Paintball

Paintball

A paintball player at PSP Chicago 2009
First played	June 27, 1981, Henniker, New Hampshire, United States[1]
Clubs	teams range from NPPL to local teams
Characteristics
Contact	No physical contact between players (contact can result in penalties)
Team members	Varies depending on game format and level of play, recreational or professional (usually between 5 & 7 man teams)
Mixed gender	Yes
Categorization	Extreme, Team sport, winter sport, indoor, outdoor
Equipment	Paintball marker, Body armour (optional), paint grenades, paintballs, hopper
Venue	Varies, often fields or woods

Paintball is an extreme sport^[2][3][4] in which players compete, in teams or individually, to eliminate opponents by tagging them with capsules containing water soluble dye and gelatin shell outside (referred to as paintballs) propelled from a device called a paintball marker (commonly referred to as a paintball gun). Paintballs are composed of a non-toxic, biodegradable, water soluble polymer. The game is regularly played at a sporting level with organized competition involving worldwide leagues, tournaments, professional teams, and players.^[5][6] Paintball technology is also used by military forces, law enforcement, para-military and security organizations to supplement military training, riot response, and non-lethal suppression of dangerous suspects.

Games are played on outdoor or indoor fields of varying sizes. A game field is scattered with natural or artificial terrain, which players use for tactical cover. Rules for playing paintball vary, but can include capture the flag, elimination, ammunition limits, defending or attacking a particular point or area, or capturing objects of interest hidden in the playing area. Depending on the variant played, games can last from seconds to hours, or even days in scenario play.

The legality of paintball varies among countries and regions. In most areas where regulated play is offered, players are required to wear protective masks, and game rules are strictly enforced.

Invention

In 1976, Jesus returned to New Hampshire from an African buffalo-hunting safari, and discussed with his friend Bob Gurnsey the idea of a game in which the participants would stalk each other through the woods. The concept was inspired in part by the short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell. In 1981, Gaines and eleven others played the first game of paintball, using Nel-Spot pistols which were intended for marking trees and livestock by ranchers. This initial game was a capture the flag style scenario. Later, Bob Gurnsey formed the National Survival Game company, which was the first firm to sell paintball equipment.^[7][8]

Equipment in paintball

The paintball equipment used may depend on the game type, for example: woodsball, speedball, or scenarioball; on how much money one is willing to spend on equipment; and personal preference. However, almost every player will utilize three basic pieces of equipment:

• Paintball marker: also known as a "paintball gun" or "marker", this is the primary piece of equipment, used to tag the opposing player with paintballs. The paintball marker must have a loader or "hopper" attached to keep the marker fed with paint, and will be either gravity-fed (where balls drop into the loading chamber), or electronically force-fed. Modern markers require a compressed air tank or carbon dioxide for propellant. In contrast, very early bolt-action paintball markers used disposable silver capsules normally seen in pellet guns. In the mid to late 1980s, marker mechanics improved to include constant air pressure and semi-automatic operation. ^[9][10]Further improvements included increased rates of fire; CO2 tanks from 9 to 20 oz, and compressed air or nitrogen in sizes from 44 to 88 ci, and finally pressures up to 4500 PSI. However, the use of liquid CO2 caused damage to sensitive components inside the marker, and was phased out in favor of compressed air.
• Paintballs: The ammunition used in the marker, paintballs are spherical gelatin capsules containing primarily polyethylene glycol, other non-toxic and water-soluble substances, and dye. The quality of paintballs is dependent on the brittleness of the ball's shell, the roundness of the sphere, and the thickness of the fill; higher-quality balls are almost perfectly spherical, with a very thin shell to guarantee breaking upon impact, and a thick, brightly colored fill that is difficult to hide or wipe off during the game. The highest-grade paintballs incorporate cornstarch and metallic flake into the fill to leave a thick glittery "splat" that is very obvious against any background color, and hard to wipe off. Almost all Paintballs in use today are biodegradeable. All ingredients used in the making of a Paintball are food grade quality and are harmless to the participants and environment. Manufacturers and distributors have been making the effort to move away from the traditional oil-based paints and compressed CO2 gas propellant, to a more friendly waterbased formula and compressed air in an effort to become more "ECO-Friendly".
• Mask or goggles: Masks are safety devices players are required to wear at all times on the field, to protect them from paintballs.^[11] The original equipment used by players were safety goggles of the type used in labs and wood shops; today's goggles are derived from skiing/snowboarding goggles, with an attached hard shell that completely covers the eyes, mouth, ears and nostrils of the wearer. Masks can also feature throat guards. Modern masks have evolved to be less bulky compared with older designs. Some players may remove the mouth and/or ear protection for aesthetic or comfort reasons, but this is not recommended nor often allowed at commercial venues.

