Wikipedia

Tachibana Dōsetsu

In this Japanese name, the surname is Tachibana.

Tachibana Dōsetsu (立花 道雪, 22 April 1513 – 2 November 1585), born Betsugi Akitsura (戸次鑑連), also as Bekki Akitsura, and Bekki Dōsetsu,[1] was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period who served the Ōtomo clan. A member of Bekki clan, He was the father of Tachibana Ginchiyo and adopted father of Tachibana Muneshige.[2] He was known as one of the wisest of the Ōtomo retainers and is remembered in part for a letter he sent other leading Ōtomo retainers that included a condemnation of the spread of Christianity in the Ōtomo's domain. Dōsetsu was counted as the Sanshuku of Ōtomo clan together with Usuki Akisumi and Yoshihiro. Akimasa.[3]

Tachibana Dōsetsu
立花 道雪
Head of Tachibana clan
In office
1571–1575
Preceded byTachibana Akitoshi
Succeeded byTachibana Ginchiyo
Personal details
BornBungo Province, 1513
DiedChikugo Province, 1585
Military service
Allegiance Ōtomo clan
Battles/warsSiege of Moji
Battle of Tatarahama (1569)
Siege of Tachibana

The career of Dōsetsu perhaps most known for his feats in the Battle of Tatarahama, and his tandem with Takahashi Shigetane in two occasion, where he and Shigetane lead the Ōtomo clan reconquest of Bungo Province in 1584, and the brilliant defense of Kurume city in Chikugo province against the enemies of Ōtomo clan massive invasion, where the Ōtomo greatly outnumbered in 9,800 against 30,000 of the enemy troops. It is said that Dōsetsu has extraordinary physical strength and practicing sword style named tachiuchi ni myō o etaru (the art of slashing in all-direction).[4]

Dōsetsu also possessed a famous katana sword called Chidori (千鳥, (A) Thousand Birds) which later renamed into Raikiri (雷切, Lightning Cutter). The sword is forged by renowned 13th century swordsmith named Nagamitsu and its hilt design featured the Tachibana family crest.[5] According a folklore, Dōsetsu once manage to slay a thunder god, which prompting him to renamed his sword from 'Chidori' to 'Raikiri'.[6] [7][2][5] For his mythical feats and personal prowess in the battlefield, Dōsetsu has become a subject of folklores and earned some nicknames, such as Hachiman incarnation(弓矢八幡), Thunder god's incarnation(摩利支天の化身), or God of war from Kyushu(九州の軍神[)[8][9]

Dōsetsu died from illness in the middle of military campaign besieging a castle at Chikugo Province in 1585. He was reportedly involved in 37 military campaigns and more than 100 smaller scale of engagements, despite half of his lower body was paralyzed.

Biography edit

Akitsura was born in Yoroigatake Castle, Bungo Province. He led an attack at Tachibana Castle and took both their castle and clan. Akitsura fought his first battle leading 2,000 mens when he reached 14 years old, volunteering in to exchange for his sickly father relieve from service.[10] At this campaign, Akitsura engage a battle against the Ōuchi clan in Umegatake castle [jp] , Buzen Province, where he emerge victorious despite being outnumbered by about 3,000 mens in difference.[10][11]

In August 22, 1535, Akitsura leading forces to pacify rebellion of Kikuchi clan in Higo Province, where he manage to suppress the rebels after the battle of Kurumagaeshi.[12][13] In this battle, Akitsura organized a 48 of his elite retainers in a squad of units which from then on always accompany him into battles.[14][15][16] In 1546, Akitsura were sent by the Otomo clan to pacify the rebellion Akizuki clan, which he engaged in Koshoyama castle [jp].[17] In 1546, Akitsura and other Ōtomo retainers were sent with 10,000 strong troops to suppress the rebellion of Akizuki Fumitane.[12] In 1548, Akitsura experienced an incident, where he has struct by lightning bolt, causing his left leg to be permanently paralyzed.[18]

