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45th Canadian federal election

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The 45th Canadian federal election will take place on or before October 20, 2025, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 45th Canadian Parliament. The date of the vote is determined by the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election, though a current government bill proposes to postpone the date to October 27, 2025 to avoid conflicting with Diwali.[1] In addition to the statutory fixed election date provisions, Canada has a constitutional requirement specified in both section 50 of the Constitution Act, 1867 and section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that elections for the House of Commons must be held no more than five years after the preceding election.

45th Canadian federal election
← 2021 On or before October 20, 2025 (2025 -10-20) 46th →
343 seats in the House of Commons
172 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
 
Justin Trudeau in May 2023.jpg
Pierre Poilievre in 2023 (edited).jpg
Yves-François Blanchet Entrevue no smile 2023 (cropped-2).png
Leader Justin Trudeau Pierre Poilievre Yves-François Blanchet
Party Liberal Conservative Bloc Québécois
Leader since April 14, 2013 September 10, 2022 January 17, 2019
Leader's seat Papineau Carleton Beloeil—Chambly
Last election 160[b] seats, 32.62% 119 seats, 33.74% 32 seats, 7.64%
Current seats 156 118 32
Seats needed Increase 16 Increase 54 N/A[a]
 
Jagmeet Singh in Brantford 2022 2 (cropped3).jpg
Elizabeth May 4431 (37439753570) (cropped).jpg
Maxime Bernier portrait 2023.png
Leader Jagmeet Singh Elizabeth May Maxime Bernier
Party New Democratic Green People's
Leader since October 1, 2017 November 19, 2022 September 14, 2018
Leader's seat Burnaby South Saanich—Gulf Islands N/A[c]
Last election 25 seats, 17.82% 2 seats, 2.33% 0 seats, 4.94%
Current seats 24 2 0
Seats needed Increase 148 Increase 170 Increase 172
Incumbent Prime Minister

Justin Trudeau
Liberal



The election may occur before the scheduled date if the governor general dissolves Parliament on the recommendation of the prime minister for a snap election, for example after the House of Commons passes a motion of no confidence in the government. Early elections are more likely to occur during minority governments because the prime minister does not control a majority in the House of Commons.[2][3][4]

This will be the first election to use a new 343-seat electoral map based on the 2021 Canadian census. New electoral boundaries for each of the ten provinces were finalized between February 14 and July 8, 2023,[5][6][7] and officially proclaimed on September 22, 2023.[8] The previous 338-seat electoral map would have been reused had the election been called before April 22, 2024.[9][8][10]

Background edit

The 2021 Canadian federal election, held on September 20 that year, saw little change from the preceding 2019 election.[11] The incumbent Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, failed to win a parliamentary majority or the popular vote, but remained the party with the most seats and remained in office as a minority government. The Conservatives won the popular vote and continued as the Official Opposition.[12][d] On September 27, Annamie Paul resigned as the Green Party leader,[13] which came into effect on November 10.[14]

Date of the election edit

The date of the election is determined by the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election.[15] However, a government bill currently under consideration by the House of Commons would change the fixed election date to October 27, 2025 to avoid conflicting with the Hindu festival of Diwali.[1] Moving the election date to October 27, 2025 would also allow 74 members of parliament to qualify for a pension that they would not receive if they fail to achieve reelection, though the government denies this motivated the change.[16]

Political parties and standings edit

The table below lists parties represented in the House of Commons after the 2021 federal election and their current standings. Kevin Vuong was elected as a Liberal, having been disavowed by the party too late to alter his affiliation on the ballot, and sits as an independent.[17]