Additional equipment, commonly seen among frequent players, tournament participants, and professional players include:

• Pods and pod packs: The most common addition to the above "mandatory" equipment, pods are plastic containers, usually with flip-open lids, that store paintballs in a ready-to-use manner. Pods are available in 100 and 140-round sizes, with the larger 140-round pods being most common among tournament players. Pods are carried by the player in pod packs or harnesses which facilitate easy access to the pods during play. There are several designs of pod packs, from belt loops allowing a recreational player to carry one or two extra pods, to harness designs generally designed for either tournament-style or scenario-style players.
• Squeegee/swab - From time to time, a paintball will break inside the player's marker. When this happens it coats the inner surfaces of the marker with paint, especially the barrel, which considerably reduces accuracy. While speedball and tournament players generally have no time to clear this obstruction and instead simply "shoot through it", woodsball and scenario players generally carry a tool to allow them to clear the barrel following a break. There are several types of squeegee, most of which are advantageous in two of three areas and disadvantageous in the last: cleaning time, effectiveness, and storage space.
• Paintball jerseys and pants: Originally derived from motocross and BMX attire, tournament players commonly wear special outer clothing with integrated padding that allows the player a free range of motion, and helps protect the player both from paintball hits and from incidental contact with rocks and hard ground. Certain designs of jersey and pant even advertise lower incidence of hits, due to increased "bounce-offs" and "breakaways". In indoor fields, where shooting generally happens at very close range, hard-shelled armor is sometimes worn to protect the player from bruising and welts from close-range hits.
• Elbow and knee pads: Common among outdoor sports, players can choose to help protect knee, elbow and even hip joints from jarring impact with the use of pads. For paintball, these pads are generally soft foam worn inside a player's pants to prevent abrasion of the pad against the ground.
• Gloves: Paintball impacts to the hands, knuckles and fingers can be extremely painful and temporarily debilitating. In addition, being an outdoor sport, players are often prone or crawling which can cause scrapes to the hands. Padded or armored gloves help reduce the potential for injury to the hands from these things.
• Athletic protector: Also common in other sports involving potential impact of fast-moving objects, players generally take care to protect sensitive or vulnerable anatomical areas from painful hits and injury; men commonly wear an athletic supporter with a rigid cup similar to types used in football, lacrosse, hockey or baseball, while women often wear a pelvic protector and a padded or hard-shelled sports bra also commonly seen in the aforementioned sports.
• Other paint marking equipment: Normally seen in scenario play only, and disallowed at most tournaments, other forms of paint-marking equipment are sold, such as paint-grenades (paint-filled balloons or lengths of surgical hose) and "paint throwers" (designed to model the effect of flamethrowers, basically a large water cannon filled with paint).
• Vehicles: Again normally only seen in scenario play, a variety of vehicles have been devised based on go-karts, ATVs, etc to create "armored vehicles", within which players are protected from hits and can move around on the field. Such vehicles may employ a wide range of mounted paint-discharging weaponry.

Media

Paintball was once featured on popular broadcasts such as ESPN and ESPN 2. However with the decline of the economy and popularity such broadcasts were ceased. Paintball media has moved on to online websites such as Youtube where popular media partners such as HK army, Tech PB, Social Paintball, terrencomp, girlpaintballer, cnoddings, and the egoballaz have all helped to spark new interest in the sport.

Gameplay

A paintball player in action.

Paintball is played with a potentially limitless variety of rules and variations, which are specified before the game begins. The most basic game rule is that players must attempt to accomplish a goal without being shot and marked with a paintball. A variety of different rules govern the legality of a hit, ranging from "anything counts" (hits cause elimination whether the paintball broke and left a mark or not) to the most common variation: the paintball must break and leave a mark the size of a US quarter or larger. Eliminated players are expected to leave the field of play; eliminations may also earn the opposing team points.^[12][13] Depending on the agreed upon game rules, the player may return to the field and continue playing, or is eliminated from the game completely.

