Wikipedia

Pseudoscientific language comparison

Pseudoscientific[1] language comparison is a form of pseudo-scholarship that aims at establishing historical associations between languages by naïve postulations of similarities between them.

While comparative linguistics also studies the historical relationships of languages, linguistic comparisons are deemed pseudoscientific when they are not based on the established practices. Pseudoscientific language comparison is usually performed by people with little or no specialization in the field of comparative linguistics. It is a widespread type of linguistic pseudoscience.

The most common method applied in pseudoscientific language comparisons is to search two or more languages for words that seem similar in their sound and meaning. While such similarities often seem convincing to laypeople, linguistic scientists see this kind of comparison as unreliable for two primary reasons. First, the method applied is not well-defined: the criterion of similarity is subjective and thus not subject to verification or falsification, which is contrary to the principles of the scientific method. Second, the large size of all languages' vocabulary makes it easy to find coincidentally similar words between languages.

Because of its unreliability, the method of searching for isolated similarities is rejected by nearly all comparative linguists (however, see mass comparison for a controversial method that operates by similarity). Instead of noting isolated similarities, comparative linguists use a technique called the comparative method to search for regular (i.e. recurring) correspondences between the languages' phonology, grammar and core vocabulary in order to test hypotheses of relatedness.

Certain types of languages seem to attract much more attention in pseudoscientific comparisons than others. These include languages of ancient civilizations such as Egyptian, Etruscan or Sumerian; language isolates or near-isolates such as Basque, Japanese and Ainu; and languages that are unrelated to their geographical neighbors such as Hungarian.

Political or religious implications edit

In some cases, languages are associated with one another for political or religious reasons, despite a lack of support from accepted methods of science or historical linguistics. For example, it was argued by Niclas Wahlgren that Herman Lundborg encouraged that the posited Ural-Altaic or Turanian, language family, which seeks to relate Sami to the Mongolian language, was used to justify Swedish racism towards the Sami people in particular.[2] (There are also strong, albeit areal not genetic, similarities between the Uralic and Altaic languages, which provide a more benign but nonetheless incorrect basis for this theory.)[relevant?]

Some believers in Abrahamic religions have sought to derive their native languages from Classical Hebrew. For example, Herbert W. Armstrong (1892–1986), a proponent of British Israelism, claimed that the word 'British' comes from Hebrew בְּרִית brit [bʁit] 'covenant' and אּישׁ ʾiš [iʃ] 'man', as supposed proof that the British people are the 'covenant people' of God. Pre-modern scholars of the Hebrew Bible, debating the language spoken by Adam and Eve, often relied on belief in the literal truth of Genesis and of the accuracy of the names transcribed therein. On the other hand, Renaissance scholars Johannes Goropius Becanus (1519–1572) and Simon Stevin (1548–1620) argued that the Adamic language had been a dialect of their own native language, Dutch.

The Sun Language Theory, positing a proto-Turkic language as the ancestor of all human languages, was motivated by Turkish nationalism.

The Israeli-American linguist Paul Wexler is known for his fringe theories[3][4] about the origin of Jewish populations and Jewish languages:

The Lithuanian–American archaeologist Marija Gimbutas argued during the mid-1900s that Basque is clearly related to the extinct Pictish and Etruscan languages, even though at least the comparison had earlier been rejected within a decade of being proposed in 1892 by Sir John Rhys. Her motivation was to show Basque was a remnant of an "Old European culture".[7]

Traits and characteristics edit

There is no universal way to identify pseudoscientific language comparisons; indeed, it is not clear that all pseudoscientific language comparisons form a single group. However, the following characteristics tend to be more common among pseudoscientific theories (and their advocates) than among scientific ones:

  • Failure to apply an accepted, or at least systematic, method to demonstrate regular correspondences between the languages. Unsystematic comparisons are effectively unfalsifiable.[8]
  • Failure to present grammatical evidence for relatedness: claims are based exclusively on word comparisons, even though in comparative linguistics grammatical evidence is also required to confirm relatedness.
  • Arbitrary segmentation of compared forms: comparisons are based on the similarity of only a part of the words compared (usually the first syllable), whereas the rest of the word is ignored.[9]
  • Disregard for the effects of morphology on word structure: uninflected root forms may be compared with fully inflected forms, or marked forms may be used in preference to lesser- or unmarked forms.[10][11]
  • Failure to consider the possibility of borrowing and areal features. Neighboring languages may share much vocabulary and many grammatical features as a result of language contact, and adequate application of the comparative method is required to determine whether the similarities result from contact or from relatedness.[12][13]
  • Relying on typological similarities between languages: the morphological type of the language is claimed to provide evidence for relatedness, but in comparative linguistics only material parallels are accepted as evidence of a historical connection.[14]
  • Neglect of known history: present-day forms of words are used in comparisons, neglecting either the attested or the reconstructed history of the language in question, or words of varying time depths (such as current, archaic, and reconstructed words) and reliability of reconstruction are used interchangeably.[15][8]
  • Advocation of geographically far-fetched connections,[citation needed] such as comparing Finnish (in Finland) to Quechua (in Peru), or Basque (in Spain and France) to Ainu (in Japan), or Castilian (in Spain) to Japanese (in Japan). This criterion is only suggestive, though, as a long distance does not exclude the possibility of a relationship: English is demonstrably related to Hindi (in India), and Hawaiian to Malagasy (on Madagascar).
  • Advocacy of fanciful historical scenarios on the basis of the purported linguistic findings, e.g. claims of unknown civilizations or ancient migrations across oceans.

Proponents of pseudoscientific language comparisons also tend to share some common characteristics with cranks in other fields of science:

  • Overestimation of their own knowledge or competence in one or more of the languages under comparison, or their historical development, and underestimation of experts' knowledge. For example, assigning of incorrect meanings to words or sentences, quoting of rare or even spurious lexemes, morphs or meanings or of obscure dialect forms, misinterpretation of explanations in linguistic literature, or failure to take well-known developments or facts into account. When forms and meanings are simply compiled and quoted from dictionaries (or even only a single source), inaccuracies creep in very easily.[16] Even linguistically trained native speakers are not necessarily linguistic experts in their own language, its dialectology, and its history; and even professional linguists are not necessarily experts in large numbers of diverse languages and families.[original research?]
  • Claims that the purported remote linguistic relationship is obvious and easy to perceive. A distant relationship between languages is usually not obvious on a superficial examination, and can only be uncovered via a successful application of the comparative method.
  • Failure to submit results to peer reviewed linguistic journals.
  • Assertion that criticism towards the theory is motivated by traditionalism, ideological factors or conspiracy on behalf of the linguistic community.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Thomason, Sarah; Poser, William (2020). "Fantastic Linguistics". Annual Review of Linguistics. 6 (1): 457–468. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030459. S2CID 243674477. Fringe and crackpot claims about language display the standard pseudoscientific characteristics discussed many years ago by Martin Gardner (1957) and by numerous observers since then, such as Michael Shermer (2011)
  2. ^ Wahlgren, Niclas. "Något om rastänkandet i Sverige" [Something about racial thinking in Sweden] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
  3. ^ Kaplan, Rose (26 April 2016). "Study Claims Yiddish Originated in Turkey". Tablet.
  4. ^ Kutzix, Jordan (28 April 2016). "Don't Buy the Junk Science That Says Yiddish Originated in Turkey". The Forward. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  5. ^ Bolozky, Shmuel (1994). "On the Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew". In Stone, Russell A.; Zenner, Walter P. (eds.). Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship. Vol. 3. SUNY Press. pp. 63–87. ISBN 978-0-7914-1959-5. Review of Wexler, Paul (1990). Borg, A.; Somekh, S.; Wexler, P. (eds.). The Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past. Mediterranean Language and Culture Monograph Series. Vol. 4. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  6. ^ Wexler, Paul (1991). "Yiddish—the fifteenth Slavic language. A study of partial language shift from Judeo-Sorbian to German". International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 1991 (91): 9–150. doi:10.1515/ijsl.1991.91.9. S2CID 146835332.
  7. ^ See Gimbutas, Marija (12 January 2001). The Living Goddesses. University of California Press. pp. 122, 171–175. ISBN 0-520-22915-0.
  8. ^ a b Trask 1996, p. 395.
  9. ^ Campbell 1998, p. 322.
  10. ^ Campbell 1998, pp. 323–324.
  11. ^ Hock & Joseph 1996, p. 460.
  12. ^ Campbell 1998, pp. 318–319.
  13. ^ Hock & Joseph 1996, pp. 462–464.
  14. ^ Hock & Joseph 1996, pp. 463–464.
  15. ^ Campbell 1998, p. 325.
  16. ^ Campbell 1998, pp. 325–326.

References edit

  • Campbell, Lyle (1998). Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53159-7.
  • Trask, R. L. (1996). Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-60758-9.
  • Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph, Brian D. (1996). Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014784-1.

External links edit

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