legislative council to which the Viceroy had Over all power of Veto ie, absolute power is not to India, but decided by Whitehall. So much for real apetite for democratic self-govt. As for the polotical middleclass you talk about, they were there to serve the British Govt's interests by making the country governable (or at least trying to). And besides, their alleigance was not to the Congress, it was to the Crown. And the Congress participated in the elections, according to Nehru, with utlost reservations not to accept the changes, but to seek to undo the changes. Also, this may have been a loss for the Zealots among Conservatives, but it was a logical path " to extend the life of the British Rule in India" for the more pragmatic politician, who could keep asking the Congress to come to the negotiating table and, as I quoted earlier (can't remember the name at the moment)- offer concilliatory sugar plums while the capacity of whitehall to set the political future of the country changed little, as did the economic viabillity of the Indian market.

2. Re: the manner in which Gandhi and the Congress undermined confidence in the Raj amongst those working lower down the scale, and encouraged them to withdraw their cooperation, until the Government of India needed Congress assistance to help run the country, I am not sure I agree with that. First of all, there's definitively a widely held view that many Congress electees effectively started putting their cronies in the lower positions that you mention regardless of whether they were suitable or not.But this was at the expense of those who were already in the positions and were displaced, and most significantly, a large number of them where muslims. The govt certainly needed congress help to keep the country running smoothly, but it did not need the congress's help to keep the country running. Note that in Punjab in 1919, given the same situation of post-war demobillisation, rising discontentment, preceded by mutinies (even among some of the white troops) and followed by a rising tension among the common people and a possible explosive situation, the Raj responded by the means of Jalianwallah Bagh, and not by means of concilliation. The Raj possibly could not have lasted a hundred years (it was a figure of speech BTW), but it could have prolonged well into 1950s at the least.

3. Re: Most other Congress leaders seemed to have realised just how unpleasant the Nazis were, and that the British were the lesser of two evils. Bose himself was a part of whatever protests against Nazi and Fascist ideas, and more importantly, practices. So Moral Blinkers are possibly the wrong description (Indians say pragmatism). Linlithgow was not an Idiot when he declared war on India's behalf, it was because first of all he was not sure how much that would be supported by the Congress, and more importantly, how would the vengeful people of a subjugated country agree to fight for the Crown. Britain's interests were not first of India, but of self-survival, and vengeful people don't like to help at such times. Oh, and Linlithgow had the power to do so.

Also, Bose's intial reaction to the war was to urge Gandhi to call for a massive civil disobedience movement. Gandhi refused becasue didn't wish to jeopardise Britain's war efforts. Yet, he (and the Congress) did exactly the same thing three years later. Besides - and this follows from the same point- if they really realised how bad the Nazis and Japs were, how come Quit India was launched at a time when Japan was literally bludgeoning the British forces and "threatening" India when they would've prepared to British Subjects rather than Japanese ones??? (this was even before Bose reached south asia and Japan actually launched any offensive even at Arakan). It seems the chance of having one master swapped for another didn't cross the mind of congress's leadership? Or was it Pragmatism?

Lastly, "it made little difference to Indians because India was an occupied country". The view is (or was) not mine. It's that of Auckinleck, (Occupied and Hostile who would like to see the back of us, apparently) and summed up what he thought of the will and capacity of successfully defending India against a Japanese onslought. This was even before the INA becoming what it did. Whether the "difference" bewteen the British and "Japanese" rule would have been clear I don't know. But the Japs did not mount a strike on Imphal in 1942 because first they didn't wish "to antagonise the Indian Public Opinion".Rueben lys 18:12, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Editing the word Puppet State within the introduction

I have removed the term puppet state from the intro into the article and added in a later line whithin the introduction that it is held as a puppet state by some. This is for two reasons. First of all, as the link to the term puppet state itself shows that it is a Pejorative political term and is listed under this category as well, it is therefore a violation of the NPOV policy. Secondly, also from the page on Puppet State, the term is used in the context of denying political legitimacy, and therefore, again, is violating NPOV policy in a controversial article like this, where a number of opposing view points exist (as is clear from the discussions above). And lastly, the page puppet state also lists the Azad Hind government and held some inaccurate information (it has been edited now). I think given the POV nature of the term (and from the edits in the main article, including one reversion of a similar edit, it is a very touchy topic and has many view points), this term should not be used in this article without clarifying that it is alleged by some and refuted by others that it was a puppet state.Dudewheresmywallet 17:07, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