The particular goal of the game is determined before play begins; examples include capture the flag^[14] or Elimination.^[15] Paintball has spawned popular variants, including woodsball, which is played in the natural environment and spans across a large area.^[16] Conversely, the variant of speedball is played on a smaller field and has a very fast pace (with games lasting up to five minutes).^[17] Another variant is scenario paintball, in which players attempt to recreate historical, or fictional settings; the largest being Oklahoma D-Day's World War II re-enactment.^{[citation needed]}

Woodsball

"Woodsball" is a term developed late in the history of the game to refer to what was the original form of the game: teams competing in a wooded or natural environment. Recently the term has been adopted to refer to virtually any form of paintball played in natural surroundings, as opposed to arena or artificial fields. A lot of the time, people played outdoors because it was readily available. Woodsball should not be mistaken for scenario ball as it differs in many ways from it including tactics and size. Probably the main difference between Woodsball and Scenario are the Rules.

Woodsball rules tend to be more open. The format for this leans more towards large teams competing for number of eliminations and on field objectives. Large Scale Woodsball games are commonly referred to as "Big Games". Popular examples of this format are Cousins Big Game in Coram Long Island and Hell Survivors Monster Game just outside Pinckney, Michigan. Both of these events regularly draw between 1500-2000 participants. Another variant of the Big Game is the "Attack and Defend" format where large numbers of attackers try to overun a fixed, but well defended objective such as a compound or large building. A popular example of format this would be Castle Conquest at EMR Paintball in New Milford, Pennsylvania, an event that regularly draws up to 1500 players.

Scenario Paintball or Arcade Paintball

The scenarios are more evolutionary, more tactical, and more complex than the regular game which was at the base "capture the flag". Certain Big games relive historic moments like D-Day from World War II, being one of the most popular events. Some players even wear the uniforms worn by the soldiers during that time period.

In North America certain parks (D-Day Adventure Park, NPF, Bigfoot Paintball) gained worldwide recognition^[18] with their Big Games like Oklahoma D-Day, Diamond Wars & Mega War Game, with its thousands of players. In Québec, one of the most spectacular events was played at Bigfoot Paintball, with a record 976 players for the Mega War Game in 2009^{[citation needed]}. "A couple of times a year, something strange happens in the foothills of Québec…500 players get together for one of the most intense paintball battles in the world. This year was no different."^[19]

There are a lot of different mil-sim teams, with their dress code, rank system & game rules that try to simulate actual military ops. The equipment that is available to them has evolved greatly since the time of hand cocked guns and fluorescent colors. Paintball markers can be bought or made to look almost identical to real guns such as the MP5, M16, and AK-47 with the aid of shrouds. Smoke grenades, paint grenades, bazookas, ballistic helmets, and tactical vests are also available.

Speedball

Speedball is played in an open or partially wooded field filled with inflatable fabric "bunkers" which can be used for protection. These games were started as a way to make the game safer for players who might trip on uneven woodland terrain. Speedball is generally a fast-paced game where many more paintballs are used than in the traditional game of woodsball.

The original speedball playing area was a field made of manmade bunkers. To make the game faster, field owners began using black drainage pipes anchored into the ground to create a new fast-paced game called hyperball. The next major leap for paintball was the invention of airball. Players were getting bored of the same field over and over again and so they invented flexible high-strength PVC fabric bunkers filled with air. These were easily moved, so that now a field can be made into infinite variations. Over the years a standard in airball was established of a snake side and a dorito side, referring to the type of bunker used on those sides of the field. The field became identical or mirrored on both sides so as to not give one team an advantage. Also a giant center bunker began to be utilized in many fields. The newest advance in paintball is the use of artificial turf on fields. This allows less maintenance of fields, faster play and a much more even match between those two teams, as it is as close to identical on both sides as possible.

