Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton

The Right Honourable The Earl Buxton GCMG, PC
Sydney Charles Buxton by Leslie Ward, 1907
Postmaster General
In office 1905–1910
Monarch	Edward VII
Prime Minister	Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman H.H. Asquith
Preceded by	The Lord Stanley
Succeeded by	Herbert Samuel
President of the Board of Trade
In office 14 February 1910 – 11 February 1914
Monarch	Edward VII George V
Prime Minister	H.H. Asquith
Preceded by	Winston Churchill
Succeeded by	John Burns
2nd Governor-General of South Africa
In office 1914–1920
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George
Preceded by	The Viscount Gladstone
Succeeded by	HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught
Personal details
Born	(1853-10-25)25 October 1853 London, England
Died	15 October 1934(1934-10-15) (aged 80) Newtimber, West Sussex, England
Nationality	British
Political party	Liberal
Spouse(s)	Constance Mary Lubbock (1882–1892) Mildred Anne Smith (1896–1934)
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge
Profession	Member of Parliament

Sydney Charles Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton GCMG, PC (25 October 1853 – 15 October 1934) was a British Liberal politician of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Background and education

Buxton was the son of Charles Buxton and grandson of social reformer Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet. His mother was Emily Mary, daughter of the physician and traveller Sir Henry Holland, 1st Baronet. He was born in London and educated at Clifton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was a member of the London School Board from 1876 to 1882.

Political career

In 1880, Buxton became prominent in political circles by the publication of his Handbook to the Political Questions of the Day, a work which eventually went through 11 editions. That same year, he ran for Parliament for Boston, but lost. However, he became an MP in 1883 by winning a by-election in Peterborough. He was defeated in the 1885 general election, but returned to Parliament the very next year, representing Poplar. He would represent this constituency in Parliament until 1914.

From 1892 to 1895, Buxton served as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. In 1905, he earned his first Cabinet post, that of Postmaster-General. In this capacity he introduced such services as penny postage to the United States, the Canadian magazine post, and cheap postage for the blind. In 1910, Buxton was named President of the Board of Trade; in this position he oversaw the passage or amendment of many trade and commerce laws. Upon the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, he asked Lord Loreburn, the Lord Chancellor, to appoint a commission of inquiry into the disaster. This commission eventually came to be headed by Lord Mersey.

In February 1914, Buxton was appointed Governor-General of South Africa, and in May of that year he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Buxton, of Newtimber in the County of Sussex. A revolt by the South African populace on the outbreak of the First World War temporarily threatened his safety, but the country's Prime Minister, General Louis Botha, immediately attached South Africa to Britain. Thereafter, Buxton and Botha formed an effective partnership, planning and executing South African actions in the war, including the invasion of the neighbouring German colony of South West Africa. Buxton travelled widely throughout South Africa, and endeared himself to the people. Upon his retirement in 1920, the people demonstrated their affection for him. He continued his interest in South African affairs even after returning to England, serving as president of the Africa Society from 1920 to 1933.

He was created Earl Buxton in 1920, and continued to be a member of the Liberal Party, often supporting his close friend and colleague Sir Edward Grey. In his later years, he had to undergo amputation of his leg due to a knee injury sustained earlier in his life. He died at Newtimber on October 15, 1934.

Family

Buxton was twice married, firstly in 1882 to Hon. Constance Mary Lubbock (d. 1892), second daughter of Lord Avebury, and secondly in 1896 to Mildred Anne Smith, elder daughter of Hugh Colin Smith, Governor of the Bank of England, of Mount Clare, Roehampton.

By his first wife, he had two sons and one daughter, of whom the sons both died in his lifetime. By his second wife, he had one son and two daughters, of whom the son and the elder daughter died in his lifetime.

Issue:

By his first wife Hon. Constance Mary Lubbock (d. 3 November 1892):

• Charles Sydney Buxton (26 May 1884–31 August 1911); died unmarried.
• Kenneth Sydney Buxton (4 September 1886–27 August 1894); died in childhood, aged seven.
• Lady Phyllis Sydney Buxton (17 April 1888–27 January 1942), later Lady Phyllis Ponsonby OBE; married 23 September 1918 Rev. Canon Maurice George Jesser Ponsonby, MC, DL, JP (10 September 1880–27 February 1943), a grandson of the 2nd Baron De Mauley, had 5 children, of which two (Elizabeth and Mary) have descendants

By his second wife Mildred Anne Smith (d. 7 December 1955):

• Lady Doreen Maria Josepha Sydney Buxton (29 November 1897–28 July 1923), a fraternal twin; married 24 January 1918 married Charles Alfred Euston Fitzroy, a scion of the dukes of Grafton. She died aged 25, shortly after the birth of her third child. After her death, her husband remarried in 1924 and again in 1944. He succeeded to the dukedom in 1936 when a young cousin, the 9th Duke of Grafton was killed in a motoring race.
• Hon. Denis Bertram Sydney Buxton (29 November 1897–9 October 1917), a fraternal twin; killed in action, aged 19, Passchendaele, France, as a Second Lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards. At the time of his death, he was his father's only surviving son and heir to his titles.
• Lady Alethea Constance Dorothy Sydney Buxton (2 August 1910–25 July 2004); married Venerable Peter Charles Eliot, TD, MBE (30 October 1910 – 1995), son of Hon. Edward Granville Eliot (himself grandson of the 3rd Earl of St Germans) and Clare Louise Phelips, on 12 July 1934. They had no issue, and Lady Alethea died aged 93 in 2004.

Since both his surviving sons died unmarried in his lifetime, his titles became extinct at his death. Earl Buxton was survived by his second wife Mildred (d. 1955) and his youngest daughter Lady Althea Eliot (d. 2004), and by eight grandchildren including the future Duke of Grafton (1919–2011).

External references

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sydney Buxton
• Titanic's Supreme Survivor - Sydney Buxton
• Sydney Buxton Biography
• Sydney Buxton genealogy

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Hampden Whalley Hon. John Wentworth-FitzWilliam	Member of Parliament for Peterborough 1883–1885 With: Hon. John Wentworth-FitzWilliam	Succeeded by John Wentworth-FitzWilliam
Preceded by Henry Green	Member of Parliament for Poplar 1886–1914	Succeeded by Alfred William Yeo
Political offices
Preceded by Baron Henry de Worms	Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies 1892–1895	Succeeded by The Earl of Selborne
Preceded by Lord Stanley	Postmaster General 1905–1910	Succeeded by Herbert Samuel
Preceded by Winston Churchill	President of the Board of Trade 1910–1914	Succeeded by John Burns
Preceded by The Viscount Gladstone	Governor-General of South Africa 1914–1920	Succeeded by HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Earl Buxton 1920–1934	Extinct
New creation	Viscount Buxton 1914–1934