I just want to clarify that was it a puppet state or a puppet government because puppet state have been edited into puppet government in the infobox Papa 838 (talk) 19:24, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Bose: The Forgotten Hero

I've added a line which states that a movie about the INA was made in 2005, directed by Shyam Benegal. Jvalant 07:44, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Accuracy

Going through what I am reading at the moment, I have to say, the Indian perception described here, the middle paragraph on Andaman occupation, is only one and a minority view and does not at all describe what happened and how Indians percieved the Azad Hind government and its army, the Indian National Army. In fact, the organisation was feted as a immensely patriotical organisation without compare, and came to possess a very strong legitimacy in the eyes of common Indians (forget the army), and in fact was a ground for defence of the INA officers. Most of the article concetrates on the army and the japanese occupation of andaman, of which the latter was not, and is still not, the grounds on which Azad Hind is seen.As for the army, it too caught a similar notion, but more on the INA than Azad Hind. This needs to be described properly and in context.Rueben lys 13:42, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

External links

There's seem external links throughout this article that need sorting out. The only form of external link or reference in one paragraph was to http://www.geocities.com/netajimystery/roy which I've removed because (1) it's a geocities page so unlikely to be a reliable source, and (2) it's a dead link anyway. Someone needs to go through and sift the links, but also to add in decent references where required. Purgatorio (talk) 19:08, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

The external link labelled "Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian National Army and India's War of Liberation" is deaf, I've removed it. --Schwalker (talk) 09:10, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

The Journal of Historical Review

The Journal of Historical Review was not peer-reviewed and was not a journal accepted by most professional historians because its main focus, like the Institute for Historical Review's, was to deny the Nazi Holocaust against the Jews, which almost all historians accept as simple fact.

Of course, it's certainly possible that someone could publish a perfectly reputable scholarly article in such a publication, or that a specific narrative, fact, judgement or conclusion within an invalid article might still prove to be well-founded, well-grounded and supported by sound evidence.

But a source that was more widely-accepted would be better support for the points on which Ranjan Borra's article is cited, and less likely to sow doubts in the minds of those who want to know more about all sides of the difficult questions about S.C. Bose, the INA and Azad Hind. (For example, how much were they puppets of the racist, genocidal regimes of the Axis, and how much a worthy vehicle of Indians' desire for freedom?)

The same article by Ranjan Borra in the JHR is also cited in the Wikipedia entry for the Indische Legion.

Shakescene (talk) 04:49, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Let me add, having found the article readily on the Internet at http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v03/v03p407_Borra.html that I have absolutely no reason to question the motives or principles of the author(s) of the Wikipedia entry, who could easily have found this article about a difficult-to-research subject through any number of search engines or search strategies without knowing the purpose of The Journal of Historical Review. It's not the citer, but the citation that gives me doubt. See, for example, the Institute's note upon Ranjan Borra's death in 1984: http://www.vho.org/GB/Journals/JHR/5/1/Weber126f.html

Shakescene (talk) 05:31, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

I will agree with you. I have no reason to believe that the "journal" is a reliable one. I have quite a few books which I think will be more useful than IHR. I will substitute these over the next couple of weeks.

Netaji's death in an alleged air-crash in taiwan is false

I find it extremely distressed to note that there are people who still believe in the theory that Netaji was killed in an "air-crash" in Taiwan.It has been conclusively proved by the Justice Mukherjee Commission-- which probed the circumstances leading to Netaji's disappearance-- that the so called crash never happened and it was used by Netaji as a smoke screen to enable him to evade the Allies and escape to Soviet Russia from where he planned to continue his struggle for Indian indepedance.This assertion by Justice Mukherjee is based on the statements given by Taiwanese authorities to the effect that no air crash ever happened on 18th Aug 1945 which is unfairly stated by the Governemnt of India as Netaji's death date.The Government of India apart from rejecting the findings of the Mukherjee commission has preferred to stick to the findings of the Shah Nawaz and the G.D.Khosla commssions which arrived at a premedidated conclusion that Netaji did die in the alleged aircrash at Taiwan for reasons best known to them.The veracity of the findings of the two commissions stated above and the integrity and the impartiality of the gentleman who headed these commissions have always been a subject of hot debates.