Enforcement of game rules

Regulated games are overseen by referees or marshals, who patrol the course to ensure enforcement of the rules and the safety of the players. If a player is marked with paint, they will call them out, but competitors may also be expected to follow the honor code; a broken ball means elimination. Field operators may specify variations to this rule, such as requiring a tag to certain body locations only – such as the head and torso only.^[20] There are game rules that can be enforced depending on the venue, to ensure safety, balance the fairness of the game or eliminate cheating.

• Masks On – Even when a game is not in progress, virtually all venues enforce a masks-on rule while players are within the playing area. More generally, within any given area of the park, either all players'/spectators'/officials' masks must be on, or all players' markers must either have a barrel block in place or be disconnected from their gas source, to ensure that a paintball cannot be fired from any nearby marker and cause eye injury. Some fields encourage players to aim away from opponents' heads during play if possible; splatter from mask hits can penetrate ventilation holes in the goggles and cause eye irritation, close-range hits to the mask can cause improperly maintained lenses to fail, and hits to unprotected areas of the face, head and neck are especially painful and can cause more serious injury.^[21]
• Minimum distance – When being tagged, depending on the distance from where the shot was fired, getting marked directly can cause a bruise. Being marked may even leave a welt or break skin causing bleeding. Because of the pain associated with being hit by a paintball, commercial venues may enforce a minimum distance rule; such as 15 feet (4.5 m), whereby players cannot shoot an opponent if they are closer than this distance.^[22] Many fields enforce a modified minimum distance surrender rule; a player who advances to within minimum range must offer his opponent the chance to surrender before shooting. This generally prevents injury and discord at recreational games, however it is seldom used in tournaments as it confers a real disadvantage to the attacking player; he must hesitate while his opponent is free to shoot immediately. The act of shooting a player at close range is colloquially called "bunkering"; it happens most often when a player uses covering fire to force his opponent behind the cover of a bunker, then advances on that bunker while still shooting to eliminate the opponent point-blank.^[23] A tap of the targeted player with the barrel of a marker, sometimes called a "Murphy" or "tap-out", is generally considered equivalent to marking them with a paintball and is sometimes used in situations where one player is able to sneak up on an opponent to point-blank range.
• Hits - A player is hit if a paintball leaves a solid, quarter-sized mark anywhere on the player's body or equipment. Some variations of paintball don't count gun hits or require multiple hits on the arms or legs. Most professional fields and tournaments, though, count any hit on a person, the equipment on their person, or even objects picked up at random from the field. Splatter often occurs when a paintball does not break on a person but on a nearby surface and then paint bounces onto the player, but this does not count as a hit unless it forms a solid mark on the player.
• Overshooting – Fields may discourage players from overshooting (also regarded as bonus balling, "overkill" or lighting up), which is to repeatedly shoot a player after they are eliminated from the game.^[24] It is also considered overshooting if a player knew the opponent was eliminated but continued to shoot, disregarding the safety of the opposing player and risking dangerous injury to others.
• Ramping – Ramping is a feature of many electronic markers, where after a certain number of rapid shots or upon a threshold rate-of-fire being achieved by the player, the gun will begin firing faster than the trigger is being pulled. Ramping of rate of fire is prohibited or sharply limited at most paintball fields, however it is allowed in various tournament formats with specific rules governing when and how the marker may ramp.^[25]
• Wiping – Players may attempt to cheat by wiping paint from themselves, to pretend they were not hit and stay in the game.^[26] If caught, "wipers" are generally called out of the game, and in recreational paintball may be ejected from the field for multiple instances of wiping. Various tournament rules state additional penalties for players or teams caught wiping, such as "3-for-1" (calling the wiping player and the nearest two players out) in PSP capture-the-flag, or a prescribed number of "penalty minutes" in XBall.
• Non-contact - While paintball does involve tagging players with paintball projectiles, this is generally considered the sole point of physical contact between members of opposing teams. Players are generally prohibited from physically contacting other players, such as colliding with them, physically restraining them, and especially using fists, feet, protective gear or the markers themselves to hit other players. Fisticuffs in particular are dangerous not only to the participants but to all players on or off the field, and referees are generally trained to respond immediately and aggressively to stop the fight, and to eject and ban instigators of these fights.

Playing venues

A "speedball" field consisting of inflatable paintball bunkers.

A non-commercial, community paintball field with wooden structures in Mexico, which is used in playing "renegade" or "gotcha" paintball.

