Pinguicula vulgaris, the common butterwort, is a perennial carnivorous plant in the bladderwort family, Lentibulariaceae.
| Pinguicula vulgaris | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | Pinguicula |
| Species: | P. vulgaris
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| Binomial name | |
| Pinguicula vulgaris | |
Description edit
It grows to a height of 3–16 cm, and is topped with a purple, and occasionally white, flower that is 15 mm or longer, and shaped like a funnel. This butterwort grows in damp environments such as bogs and swamps, in low or subalpine elevations.[1] Being native to environments with cold winters, they produce a winter-resting bud (hibernaculum). There are three forms originating from Europe: P. vulgaris f. bicolor, which has petals that are white and purple; P. vulgaris f. albida, which has all white petals; and P. vulgaris f. alpicola, which has larger flowers.[2] The taxonomic status of these forms is not universally recognised - see e.g. The Plant List.[3]
Common butterwort is an insectivorous plant. Its leaves have glands that excrete a sticky fluid that traps insects to its leaves; its glands also produce digestive enzymes that work to consume the insects externally.[4] This serves as a way for the plant to access a source of nitrogen, as they generally grow in soil that is acidic and low in nutrients, such as bogs.[4][5] Insect capture is an adaptation to nutrient-poor conditions, and the plant is highly dependent on insects for nitrogen.[6]
Distribution edit
It has a generally circumboreal distribution, being native to almost every country in Europe as well as Russia, Canada, and the United States.[5][7] It is generally found growing in places such as bogs, fens, alvars, and other areas with limestone bedrock and alkaline waters.[5]
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Flower from the side, Niitvälja bog, Estonia -
Whole plant, Norway -
Pinguicula vulgaris near Mývatn, northern Iceland
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References edit
- ^ Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Lone Pine Publishing, 1994. p. 351
- ^ The Savage Garden, Revised: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants. Random House LLC, 2013.
- ^ "The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1.: Pinguicula vulgaris L." London, U.K.: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
- ^ a b "Nature up close: The carnivorous Butterwort plant". CBS News. June 14, 2018. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
- ^ a b c "A Circumboreal Butterwort". In Defense of Plants. December 30, 2015. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
- ^ Karlsson, P. S.; Carlsson, B. (1984). "Why Does Pinguicula vulgaris L. Trap Insects?". The New Phytologist. 97 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb04105.x. JSTOR 2434191.
- ^ Anderberg, Arne. "Den Virtuella Floran, Pinguicula vulgaris L." Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.
External links edit
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