 
The site of the ruined Moji castle

In 1554, Akitsura were sent to suppress several rebellion uprisings in Bungo and Higo Province, which incited by Ohara Nakamoto, Honjo Shinzaemon, and Nakamura Shinbei, among others.[19][20][21][22][23][21] In 1557, Akitsura forcing Fumitane of Akizuki clan to commit suicide, due to the latter's collaboration with Mōri Motonari.[24]: 564  In the next year of 1558 Akitsura engaging a Mōri clan general named Kobayakawa Takakage in the very first battle of Moji castle. At one point, Akitsura commanded around 800 archers to showering Kobayakama army.[25][26] As The series of siege has undergoing until 1562, Akitsura entered the last phase of Siege of Moji against the Mōri clan, where he enlisted the help of traders from Portuguese Empire[27][28] The Portuguese assisted Later, with three ships weighted between 500-600 tons, The bombardment from the ships allowed the Ōtomo troops to establish themselves around Moji castle. However, the castle defenders manage to break the siege after the Portuguese has spent all their ammunitions and withdraw from the operation. Despite the Ōtomo forces under Akitsura launched another attempt besieging the castle in 10 October 1561, and the castle finally remained in Mōri possession.[29] Later, in the 5th year of Eiroku, or in 1563 AD, Akitsura started adopting the name of Dōsetsu.[30][3][31][32]

Later in 1565, the head of Tachibana clan, Tachibana Munekatsu, rebelled against Ōtomo clan. Dōsetsu were sent to pacify this rebellion.[33][34] In the end, the forces of Akitsura manage to capture Tachibanayama Castle belonging to the rebels.[35] However, Ōtomo Sorin, the head of Ōtomo clan, choose to give pardon for Tachibana Munekatsu due to his family relationship.[36]

In 1567, Dōsetsu lead a military campaign of 20,000 strong Ōtomo forces to engage against Akizuki Tanezane in Yasumatsu, in modern day Fukuoka Prefecture. Dōsetsu brought many of his own clansmen on this campaign. At first, Dōsetsu manage to repel Tanezane attempts to relieve Yasumatsu castle from the besieging forces of Otomo forces. However, Tanezane manage to launch night raid which caught Dōsetsu in surprise, throwing the latter's force into panic. Dōsetsu bringing his forces to retreat, but Tanezane raiding forces pursuing further, inflicting more losses to Dōsetsu forces before they could escape.[37] In 7th July same year, Otomo Sorin sent Dōsetsu to engage the Akizuki clan once again, where Dōsetsu manage to capture enemy castle in Mount Hōman.[24] Dōsetsu recordedly fought with a long sword in this battle.[38]

In 1568, the Mōri Motonari sent his army under the lead of his generals such as Shimizu Munenori and others to attack the Tachibanayama castle. In this battle, Dōsetsu units manage to score meritorious service, particularly four of his captains Totoki Koretada, Takano Daizen, Yufu Yoshinobu, and Ando Ietada, which later famed as Shitennō(Four heavenly kings) of Dōsetsu.[34][39] The invasion of Mōri also involved Tachibana Munekatsu, the head of Tachibana clan, who has now betrayed the Ōtomo clan for the second time. However, one of Munekatsu vassal defected into Dōsetsu rank, and in the end, the castle of Tachibanayama were fallen to the Ōtomo army. In the end, Munekatsu were executed, and the office of Tachibana clan were postponed from Munekatsu's heir, Tachibana Shinzen, before later in 1571, Sorin instead give the office of Tachibana clan to Dōsetsu.[40]

Later in 1569, Dōsetsu involved in failed defense Siege of Tachibana castle, where the enemy forces under Mōri Motonari beat Dosetsu forces with the use of extensive use of cannons.[28] Later in the same year, Dōsetsu personally led the Otomo forces against the Mōri clan in Tatara area (located in modern day Higashi-ku, Fukuoka), where they engaged in at least four battles which ended in deadlocks.[41] After several engagements at the Battle of Tatarahama On May 18, Kikkawa Motoharu and Kobayakawa Takakage lead 40,000 soldiers facing the Ōtomo army led by Usuki Akisumi, Yoshihiro Akimasa, and Dōsetsu.[42][43][44][45] During the fierce battle between the two sides, Dōsetsu lead the charge into the enemy formation and killed more than ten enemies and manage to beat the vanguard of Motoharu which led by Yoshikawa Motoharu's vanguard led by Nobuki Narazaki. Then, Yoshikawa Motoharu used iron cannons to counterattack. The situation were described as dire for Ōtomo side before Dōsetsu charging towards the gap in a formation of Takakage army, allowing other Dōsetsu generals to reorganize themselves and rearranging their artillery. Dōsetsu rode his horse and charging forward unto the enemy camp while drawing his sword.The army of Motoharu and Takakage unable to resist and was pushed back.[46] Following the battle of Tatatahama, there are about 18 more engagements from 21st-26th May, whith undetermined results. Then finally the conflict were concluded with an agreement of temporary peace treaty between the Mōri clan and the Ōtomo clan.[47]