It should be noted that a huge controversy was created in 1992 when the then Narasimha Rao government decided to confer the Bharat Ratna on Netaji 'posthumously'.The 'posthumous' nature of the award was seen as an attempt by the then government to push down the throat of the people a false theory of Netaji' death when it was well known that the mystery behind his death still remains a mystery.Consequently the award was withdrawn in the face public outcry as the government did not want to come clean on the real cause of his death. NETAJI IS RETURNNING IN INDIA SOON IN SECOND BIRTH LIKE KARAN-ARJUN With this background I request the learned men and women who contribute valuable information to this site to delete the lines which bolster a false theory of Netaji's death and instead say that the cause of his death is a mystery till this day with no successive governments showing any interest to demystify the murky events that happened on and after 18th Aug 1945.There are theories doing the rounds which say that Netaji was probably incarcerated in a Siberian gulag.Let us make collective efforts to bring out the truth and also make a proper evaluation of the contributions of our revolutionary freedom fighters.please go the site www.missionnetaji.org for more details. Jai Hind!

Arunsubramaniyan (talk) 10:07, 28 September 2008 (UTC)arunsubramaniyan

Netaji did die as a result of the plane crash at Taihoku on 18 August 1945. The Japanese investigation reports of 19 Sept 1945 & Jan 1956, the British India Govt investigation of Sept 1945, Figgess' report of July 1946, Turner's report of Oct 1946, Taiwanese investigation report of 1956, the INA's administrative wing IIL's investigation of 1953 & Harin Shah's investigation, all confirmed Netaji's death in plane crash. So did India Government's Inquiries of 1956 & 1974 (Shah Nawaz Khan Committee & Justice Khosla Commission). The Inquiry of 2005 (Mukherjee Commission) failed to determine how Netaji died. It's report got rejected by the government. It is handiwork of some people to present Netaji's death as a mystery & rule the roost 45.112.68.39 (talk) 16:52, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

This is relvant to the main article on Subhas Chandra Bose, not this article, which is devoted to the Provisional government of Azad HInd. Please post this discussion on the relevant talk page, I am sure you'll find regular contributors to that article who will take note of what you mention. Regards rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 13:11, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Thank you for your response.My aim was not to create a digression but to point out that the article says "Azad Hind government died when netaji was killed in an aircrash in taiwan" which unknowingly promotes the long held lie about Netaji's death. May I know something about the loser sikanderji who seems to spew venom on the INA? Arunsubramaniyan (talk) 16:53, 28 September 2008 (UTC)arunsubramaniyan

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Arunsubramaniyan (talk • contribs) 16:46, 28 September 2008 (UTC) 

Bose (disambiguation)

Most, or perhaps all, references to "Bose" by surname alone need to be disambiguated. In most or all cases, given names must be used, as the surname alone is ambiguous in the context of the article. In many cases, it is not clear to the reader which Bose is being referred to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.68.134.1 (talk) 20:17, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Just as a side-comment, Wikipedia's search (I think a vain one) for some kind of disembodied, uniform "encyclopaedic style" has made a small fetish of dropping first names and titles and only using surnames. American and popular newspapers dropped first names mainly to save space, as broadcasters do to save time and breath, whereas Wikipedia suffers from no such shortage, but where there's ambiguity, or even a momentary distraction as the reader pauses to determine who's being referred to, first names, initials and/or (neutral) titles ought to be inserted. See, for example, the editing history of Martina von Trapp. —— Shakescene (talk) 21:07, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Link to Urdu version deleted

User:VolkovBot deleted the language referral along the side to an Urdu version. I read no Asian scripts, so I'm not sure what I'd encountered at the page that the former link led to. It's probably the Urdu version of some standard Wikipedia notice (e.g. "This page doesn't yet exist; would you like to create one?"), although it contains a reference to Wikipedia's Criteria for Speedy Deletion. Can someone who can read Urdu tell what's going on at the Urdupedia? I doubt that it's important, but the talk page histories for Azad Hind, the Indian National Army, etc., are full of nationalistic deletions and restorations of Urdu and Hindi versions, so I can't be sure. (Did some patriot or anti-patriot delete a whole translation of this article from the Urdu edition?) —— Shakescene (talk) 08:00, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Neutral point of view

I do not claim any expertise in this subject and read the page in question only by happenstance. However, I immediately noted what seemed to be language that suggested that the various authors of the page were not consistently maintaining a scholarly neutrality.

I note the description of a "fabulous" medical practice. It seems to me that this is a word best relegated to gossip columnists and publicity flacks. Might not "large" or "successful" or "financially rewarding" be more objective and verifiable?