Paintball is played at both commercial venues, which require paid admission, and private land; both of which may include multiple fields of varying size and layout. Fields can be scattered with either natural or artificial terrain, and may also be themed to simulate a particular environment, such as a wooded or urban area, and may involve a historical context.^[27] Smaller fields (such as those used for speedball and tournament play) may include an assortment of various inflatable bunkers; these fields are less prone to cause injury as the bunkers are little more than air bags, which can absorb the impact of a player colliding with them. Before these inflatable fields became available and popular, speedball fields were commonly constructed of various rigid building materials, such as plywood and framing timber, shipping pallets, even concrete and plastic drainage pipe. The use of plastic pipe tethered with stakes became common, as it allowed for relatively easy reconfiguration of fields and at least some impact-absorption, and was the precursor to the modern inflatable bunker (in fact, certain common features in inflatable fields, such as "can" and "snake" bunkers, were derived from similar features built with plastic drainage pipe). Recreational fields still commonly use these older materials for their higher durability and novelty; inflatable bunkers are prone to bursting seams or otherwise developing holes and leaks. Other fields have wooden or plastic barriers.

Commercial venues may provide amenities such as bathrooms, picnic areas, lockers, equipment rentals, air refills and food service. Countries may have paintball sports guidelines, with rules on specific safety and insurance standards, and paid staff (including referees) who must ensure players are instructed in proper play to ensure participants' safety. Some fields are "BYOP" (Bring Your Own Paint), allowing players to buy paint at unrelated retail stores or online and use it at their field. However, most fields are FPO (Field Paint Only,) meaning players must buy paint at the venue or at a pro shop affiliated with the park. This is largely for revenue reasons; field and rental fees generally do not cover expenses of a paintball park. However, other reasons relating to player safety are generally cited and have some merit, as poor quality or poorly stored paint can cause gun failures or personal injury to targeted players.^[28][29][30] Other times, FPO policies are in keeping with municipal laws for wastewater and runoff; paintballs contain food dyes, and some formulations have metallic flakes and/or cornstarch to make them more visible, all of which can pose problems in water reservoirs and treatment plants. So, fields that must wash paintball paint into municipal wastewater facilities, or that have substantial rain runoff into bodies of water that are used as sources of drinking water, are generally required by the municipality to restrict players to only certain paint formulations; the easiest way to achieve this is to sell only approved paint and require that field paint be used.^[31]

Playing on a non-established field is sometimes referred to as renegade or gonzo play or outlaw ball (with the players nicknamed renegade ballers or outlaws).^[32] Though less expensive and less structured than play at a commercial facility, the lack of safety protocols, instruction, and oversight can lead to higher incidence of injuries.

Organized play

The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)

Green paintballs

The first organized paintball game in record was held by Charles Gaines, Bob Guernsey and friends in New Hampshire in 1981, with the first paintball field opening approximately a year later in Sutton, NH (opened by founder Bob Guernsey)^[33] In 1983 the first National Survival Game (NSG) national championship was held, with a $14,000 cash award for the winning team.^[34] As of 2010^[update], tournaments are largely organized by paintball leagues.

Leagues

A paintball league is an organization that provides a regulated competition for paintball players to compete. Leagues can be of various sizes (for example, regional, national or international) and offer organized tournaments for professional, semi-professional, and amateur teams, sometimes with financial prizes. The first British national league was the British Paintball League created in 1989 by Gary Morhall, Richard Hart and Derek Wildermuth in Essex England.^{[35][36][37][38]} As of 2010^[update], major leagues include the NPPL and PSP in the United States,^[38][39] the Millennium Series in western Europe,^[40] the Centurio series in Eastern Europe, and the National Collegiate Paintball Association in the US and Canada (A league was also created for high school and college players, the NCPA.).^[41] They are supplemented by various regional and local leagues spread worldwide.

Tournament format

The nature and timing of paintball events are specified by the league running the tournament, with the league also defining match rules – such as number of players per team (anywhere from 3-10 players per team), or acceptable equipment for use. The number of matches in a tournament is largely defined by the number of available teams playing.