In April 23rd 1570, Dōsetsu fought the forces Ryūzōji Takanobu and Nabeshima Naoshige in battle of Imayama. in this engagement, Dōsetsu were recorded riding palanquin for the first time to support his disabled left leg during battle.[48] After this battle in Imayama, Dōsetsu keep fighting the Ryūzōji army on the eastern flank of Saga Castle, until september after Dōsetsu manage to negotiate truce with Ryūzōji Takanobu.[49] However, this campaign by Ōtomo forces were considered catastrophic defeat due to massive casualties they suffered and failure to complete their objectives, which ended in August 20th.[50][51]

Head of Tachibana clan edit

 
Stone wall of Tachibana Castle Ruins.

In 1571, Dōsetsu appointed as the official head of Tachibana clan, and changed his name, becoming Tachibana Dōsetsu.[52] As he became an authority who responsible for the Tachibanayama Castle, Dōsetsu were tasked to maintain the defense of the Bungo's northwestern reaches.[53] Later on, in 1575, Dōsetsu manage to secure authorization from Ōtomo Sorin to bequeath his sole daughter, Tachibana Ginchiyo, with the right to inherit his possessions and lands fiefs.[54] As soon as he got the authorization from his superior, Dōsetsu immediately set Ginchiyo, who at that the time still 7 years old, as the next head of Tachibana clan.[24]: 358  Then from this moment onwards, Dōsetsu resigned from Karo or chief retainer position, and assumed even more active role assuming military command of Chikuzen province.[55][56]

Later, in 1578, Dōsetsu leading a campaign along with Takahashi Shigetane into Tsukushi, Iwaya castle in Chikuzen, until reaching Shibata river.[57] For sometimes after disastrous defeat Otomo clan in after the Battle of Mimigawa against Shimazu clan in the conflict of Hyūga, the Ōtomo clan suffere massive defections from many of their followers. This caused castle of Tachibana family, which standing in the frontiers extending from Higo, Chikuzen, and Buzen became an important pivot for the defense of Ōtomo clan's realm, as Dōsetsu, who stayed loyal to the Ōtomo clan, now must guard the frontline of many invasions from Otomo clan enemies.[58] From December 11th to 13th of the 1578, Ryuzoji Takanobu working together with Tsukushi Hirokado and Akizuki Tanezane to invade Chikuzen and threaten Mount Hōman and Tachibana castle. However, Dōsetsu and the Ōtomo forces manage to repel the invaders.[12]

 
Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Chikuzen Province highlighted

For the next year in mid January 1579, Dōsetsu were involved in the second Ōtomo invasion towards Tsukushi province and Iwaya castle, in addition of the invasion into Dazaifu against Akizuki clan and other Ōtomo enemies, while also forcing Akizuki Tanezane to abandon the siege of the Takatoriyama Castle.[59][60][61][62][63] This followed march campaign with the third attempts towards against the Akizuki again in Tsukushi and Iwaya castle, along with a battle which occured in Ishizaka on Dazaifu region.[64][65][66][67][68] Then followed with another act of Dōsetsu in the battle of Yatake, in Chikuzen province, against the Akizuki clan.[69] The next engagement involving Dōsetsu occured in April 18th, where he rescued of the Ōtomo general Shiga Chikamori from danger, by causing the enemy, Akizuki Tanezane to retreat with a ruse.[64][65][70][66][68] Later, in July 12-18th, he manage to defeat the army of Harada clan, vassal of Akizuki clan, in the Battle of Namamatsuhara.[71][72] In July 27th, Dōsetsu repelled the attack waged by Akizuki clan and Harada clan.[73] From August 18th until early september, Dōsetsu engaged in three separate battles against Harada, Munakata, and Sugi army which taken place in Tatarahama, Hakozaki, and adjacent Agematsu Castle.[74][75][76] In September, Dōsetsu and other Ōtomo generals fought in five separate battles against Akizuki, Ryuzoji, Munakata and Harada clans, spanning in several places and fortifications such as Arahei castle, Ikeda castle, and Kosoyama Castle.[77][78][79][80][81][82] Then from November 15th and later December 26th - 29th, Dōsetsu participating in another five engagements against Akizuki clan and their allies such as Tsukushi Hirokado and the Harada clan.[83][84]

