Polypodiales
| Polypodiales | |
|---|---|
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| Polypodium californicum | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Pteridophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida / Pteridopsida (disputed) |
| Order: | Polypodiales Link 1833 |
| Families | |
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See text. |
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The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas. The characteristics of this group include: sporangia with a vertical annulus interrupted by the stalk and stomium; indusia laterally or centrally attached (or lost); gametophytes green, chordate, and surficial.[1]
Polypodiales may be regarded as one of the most evolutionarily advanced orders of monilophytes (ferns), based on recent genetic analysis. They arose and diversified about 100 million years ago, probably subsequent to the diversification of the angiosperms. [2]
Families
The Polypodiales order includes the following families.[3][4][5] The order in which they are listed is based on the order in which they appear in the phylogram that follows the list.
- Saccolomataceae Doweld & Reveal 2008
- Lonchitidaceae C.Presl ex M.R.Schomb. 1848
- Cystodiaceae J.R.Croft 1986
- Lindsaeaceae C.Presl ex M.R.Schomb. 1848
- Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn. 1831
- subfamily Cryptogrammoideae S.Linds. 2009 (=) Cryptogrammaceae Pic. Serm. 1963
- subfamily Ceratopteridoideae (J.Sm.) R.M.Tryon 1986 (=) Ceratopteridaceae Underw. 1900
- subfamily Pteridoideae C.Chr. ex Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975
- subfamily Cheilanthoideae W.C.Shieh 1973 (=) Cheilanthaceae B.K.Nayar 1970
- subfamily Vittarioideae (C.Presl) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975 (=) Adiantoideae (C.Presl) R.M.Tryon 1986
- Dennstaedtiaceae Lotsy 1909
- Cystopteridaceae Schmakov 2001
- Rhachidosoraceae X.C.Zhang 2011
- Diplaziopsidaceae X.C.Zhang & Christenh. 2011
- Aspleniaceae Newman 1840
- Hemidictyaceae Christenh. 2011[3][5]
- Thelypteridaceae Pic.Serm. 1970
- Woodsiaceae Herter 1949
- Onocleaceae Pic.Serm. 1970
- Blechnaceae Newman 1844
- Athyriaceae Alston 1956
- Hypodematiaceae Ching 1975
- Dryopteridaceae Herter 1949
- subfamily Dryopteridoideae B.K.Nayar 1970
- subfamily Elaphoglossoideae (Pic.Serm.) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975 (=) Elaphoglossaceae Pic.Serm.
- Lomariopsidaceae Alston 1956
- Nephrolepidaceae Pic.Serm. 1975
- Tectariaceae Panigrahi 1986
- Oleandraceae Ching ex Pic.Serm. 1965 (=) Olandraceae
- Davalliaceae M.R.Schomb. 1848
- Polypodiaceae J.Presl & C.Presl 1822
- subfamily Loxogrammoideae H.Schneid. 2011
- subfamily Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975
- subfamily Platycerioideae B.K.Nayar 1970
- subfamily Microsoroideae B.K.Nayar 1970
- subfamily Polypodioideae B.K.Nayar 1970
Phylogenic relationships
The following diagram showing a likely phylogenic relationship between the families of the Polypodiales is based on Lehtonen, 2011,[3] and Rothfels & al., 2012.[6]
| Polypodiales |
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Obsolete families
Now-obsolete families of Polypodiales include:
- Drynariaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
- Grammitidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
- Gymnogrammitidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
- Loxogrammaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
- Nephrolepidaceae - now in Lomariopsidaceae
- Platyceriaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
- Pleursoriopsidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
- Vittariaceae - now in Pteridaceae
References
- ^ Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider & Paul G. Wolf (2006). "A classification for extant ferns". Taxon 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646.
- ^ Harald Schneider, Eric Schuettpelz, Kathleen M. Pryer, Raymond Cranfill, Susana Magallón, Richard Lupia (2004), "Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms", Nature 428 (6982): 553–557, doi:10.1038/nature02361, PMID 15058303
- ^ a b c Samuli Lehtonen (2011). "Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life". PLoS ONE 6 (10): e24851. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851. PMC 3192703. PMID 22022365.
- ^ Maarten J. M. Christenhusz, Xian-Chun Zhang & Harald Schneider (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa 19: 7–54.
- ^ a b Maarten J. M. Christenhusz & Harald Schneider (2011). "Corrections to Phytotaxa 19: Linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa 28: 50–52.
- ^ Carl J. Rothfels, Anders Larsson, Li-Yaung Kuo, Petra Korall, Wen- Liang Chiou, Kathleen M. Pryer (2012). "Overcoming Deep Roots, Fast Rates, and Short Internodes to Resolve the Ancient Rapid Radiation of Eupolypod II Ferns". Systematic Biology 61 (1): 70.