A match in a tournament is refereed by a judge, whose authority and decisions are final. Tournament rules can vary as specified by the league, but may include for example – not allowing players to use devices to communicate with other persons during a game, or not allowing players to unduly alter the layout of terrain on the field. In contrast to a casual game designed for fun, a tournament is much stricter and violations of rules may result in penalties for the players or entire teams.^[42]

Though tournament paintball was originally played in the woods, speedball became the standard competitive format in the 1990s.^[38][43] The smaller fields made use of artificial terrain such as bunkers, allowing symmetrical fields that eliminate terrain advantages for either team; woodsball fields having no such guarantee.^[44] Most recently, fields using inflatable bunkers, tethered to the ground with stakes, have become standard for most tournament formats; the soft, yielding bunkers reduce the occurrence of injuries, the bunkers deflate to store in a compact space and anchor to the ground with tent stakes, allowing for temporary fields to be set up and torn down with less impact on the ground underneath, and the arrangement of bunkers can be easily re-configured to maintain novelty of play or to simulate a predetermined field layout for an upcoming event.^[45]

Professional teams

A professional paintball team is one that plays paintball with the financial, equipment or other kind of support of one or more sponsors, often in return for advertising rights. Professional teams can have different names in different leagues due to franchising and sponsorship issues.

Accused terrorists' usage

Many professional law-enforcement and military groups around the world actively use paintball to simulate combat situations in the training of their personnel. Conversely unlawful groups and terrorist have been accused of using paintball for similar tactical training purposes.

Mohamed Mahmood Alessa and Carlos "Omar" Eduardo Almonte, two men arrested in June 2010 as they were bound for Somalia, and charged with terrorism and conspiring to kill, maim, and kidnap people outside the U.S., had simulated combat at an outdoor paintball facility in West Milford, New Jersey, according to the complaint against them.^{[46][47][48][49]}

Similarly, 11 men, convicted in 2003–04 of composing the Virginia Jihad Network, engaged in paintball training in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, to simulate small-unit tactical operations and develop combat skills to prepare for jihad, according to prosecutors.^{[47][48][50][51][52][53]} In 2006, Ali Asad Chandia of the Virginia Jihad Network was also sentenced to 15 years in prison for providing support to a Pakistani terrorist organization, Lashkar-e-Taiba, including helping Lashkar ship 50,000 paintballs from the U.S. to Pakistan.^[54]

In addition, two of the 2005 London 7/7 bombers were filmed in June 2005 at a paintball center in Tonbridge, Kent, ducking behind oil barrels and shooting paintballs at cut out figures before lining up to pray at the end of the day.^[55] Also, the suspects in the 2006 Toronto Terrorism case played paintball to prepare for their attack.^[56][57] In 2007, paintball training was engaged in by five terrorists to prepare for an attack aimed at killing American soldiers in Fort Dix, New Jersey; they were later convicted.^[58][59]

Safety statistics

Paintball players in mid-game

The rate of injury to paintball participants has been estimated as 45 injuries per 100,000 participants per year.^[60] Research published by the Minnesota Paintball Association has argued that paintball is one of the statistically safest sports to participate in, with 20 injuries per 100,000 players annually,^[61] and these injuries tend to be incidental to outdoor physical activity (e.g. trips). A 2003 study of the 24 patients with modern sports eye injuries presenting to the eye emergency department of Porto S João Hospital between April 1992 and March 2002 included five paintball eye injuries.^[62] Furthermore, a one-year study undertaken by the Eye Emergency Department, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in Boston has shown that most sports eye injuries are caused by basketball, baseball, hockey, and racquetball.^[63] Another analysis concluded that eye injuries incurred from paintball were in settings where protective equipment such as masks were not enforced, or were removed by the player.^[64] Eye injuries can occur when protective equipment is not properly used and such injuries often cause devastating visual loss.^[65][66] For safety, most regulated paintball fields strictly enforce a 'masks-on' policy, and most eject players who consistently disobey.