In 1580, Dōsetsu, wrote a letter to thirteen senior retainers of Ōtomo Yoshimune, heir to Sorin, where he condemning christianity spread in the realm of Ōtomo clan.[85] Dōsetsu also involved in several military engagements this year, first during February 2nd engaging Ryuzoji Force in Sawara, Chiba.[86] Then a capture of castle in Chikuzen from Munakata Ujisada on May of unspecified date.[87] Then in September 10th where he facing the army of Munakata in Yoshikawa area of Fukuoka.[71][88] Continued with second Battle of Kama-Honami, Battle of Mount Ishigaki, First Battle of Yagiyama Ishizaka in mid October.[89][90][91][92] Then a battle in November 3rd and December against Akizuki Tanezane, then against allied forces of Munakata army and Akizuki army respectively.[92][93][94]

 
Tachibana Muneshige, future son-in-law and head of Tachibana clan

In 1581, Dōsetsu participated in the several engagements across Koganehara, Shimizuhara, and Takatori castle.[95][96] In this campaign, Dōsetsu once again fought against Akizuki clan, this time under Akizuki Tanemi in Koganebara.[97] On July 27, He along of Shigetane fought against Tsukushi and Akizuki clans in the second battle of Dazaifu Kanzeon-ji. It is in this battle that Dōsetsu's adopted son(Shigetane biological son), Takahashi Munetora, wich will be known as Tachibana Muneshige, perform his first deed in battle.[71][98]

In 1582 February 10th, Dōsetsu engaged Harada clan army in the Fifth battle of Ima Matsubara.[99][100][101] Later, in March 16th, Dōsetsu fought in the battle of mount Konomi against Munakata clan army.[102][103][71][104] The conflict continued in April 16th where Dōsetsu and Tachibana Muneshige fought Munakata army once again in the battle of Iwato.[105][106][107] In October 2nd, he assisted Takahashi Shigetane to recapture Yonenoyama Castle from the Akizuki clan by sending his retainer, Yoshida Rensama. 200 soldiers of Akizuki clan were killed in this battle.[108][109][110] The last engagement in the year happened in December 22nd, where Dōsetsu, together with Takahashi Shigetane and Muneshige engaging Munakata once again.[111]

In 1583, Dōsetsu and Shigetane spent their time from January to February clashing the Tsukushi clan army in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka.[112] Later, from February to April, Dōsetsu successfully repelled the repeated attacks by Ryuzoji officer named Tsukushi Hirokado.[112][113][114] Then in April 23th, Dōsetsu and Takahashi Shigetane Storming the Konomidake Castle which defended by Munakata Ujisada, causing the latter fled into Hakusan Castle.[115][116]

After Ryuzoji was defeated at the Battle of Okitanawate in 1584 , the Ōtomo clan take the initiative in March by mobilizing their army in Bungo Province to attack. However, they were unable to subdue Chikugo Neko'o Castle which defended by Kuroki Ienaga. Both forces reached a stalemate. This caused Yoshimune to request assistance to Dōsetsu and Shigetane On August 18 , prompting both to mobilize their army with a total of approximately 5,000 soldiers, crossed the mountainous and difficult terrain of the Chikugo River , the high peaks of the Minou Mountains , Kujukujiri, and Mt. Takatori , where roads were undeveloped.[117] one by one, the forces of Dōsetsu and Shigetane marches on while defeating the oppositions on their journey such as Tsukushi Akizuki, then the Kusano and Hoshino allied forces at battles in Tanushimaru Town, Katase, Eritoguchi and Ishigaki, in approximately 60 kilometer of march. On the 20th, Dosetsu appoint Ujibe Tsubakihara to be the assault commander, and finally Takamure Castle surrendered in August 24th.[118][119]