I note the statement that the Japanese did not "dare" interfere with the Azad Hind government is made without any real support. I find it difficult to believe that a government which "dared" to plan and execute an attack against a well regarded and technologically up to date American Navy and simultaneously embroil itself in war with the British empire and its allies would be much concerned about one of the myriad puppet states it created during the course of the war. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rillifane (talk • contribs) 07:01, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved to Azad Hind. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:59, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

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Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind → Provisional Government of Free India — Relisted a second time. There were no comments subsequent to the last relisting. Orlady (talk) 14:28, 3 June 2011 (UTC) Relisted. Vegaswikian (talk) 18:18, 21 April 2011 (UTC))This is the English-language wikipedia. Is the non-English name more frequently used in English-languge sources? Opera hat (talk) 22:07, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Survey

Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with *'''Support''' or *'''Oppose''', then sign your comment with ~~~~. Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

• I could support the proposal if some citations were given but what about moving it to simply Azad Hind which is even more common? —  AjaxSmack  23:24, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

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Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.

Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, KiloT 21:48, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

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• I support Ajax's proposal, if not for anything then for english wikipedia naming conventions. The article header already also has a disambig link to the article that needed disambiguation (added by myself). rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 11:22, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

Discussion

Any additional comments:

• I would have thought the default would be to have the title in English. If an alternative usage (either the current title or Azad Hind) is more common in English-language sources, citations would have to be given to support that, rather than the other way around. Opera hat (talk) 00:23, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Disputed neutrality

The article as it stands currently is riddled with lines like "Bose, however, remains a hero in present-day India and is remembered as a man who fought fiercely for Indian independence" and seemingly original research that doesn't cite any sources, like "It is inaccurate to term Bose solely as a fascist." It also has a plethora of unsourced claims and in many places reads more like an opinion piece than an encyclopedia article.

I have therefore tagged the article with the POV template. Smtchahal (talk) 05:51, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

I second this. The article is overtly sympathetic to Bose and his organization, which is improper for a supposedly objective encyclopedia. Rather than merely describing the controversy, the article seems to take a side. For example, it calls the view that Bose was a fascist collaborator “propaganda”, when it’s actually a legitimate historical argument.Jogarz1921 (talk) 05:16, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

Puppet government

So I'd just like to resolve this issue now, was Azad Hind a puppet state of the Japanese Empire or not? 66.215.84.193 (talk) 02:17, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

Add a WP:RS source here and discuss. I am not sure what you are basing this on. Thanks. Adamgerber80 (talk) 01:14, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

@66.215.84.193: It was a puppet state of Imperial Japan and I provided a source. I don't know why this information is disputed, it's common knowledge for those who are interested in World War II and have read about it. (120.144.156.6 (talk) 04:00, 27 April 2018 (UTC))

Provide a source here and we can discuss. You cannot use the common knowledge logic here. We need a WP:RS. Adamgerber80 (talk) 05:02, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

I see you have added a source. That is fine. Thanks. Adamgerber80 (talk) 05:05, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

I just want to clarify that was it a puppet state or a puppet government because puppet stae have been edited into puppet government in the infobox.

Papa 838 (talk) 19:22, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Deleting 4th paragraph; deliberately disparaging language

Deleting this:

However, while it possessed all the nominal requisites of a legitimate government, it lacked definite areas of sovereign territory until Japan gave it nominal authority of the Japanese occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1943. Japanese officials made all the decisions, and throughout its existence, it was entirely dependent on Japanese support.[9]

- and also removing the quotes from 'Free India'

I have had two users revert my edit by quoting NPoV, and neither have bothered explaining why they think the deletion broke NPoV. The statement is redundant and is written in deliberately disparaging lingo; provisional governments by nature do not hold sovereign territory and neither do they exist without being dependent on outside support. If this statement is so necessary to the article, you'd have to add similar statements to the articles for every single other Puppet State in WW2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states).

The editors have also not bothered to explain why it is so important to put sarcastic quotes around Free India - I get it, India wasn't free at the time, but this is a reference is to the name of an organization, not a description.

Update 1: Following another reversion I have reworded the paragraph instead of outright deleting it, retaining all historical fact and only changing the wording. Free India does not need quotes - it is a name, not a description. This is what makes me suspect a bias here; users are hitting undo and reverting everything, not just one part of the edit. I have also changed redundant wording (Yes, it possessed all the nominal requisites of a government - that's why, as the page title says, it was called a government. Yes, it dependent on Japanese support, which is what the first paragraph already points out.)