Regardless, paintball has received criticism due to incidents of injury. In Canada in 2007, an eleven year old boy lifted his mask and was shot point blank in the eye by an adult playing on the same field,^[67] leading to calls by the Montreal Children's Hospital to restrict the minimum age of paintball participants to 16 years. In Australia, the sport attracted criticism when a 39-year-old man playing at a registered field in Victoria died of a suspected heart attack, after being struck in the chest.^[5][68]

Additionally, the use of paintball markers outside a regulated environment has caused concern. In the United States in 1998, 14-year-old Jorel Lynn Travis was shot with a paintball gun while standing outside a Fort Collins, Colorado ice cream parlor – blinding her in one eye.^[69] In 2001, a series of pre-meditated and racially motivated drive-by shootings targeted Alaska Natives in Anchorage, Alaska, using a paintball marker. In Ottawa, Canada in 2007, Ashley Roos was shot in the eye and blinded with a paintball gun while waiting for a bus.^[70][71][72]

Legality

The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)

Australia

Paintballing in Australia is controlled by the police in each state, with differing minimum age requirements. Players under 18 are required to have a guardian sign a consent form. The minimum ages are 12 for South Australia and Western Australia, 15 for Queensland, 16 for New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory, and 18 in Victoria.^[73] Paintball has been banned in Tasmania since the events of the Port Arthur massacre in 1996.^[5]

Operators must adhere to particular rules on gun storage, safety training and field sizes. In all states, to own a paintball marker players must have a paintball gun licence, be at least 18 years old, and have the marker safely stored in a category 2 safe.^[74] Until 2005, Victoria was the only state which required players to have a long-arm firearm licence; a law which was criticized on the grounds it drew players to real firearms.^[75]

Cyprus

As in Australia, paintballing in the Republic of Cyprus is controlled by police, i.e. all paintball markers must be registered and licensed, the field must be in certain standards that is inspected by police in order to obtain the licence for a paintball field. The process of buying your own paintball marker is just as complicated, the buyer must have completed military service, have a clean police record and be over the age of 18 years old.

Minimum age for paintball is 14 years old with parents consent, from 16 and up no parental consent is required. It is required that all players must wear protective mask as well and neck and chest protection. Paintball markers are not allowed to exceed 290 fps velocity and a maximum of 12bps firing rate.^[76]

Germany

In Germany, paintball is restricted to players over 18 years of age.^[77] Paintball markers are classified as weapons that do not require a license or permit; they are legal to buy and use, but restricted to adults.^[78] In May 2009, reacting to the Winnenden school shooting, German lawmakers announced plans to ban games such as paintball as they allegedly trivialised and encouraged violence^[79][80] but the plans were retracted a few days later. Most Indoor-Paintball-Areas in Germany have a strict "No-Mil-Sim"-Policy, meaning that no camouflage clothing or real-life looking markers are allowed. ^[81]

Ireland

Paintballing is widely accepted as a recreational pastime in Ireland and is not directly subject to any governing regulations.

New Zealand

Paintball markers are classified as Airguns under New Zealand law, and as such are legal for persons 18 and over to possess (those between the ages of 16-18 must have a firearms license). Fully automatic Paintball markers are currently classed as restricted weapons, and thus illegal for those without the correct firearms license endorsement to possess, however as of 2011 an amendment to the firearms act is being drafted which will remove their restriction.

United Kingdom

Laws pertaining to paintball markers in the United Kingdom classify them as Air Weapons, as they fire frangible ammunition which breaks up on contact rather than inflicting a penetrating injury. Owners do not require a license unless the marker fires above 300 feet per second (91 m/s). Only approved paintballs can be used, and the marker must not be fully automatic. The minimum age to be in possession of a marker is seventeen, except in target shooting clubs or galleries, or on private property so long as projectiles are not fired beyond the premises. It is prohibited to be in possession of a paintball marker in public places.^[82] The absolute minimum legal age for a commercial venue is 11,^[83] although facilities exist with lower-powered guns for children of a younger age.^[84]

United States

In the United States of America, eight states define explicit legislation for paintball guns. In Pennsylvania, paintball markers have transport requirements, cannot be used against anyone not participating in a paintball activity, and cannot be used for property damage.^{[citation needed]}New Hampshire and Rhode Island require players be at least eighteen years of age to own a marker, with students in New Hampshire faced with the possibility of expulsion from school for possessing a marker.^{[citation needed]} In Illinois, owners must be over the age of twelve and can only use their markers in private land or on safely constructed target ranges.^{[citation needed]}

Virginia is one of two states that permit its towns to adopt ordinances on paintball guns, allowing its local authorities to do so.^{[citation needed]}Delaware on the other hand only authorizes Wilmington to do so, but does allow paintball to be played on farms as it is considered an agritourism activity. Florida and Texas limit government liability if a government entity allows paintball on its property.^[85]

In virtually all jurisdictions, the use of a paintball marker in a manner other than its intended purpose and/or outside the confines of a sanctioned game or field can result in criminal charges such as disturbing the peace, disorderly conduct, vandalism, criminal mischief or even aggravated assault.