Defense of Kurume edit

 
Location of Kurume, where anti-Ōtomo invasion occured

In 1585, Dōsetsu were involved in the defense against the massive anti Ōtomo alliance led by Ryuzoji Ieharu and involving many of Ōtomo enemies such as Kusano Chin'ei, Nabeshima Naoshige, Tsukushi Hirokado, Ki Shigefusa (also known as Utsunomiya Chinfusa), Nagano Sukemori, Goto Ienobu, along with other forces from region of Hizen, Chikuzen, Chikugo, and Buzen. The allied forces mounted to around 30,000 soldiers, where they launch huge assaults towards various Ōtomo domains in Kurume area. However, although vastly outnumbered with only 9,800 troops in his command, Dōsetsu along with other Ōtomo generals such as Takahashi Shigetane manage to score the series of victories over the numerically superior enemy troops with combinations brilliant maneuvers and tactics in three separate battles.[120][121][122]

At first, On April 8th, Dōsetsu and Shigetane launched assault to Yanagawa, destroying an enemy troops and manage to capture enemy generals such as captured Ryuzouji Shinsuke and several others, Then they followed in action by burn down Yanagawa and returned to the coast of Takao.[123] Then later the Otomo forces splitting the 9,800 soldiers into two groups and engaging different enemies. In the end, the superior forces of anti-Ōtomo forces were beaten back with losses in bitter fighting, where both Dōsetsu and Shigetane were recordedly scored heavy deeds during the conflict.[124][125][126][127] On April 23, Ieharu and Hirokado commit their reserves of remaining 16,000 troops and dividing their forces into five sections. Dōsetsu and Shigetane engaged the allied forces with the combination of skillful artillery salvos, defensive formation tactics, and timely counterattacks, which in the end caused the allied siege collapsed.[128]

Death edit

During the siege of Neko'o Castle, Chikugo Province in 1585, Dōsetsu fell ill, then as his condition worsened, and felt he was about to died, Dōsetsu told his retainers to put his body in armor and bury it on Mt. Kora facing Yanagawa Castle. Thus he was passed in September 11 at the age of 73.[129][130] However, as Takahashi Shigetane and Tachibana Muneshige fearing that the enemy will desecrate Dōsetsu body if they retreat, they did not fulfill his wishes and instead brought his corpse along with them on their retreat. Until his death, Dōsetsu were recorded has fought in 37 campaign and more than 100 minor engagements while about half of his body was paralyzed.[131][132][133]

Assessments edit

As military commander, Dōsetsu were known to be actively fighting in melee combats, despite being suffering from paralysis in his left leg due to an accident at certain point during his life, which forcing him to ride a carriage which carried by his followers even during battles.[18][134][135][136][137][138] Dōsetsu recorded to have "strength that exceeding normal men" and has mastered sword style which dubbed as tachiuchi ni myō o etaru (the art of slashing in all-direction).[4] According to Bekkidōsetsu Jō-jō” “Bekki gundan, Dōsetsu manage to personally kill 3 of Mōri clan general, namely Motonori Akagawa, Motochika Katsura, and Motoyo Reisen during the battle in Yanagiura In 1562 in october 13th.[139][140] Meanwhile another records from Bekki Gundan and Kyūshū shoshō gunki respectively, has stated in 1567, Dōsetsu personally slayed two of enemy warriors namely Katsura Motochika and Akagawa Motonori. In the following days of 14th, Dōsetsu also reportedly cutting down seven enemy warriors and personally charging into enemy camp while on horseback.[38] During a battle against Mori clan in 1569, Dōsetsu also reportedly has personally killed at least ten of the enemy warriors.[46]