Update 2: Seeking 3O to prevent 3RR; I'm not reverting the edit at the moment. For the record, this is the proposed edit:

However, while it possessed all the nominal requisites of a legitimate government, it lacked definite areas of sovereign territory until Japan gave it nominal authority of the Japanese occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1943. Japanese officials made all the decisions, and throughout its existence, it was entirely dependent on Japanese support.[9]

Immediately after the formation of the puppet government, 'Free India' declared war against the Allied forces on the Indo-Burma Front.[10]

To

Japan also handed over nominal authority of the Japanese occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1943, though the government continued to depend on Japanese support.

Immediately after the formation of the government, Free India declared war against the Allied forces on the Indo-Burma Front.[9]

I have explained my reasons: The first version simply repeats information already provided in the article but does so in a disparaging manner and puts sarcastic quotes around Free India; the second version I believe does a better job of retaining all the information without resorting to biased language. Whatever OCD is fueling these reverts, the users in question have not bothered explaining their actions; nor have they responded to me here.

Justanothersgwikieditor left a comment here (check talk page history) after the latest reversion claiming that I was 'whitewashing' history (oh the irony) and that this government was not even a provisional government. He seems to be referring to an earlier version where I completely deleted the statement instead of revising it and upon realizing this, he deleted his comment here but did not bother to self revert.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.68.78.18 (talk) 15:51, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

My stand remains the same. I am monitoring the page via another method and it seperated the changes. Believing IP editor was referring to me, I made my reply. Upon checking page edit history and IP editor comments again, my reply was out of place and hence removed.

Again, insistence of removing the word "puppet government" to change to "provisional government" is evident of avoiding the word of "puppet government". I believe your first edit was to change the puppet state to provisional government in the infobox with removal of reference saying biased language. Your second edit also said it is biased language. Both are indicative of possible whitewashing.

Also removal of my comment here is irrelevant to reverting of the article back to its last good version.--Justanothersgwikieditor (talk) 13:30, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

I like to state the history of editing properly here. IP editor failed to provide a reasonable edit summary on his editing. Looking at the edits

• IP editor removed of infobox information (puppet government with a reference), changing puppet government to government, see here with an edit summary of Removed biased language. (AGF reversion by me)
• Changing of puppet government to provisional government and removed sourced paragraph next, please see the edit summary. This was subsequently reverted by Roller26.
• IP editor reverted to his original version and was reverted again by Idell who in edit summary requested IP editor to reach a consensus before making edits.
• IP editor revised his text without reaching consensus which was reverted by me again, asking IP editor to reach a consensus before making edits again.
• IP editor attempted to avoid 3RR and now seeking 3O without getting consensus on talkpage on his edits, which are reverted by 3 different editors. IP editor is the one attempting changes, and other editors asking him to gather consensus, but went ahead with his edits without waiting for consensus. --Justanothersgwikieditor (talk) 02:25, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

About the Third Opinion request: The request made at Third Opinion has been removed (i.e. declined). Like all other moderated content dispute resolution venues at Wikipedia, Third Opinion requires thorough talk page discussion before seeking assistance, which at the very least requires some back and forth by both editors. If an editor will not discuss, consider the recommendations which are made here. — TransporterMan (TALK) 20:05, 7 September 2020 (UTC) (Not watching this page)

@Justanothersgwikieditor Thing is, the deletions you are referring to - the infobox and the sourced information - have been restored. When Roller26 made his second reversion he pointed out (correctly) that this also removed information, so I almost completely revised the edit, only leaving out redundant wording and rephrasing the rest. I admit the original deletion by me was overkill, which is why I made the revision. I am not sure why you're hung up on this, since I have changed my mind and am no longer asking for a complete deletion.

The first paragraph of the article (which I did not touch) also uses the phrase provisional government - in this instance, the organization was both a puppet state and a provisional government, established with a clear goal of forming an independent leadership for India. That's what provisional governments do. The Provisional government of Bangladesh was formed in Calcutta with only a constitution and an interim cabinet, was entirely dependent on India, and did not control territory until Pakistan's surrender to India. Tibet's government-in-exile continues to exist depending completely on donations and aid to take care of Tibetan refugees in India. And yet, you won't find this type of "Oooh, it was/is a nominal government which met only minimum requirements" type of condescending language in those pages, or, as I said before, in any of the pages of the many puppet governments that existed during the Second World War. And yet, that kind of negative language (which repeats information already present in the page) is the only neutral language acceptable for this one page? That does not make sense to me.