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Paintball around the world

Italy

In Italy the practice of paintball is still not widespread, because of a ambiguous situation with regard to its regulation. The causes that create ambiguity in the classification of paintball mistakenly calling it "illegal" in the country are basically two: 1-The markers used for the game are defined as fire weapons, so it is required a firearms licens to their owners. 2-The paintballs are defined illegal because a law states that paintball can not INCLUDE OR CARRY other substances or materials. Despite the weaknesses of the legal system, several paintball fields have arisen along the country,some of those very well equipped and furnished as for example the following in Milan : ^[86].

Canada

Certain paintball fields opened in the Eastern Townships and in the Laurentians offering to the ever growing of paintball players to play on fields that were created for this sport. In the beginning it was mostly fields with regular open fields with barricades of wood, old tires and barrels, very basic infrastructures. In 1995 Bigfoot Paintball opened up its doors in St. Alphonse-Rodriguez in the region of Lanaudière. After only a few years it became more and more important in Québec, Canada. "Less than 1 hour from Montréal, in Canada’s beautiful Québec sits one of the most Amazing Paintball sites in the World. Some Distributors even believe it to be the largest Paintball Activity in North America"^[87]

Cyprus

There are about 10 fields all over Cyprus (Republic). The most recognized of them being Lapatsa paintball ranch (Nicosia), DNA-Paintball (Paphos), Paintball Cyprus (Limassol), each field has its own unique experience to offer to the player, each of these facilities have a shop where a player can purchase accessories for paintball. At the present moment The Republic of Cyprus have ongoing leagues to add to the excitement of paintball in Cyprus. CRL(Cyprus Rec-ball League) and CSL(Cyprus Speedball League). Each league has tournaments every month for the duration of the season which is usually about 7-9 months.^[88]

Iran

In Iran Paintball is a very popular sport and freetime recreation. Nearly every city has one or more Paintball fields. Every Province has one or more teams that play at the national Paintball league. Iran has a National Team too ^[89].

India

In India, organized paintball began in late 2009 and is seeing an increase in interest as entertainment for teenagers. It is available in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai (Kottivakam), Pune,Lucknow,Hyderabad and Bangalore. Currently, players must be 18 years of age or older.

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  Paintball in Kotivakkam

Paintball, specially in Bangalore is gaining rapid popularity. Be it families, students, corporates or even pro league players, an uprising is being noticed in the use of paintball as a recreational activity. DirtBall Adventure Zone in Bangalore offers to the masses, very reasonable packages so as to promote the sport of paintball in Bangalore and to uphold the healthy spirit of sportsmanship and competition through their team building, leadership and personality development activities.

South Africa

In South Africa organised paintball has been played for over two decades. Currently, the only legal enforcement regarding paintball is the concealment of paintball (and air soft) markers/guns in public areas. There are no license requirements or age limitations in place, but with the threat of the implementation of the "Dangerous Weapons Act", this could change within the next year.

South Africa has seen a steady growth of the sport of paintball, since its introduction into the country in the late 80's. Recreational bushball being the most popular form throughout the country, but the last couple of years have seen a big increase in the popularity of speedball. The South African Paintball League has been in existence since 2002 and counts team Dynamix as the top team in the country. The last major tournament was held by the SAPL in 2011 and saw Dynamix win against Team Reapers in the final of the tournament.

Popular tournaments such as The Tippmann Challenge, D-Day and the Navy Festival SWAT Challenge, see hundreds of like-minded players from around the entire country participate in these hugely successful events.

See also

• Airsoft
• Laser tag
• Paintball marker
• Paintball equipment
• Player positions (paintball)
• Category:Paintball players

References

External links

• Paintball at the Open Directory Project