Shah Inayatullah (Sindhi: شاه عنایت اللہ; c. 1655 – 1718),[3] popularly known as Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed, Shah Shaheed or Shah Inayat of Jhok, was a 17th-century Sindhi Sufi saint and revolutionary from Jhok.[4][5] He was the first socialist and agricultural reformist of Sindh.[6]
Shah Inayatullah | |
|---|---|
شاه عنایت اللہ | |
 Written name of Shah Inayat in Sindhi | |
| Title | Hazrat Sultan ul-Arifeen Shah Shaheed |
| Personal | |
| Born | c.1655 (AH 1665) |
| Died | 7 January 1718 (Safar 17,1130 AH) |
| Religion | Islam |
| Era | Medieval |
| Region | Sindh, Mughal Empire |
| Creed | Sufism |
| Known for | Sufi poetry, Social reforms |
| Order | Sufi al-Qadiri[1][2] |
| Muslim leader | |
Influenced | |
He was executed on the order of Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar in the early eighteenth century. Sufi Inayat was accused of leading a small army of peasants (Harees) to challenge the domination of Farrukhsiyar, local feudal landlords, and Mullahs. His mantra, “Jo Kherray so Khaey” (Sindhi: جو کيڙي سو کائي), means, "The one who plows has the foremost right on the yield." His popularity forced the feudal landlords to contact Farrukhsiyar, who ordered the ruler of northern Sindh Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro to uproot Inayat and his companions. A prolonged siege of Jhok resulted in an offer of negotiations from the Kalhora commander. Sufi Inayat accepted the offer to avoid further bloodshed, but was instead arrested and later executed in Thatto.,[4]
Early life edit
Shah Inayat was born in 1655/56 A.D to a Sindhi Langah family in Miranpur, Sindh near Jhok where Thatta-Tando Mohammad Khan-Hyderabad road stands in modern times.[5][7] His father Makhdum Fazlullah provided his early education. He travelled the subcontinent to find a spiritual guide (murshid). He arrived in Burhanpur and became initiated into the Qadiriyya order. He travelled to Bijapur and from there to Delhi.[8] In Bijapur, he was a disciple of Shah Abdul Malik ibn Shah Ubaidullah Jilani Qadiri. When his learning was complete, he took leave from his murshid. Before his departure, Shah Abdul Malik placed four things before his disciple: a tasbeeh, a prayer mat, a karaa, and a sword. Shah Inayat chose the sword (a symbol of martyrdom), to which his murshid asked: 'O fakir what price will you pay for this gift?' He replied: "The price is my head."[5]
Influence edit
Once back in Miranpur, Shah Inayat spent his days in meditation and prayer. He had inherited a vast tract of land from his ancestors near his hometown. His message was one of love, tolerance, and equality. Peasants left their respective lands to join his commune to work for Shah Inayat as he had organized collective farming on his own lands. He had raised the slogan, "One who tills the land should eat [the crop]".[5][9]
He established a monastery (khangah) at Miranpur and distributed his land among the landless tillers (harees). He expressed opposition to the landlords (zamindar) as well as orthodox theologians.[3] He attracted many followers among the peasantry, and organized them against the rulers, landlords and religious scholars, urging them not to pay agriculture tax to the rulers or give a share of their produce to the landlords.[10] The landlords and orthodox mullahs then aligned against him and complained to Azam Khan, governor of Thatta Sarkar that Shah Inayat was trying to overthrow the government.[3]
Battle of Jhok edit
Shah Inayat's rising influence among his followers in the area of lower Sindh (Thatta Sarkar) caused much discontent in Yar Muhammad Kalhoro, the feudal lord. The latter enjoyed political sway over Bakhar Sarkar (Northern Sindh) and Sehwan Sarkar (Central Sindh) and thus wanted to control over Thatta Sarkar which was still under the rule of Mughal Nawabs. Kalhoro, the first ruler of Kalhora dynasty, strove to consolidate his power across Sindh, but found the social movement of Sufi Shah Inayat a hurdle in realizing his ambition.[5] Thus he, along with other influential landlords, and Pirs of Dargah succeeded in persuading the Delhi government to act against Shah Inayat and his followers for their rebellion against the Mughal Empire. A battle was launched on Farrukhsiyar's order with the combined forces of Kalhora Chief and the Mughal army of governor of Thatta.[5][4]
The Battle of Jhok was a clash between the Mughal forces along with their local rulers and a band of Sufis who chose to revolt against the feudal and imperial order of the day. A siege was laid to the town of Jhok for about four months, but Shah Inayat's followers gave a stiff resistance. Shah Inayat was preparing to attack the invaders on 1 January 1718 AD, when the Kalhora chief sent Shahdad Khan Talpur with the Quran to invite Shah Inayat for peace talks. However, when Shah Inayat met Yar Muhammad Kalhoro for talks, he was arrested, brought to Thatta and presented to the Mughal governor.[5]
Custodians and Successors edit
Sufi Attaullah Sattari is the present Sajjada Nashin of Dargah Jhok Sharif. He succeeded his father and murshid Sufi Irshad Sattari in 1974. At a young age of 22, he took over the responsibilities of shrine.[11]
Line of Successors
Izzatullah Shah Gundpir[12]
Muhammad Zahid Shah Kalaan[13]
Muhammad Ibrahim Shah Qataal[14]
Izzatullah Shah Sakhi Pir[15]
Muhammad Ibrahim Shah Banglay-Dhareen[16]
Muhammad Zahid Shah alias Wasan Sain[17]
Abdul Sattar Shah I[18]
Ghous Baksh Shah alias Hadi Sain[19]
Abdul Sattar Shah II[20]
Sufi Ghous Muhammad alias Sufi Irshad Abbas[21]
Sahib Karim Sufi Ataullah Sattari[22]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Sarah Ansari. Sufi Saints And State Power - The Pirs of Sind (1843-1947) (PDF). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (1 March 2012). South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-5127-8.
- ^ a b c Mohan Lal (1991). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. p. 3941. ISBN 9788126012213.
- ^ a b c Abbas Jalbani (20 July 2014). "The Jhok of Sufi warriors". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g The socialist Sufi and the Jhok war Dawn (newspaper), Published 20 July 2014, Retrieved 4 December 2021
- ^ Albinia, Alice (2012). Empires of the Indus. John Murray. ISBN 9781848547865.
- ^ Siddiqui, Habibullah (1987). Education in Sind: Past and Present. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind. p. 130. ISBN 978-969-405-009-6.
- ^ Clinton Bennett; Charles M. Ramsey, eds. (2012). South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny. Continnuum-3PL. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-1441151278.
- ^ Call to follow philosophy of Shah Inayat Dawn (newspaper), Published 12 January 2012, Retrieved 4 December 2021
- ^ "Peasant Movement in Sindh: A Case Study of the Struggle of Shah Inayatullah". Grassroots. 49 (2). December 2015. ISSN 2521-456X.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh :: Sufi Ataullah Sattari". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.
- ^ "Sufism In Sindh ::Successors". www.sufisattari.com.