Osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system

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OROS, (Osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system), is a controlled release oral drug delivery system in the form of a tablet. The tablet has a rigid water-permeable jacket with one or more laser drilled small holes. As the tablet passes through the body, the osmotic pressure of water entering the tablet pushes the active drug through the opening in the tablet.

OROS is a trademarked name owned by Alza Corporation. OROS medications: Invega (paliperidone), Adalat Oros/XL (Nifedipine), Jurnista (Hydromorphone), (Venlafaxine) ER and Concerta (methylphenidate).

Routes of administration / Dosage forms

Oral

Digestive tract (enteral)

Solids	Pill Tablet Capsule Time release technology Osmotic delivery system (OROS)

Liquids	Elixir Emulsion Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Tincture Tisane

Buccal (Sublabial) Sublingual

Solids	Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) Film Lollipop Lozenges Chewing gum

Liquids	Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Oral spray

Respiratory
tract

Solids	Smoking device Dry powder inhaler (DPI)

Liquids	Anaesthetic vaporizer Vaporizer Nebulizer metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

Gas	Oxygen mask Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Relative analgesia machine

Ophthalmic /
Otologic / Nasal

Nasal spray
Ear drops
Eye drops
Ointment
Hydrogel
Nanosphere suspension
Mucoadhesive microdisc (microsphere tablet)

Urogenital

Rectal (enteral)

Dermal

Injection / Infusion
(into tissue/blood)

Skin	Intradermal Subcutaneous Transdermal implant

Organs	Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular injection Transscleral

Central nervous system	Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural

Circulatory / Musculoskeletal	Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection

Additional
explanation:

Mucous membranes are used by the human body to absorb the dosage for all routes of administration, except for "Dermal" and "Injection/Infusion".
Administration routes can also be grouped as Topical (local effect) or Systemic (defined as Enteral = Digestive tract/Rectal, or Parenteral = All other routes).

v t e Routes of administration by organ system

Gastrointestinal	Oral Buccal Sublabial Sublingual Rectal

Respiratory system	Pulmonary Nasal

Visual system / Auditory system	Ocular (Ocular-topical / Intravitreal / Transscleral) Otologic (Oto-topical)

Reproductive system	Intracavernous Intravaginal Intrauterine (Extra-amniotic)

Urinary system	Intravesical

Peritoneum	Intraperitoneal

Central nervous system	Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural

Circulatory system	Intravenous Intracardiac

Musculoskeletal system	Intramuscular Intraosseous

Skin	Epicutaneous Intradermal Subcutaneous

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Last modified on 16 April 2013, at 06:10