I say again - the current version retains all the information from before, the only difference being that it does so without the use of redundant wording.— Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.68.78.18 (talk) 20:31, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

Seal or emblem

It is very doubtfully, that this emblem could be the seal of the Provisional Government of Free India. I have found this emblem in the article AXIS AND ALLIED PROPAGANDA TO INDIAN TROOPS. And the description tells us, that this emblem was depicted on the German leaflet, which was dropped on Indian troops fighting in North Africa in 1942. But the the Provisional Government of Free India was established in 1943.

_____________________________________________________________

So, I have replaced this emblem with those one, which is on the first page of the Azad Hind Gazette (Vol. 1, No. 2), published in 1944. It is an official gazette of the Provisional Government of Free India and of the Azad Hind Fauj. Reproduction of this gazette is placed in the book “The Springing Tiger: A Study of the Indian National Army and of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose” (author: Hugh Toye; year: 2009; publisher: Allied Publishers; ISBN 9788184243925) (pages No. 185—187). — صلاح الأوكراني (talk) 00:01, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

@Cookersweet: please, provide sources, that the Provisional Government of Free India used this emblem as a seal. — صلاح الأوكراني (talk) 08:00, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

@صلاح الأوكراني: Just being on the Gazette does not prove it is the emblem. Also the image you are using can be extracted from the flag of German Indian Legion.

Cookersweet (talk) 08:08, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

@Cookersweet: Yes, you are right. "My" emblem was used in the official gazette, but the official description (law, for example) of emblem is absent (or have not been found). And other emblem was used in a leaflet, published in 1942 (before the creation of the government). So, there are two ways: completely remove the information about the seal from the article or show different variants of the seal in the template. — صلاح الأوكراني (talk) 08:18, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Yes, we should wait for some time until consensus is reached about this Cookersweet (talk) 08:26, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Yes, we should wait for some time until consensus is reached about this. Cookersweet (talk) 08:26, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Some information about the emblem:

“ It was eventually agreed that Hindustani should be the common language of India, Jai Hind the national greeting, the tiger the national emblem, the Congress tricolour the national flag and the Urdu adaptation of Tagore’s poem the national anthem. ” — (from the book “The Springing Tiger: A Study of the Indian National Army and of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose” (author: Hugh Toye; year: 2009; publisher: Allied Publishers; ISBN 9788184243925) (page No. 147).

صلاح الأوكراني (talk) 09:02, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Why the term some Indian was Included than Indian in case of support of INA. The movement were not opposed ultimately by anyone in India.

The term some Indian is not applied in context of support of INA. None ultimately opposed it and and also public reaction started before the political parties reaction. The role of Naval Revolt in support of freedom of INA officers, corresponding revolts in all disciplines of Armed forces also contributed a lot. The then PM of UK, Atley's Comment in AIR after independence also recognized INA as the solemn cause of British fleeing from India within 2 years of victory in WW2. Subhoghosal7 (talk) 17:53, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

@Subhoghosa17: No. That's a misinformation created by a government official of West Bengal. Clement Attlee never said that. Editorkamran (talk) 17:57, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion

The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:

• Subh Sukh Chain - League Radio Orchestra (AB 980) A IP 2093.ogg

Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:08, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

Map not centrally showing to India

Why is it skewed to the east? The Andaman and Nicobar islands dont even go that far Danial Bass (talk) 20:32, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

Indic Script

@Lamba Chaura so you mention Wikipedia:INDICSCRIPT but that same page says "Additionally, there are too often problems with verifiability of the accuracy of the non-English spelling.", the seal that the image is based on clearly shows the text so there is no "problem with verifiability of the accuracy of the non-English spelling" as we can clearly see it. NorthTension (talk) 03:29, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

@Vif12vfsee above as well, I can take removing the text at the top of the infobox but the seal is in it's proper place and also is a direct transcription of the image itself. NorthTension (talk) 15:55, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Indic script is not allowed in India-related articles, that is the current standard. Vif12vf/Tiberius (talk) 15:57, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

@North Tension: Please stop adding Indic script to article. Lamba Chaura (talk) 17:21, 2 December 2023 (UTC)