According a folklore, while Dōsetsu still a young man, he was taking shelter under a tree, as it was raining. Suddenly, a lightning bot struck him. However, Dōsetsu unsheath his Chidori to cut the Thunder God inside the lightning bolt, allowing him to survive. After this incident, he renamed his 'Chidori' to 'Raikiri'.[6][7][2][5] Aside from Raikiri, Dōsetsu also possessed a 85 cm katana sword of made of Bizen Kiyomitsu origin.[141][142]

Dōsetsu has reportedly has quoted military strategy principles from the book of Sun Tzu treatise of The Art of War[143]。Later, in a Ōtomo military campaign together with Takahashi Shigetane, Dōsetsu fought using the hōen formation, which included six ranks of arquebusiers and two ranks of bows to fend off attacks.[144] In this battle, Shigetane used a defensive formation which named as kōyaku formation.[144]

According to one record, Dōsetsu once conducted experiments on complex movements of iron cannons before firing, where he invented a method of mixing ammunition and projectiles for one shot and putting them into special bamboo tubes. This technique were rumored causing the artillery gunners of Tachibana clan could fire salvo of their cannons three times faster than regular contemoporary artillery gunners.[145] This technique were reportedly used by Tachibana Muneshige during the Siege of Ōtsu in 1600.[146] This technique were named hayagō.[147]

Dōsetsu was known to be ruthless disciplinarian. During the campaign against the Ryuzoji clan at Chikuzen Kawarasaki , he learned that some of his soldiers had left the camp without permission and returned to their homes. Dōsetsu immediately dispatched his soldiers and ordered them to execute not only those deserting soldiers who had returned home, but also their parents. Despite the urging of other senior military officers to not kill those soldier's parents, Dōsetsu insisted as he viewed the parents are equally guilty.[148]

In popular culture edit

In the popular anime series Naruto, there are techniques named “Chidori” and “Raikiri”. To reference the story of Dōsetsu, a major character named Kakashi Hatake uses one of these techniques to cut a bolt of lightning in half.

In the anime series Katana Maidens, Chidori is the sword used by the main character, Eto Kanami.

Tachibana appears in the video game Samurai Warriors 2: Empires as a generic officer.

Tachibana is mentioned in the description of the Raikiri, which is usable in the fantasy RPG Nioh.

See also edit

References edit

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  32. ^ 戸次鑑連剃髪之事
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  44. ^ 多々良川の戦い 戸次鑑連の奮戦
  45. ^ 『柳川市史』史料編Ｖ近世文書（前編）61 立花文書 三二 大友宗麟軍忠一見状 永禄十二年五月十八日、立花表於敵陣、長尾岸渥防戦之砌、戸次伯耆守鑑連親類・与力・被官、或分捕高名被疵、或戦死之着到、銘々加披見訖、 P.346~348。
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  70. ^ 安楽平落城 筑前大友五城
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  75. ^ 「大友興廃記」巻第十七 宗像合戦之事
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  77. ^ 中野、穴井 2012, pp. 55.
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  79. ^ 宗像記追考 P.538~540
  80. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 道雪紹雲誅原田鑑尚事 P.318~319
  81. ^ 大友興廃記、戸次軍談の伝える「生の松原合戦」
  82. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 筑前国所々合戦之事 P.324~325
  83. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十二 高橋秋月挑戦之事 P.321
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  87. ^ 猫城合戦（福岡県中間市上底井野)「森鎮実不覚、討ち死多数」
  88. ^ 桑田 2016, pp. 231.
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  90. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.139~141
  91. ^ 『戸次軍談』『橘山遺事』『陰徳太平記』
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  93. ^ 龍ヶ城夜襲之事「岩屋城結束強化の契機となった。北原鎮久の誅殺」
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  100. ^ 『豊前覚書』（五）立花御籠城の次第 P.92
  101. ^ 『筑後将士軍談』 卷之第十三 小金原合戦之事 P.353
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  103. ^ 吉永正春『筑前戦国史』 p.163
  104. ^ 『宗像郡誌. 中編 宗像記追考』本書第十六 小金原合戦之事 P.628~629
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  121. ^ 久留米高良山合戦
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Preceded by Tachibana family head
1570-1575 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachibana_Dōsetsu&oldid=1220586934"