Name Ideology Position Leader 2021 result Current standing
Votes (%) Seats
Liberal Liberalism
Social liberalism 		Centre to centre-left Justin Trudeau
32.62%
160 / 338
156 / 338
Conservative Conservatism
Economic liberalism
Fiscal conservatism 		Centre-right to right-wing Pierre Poilievre
33.74%
119 / 338
118 / 338
Bloc Québécois Quebec nationalism
Quebec sovereigntist
Social democracy 		Centre-left Yves-François Blanchet
7.64%
32 / 338
32 / 338
New Democratic Social democracy (majority)
Democratic socialism (minority) 		Centre-left (majority)
Left-wing (minority) 		Jagmeet Singh
17.82%
25 / 338
24 / 338
Green Green politics Elizabeth May
2.33%
2 / 338
2 / 338
Independents N/A
0.19%
0 / 338
3 / 338
Vacant N/A
3 / 338

Electoral system edit

Redistribution edit

Main article: 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution

The Constitution Act, 1867, requires that federal electoral districts undergo a redistribution following each decennial Canadian census.[18] Using the 2021 Canadian census population results, the 2022 redistribution began in October 2021, and was completed in September 2023.[19]

On October 15, 2021, the chief electoral officer announced that based on the procedure in the Constitution Act, 1867 as then in force, the allocation would result in an increase to 342 seats.[20] This included a reduction of Quebec’s allocation from 78 to 77 seats. The government tabled legislation on March 24, 2022, to prevent Quebec (or any other province) from losing any seats relative to the number of seats it was apportioned in 2012 redistribution.[21][22] The Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act amended rule 2 of subsection 51(1) of the Constitution Act, 1867, commonly known as the "Grandfather Clause".[23][24] The bill passed the House of Commons on June 15,[25] the Senate on June 21,[26] and received royal assent on June 23, 2022.[27] The chief electoral officer announced the new allocation of seats on July 8, 2022, which would result in an increase to 343 seats.[28]

Pursuant to the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act as amended, ten federal electoral boundary commissions were established, one for each province, on November 1, 2021.[29] The boundary-drawing process commenced upon the release of census data in February 2022. Quebec’s commission adjusted its work to be based on a 78-seat allocation in July 2022. The respective commissions completed their work and finalized new electoral boundary sets on a rolling basis, beginning with the Newfoundland and Labrador and Prince Edward Island commissions on February 14, 2023,[5][6] and finishing with the Ontario commission on July 8, 2023.[7] The chief electoral officer then used the final reports of the electoral boundary commissions to formalize a representation order, which was proclaimed on September 22, 2023.[8]

The changes to federal electoral district boundaries took effect on April 22, 2024.[9][20][8] If the election had been called before then, it would have occurred under the previous electoral district boundaries, which had been in effect since the 2015 federal election.[30][31]

Allocation of seats in the House of Commons under the Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act
Province or territory Representation orders Average population
per electoral district 		Change
2013 2023
Ontario 121 122 116,590 1  
Quebec 78 78 108,998  
British Columbia 42 43 116,300 1  
Alberta 34 37 115,206 3  
Manitoba 14 14 95,868  
Saskatchewan 14 14 80,893  
Nova Scotia 11 11 88,126  
New Brunswick 10 10 77,561  
Newfoundland and Labrador 7 7 72,935  
Prince Edward Island 4 4 38,583  
Northwest Territories 1 1 41,070  
Nunavut 1 1 36,858  
Yukon 1 1 40,232  
Canada 338 343 107,848 5  

Notional 2021 results edit

 
The transposed results of the 2021 election, if they had taken place under the 2023 Representation Order.

This will be the first election contested under the new electoral districts established in the 2022 redistribution. Consequently, media outlets tend to report seat gains and losses as compared to notional results. These are the results if all votes cast in 2021 were unchanged, but regrouped by new electoral district boundaries, as published by Elections Canada.[32]

2021 results transposed onto 2023 boundaries
Party MPs
2021 actual result 2021 notional result Change
Liberal 160 157   3
Conservative 119 126   7
Bloc Québécois 32 34   2
New Democratic 25 24   1
Green 2 2  
Total seats 338 343 5  

Incumbents not running for re-election edit

As of April 2024, a total of 19 MPs have announced they will not run in the 45th federal election.

Member of Parliament Electoral district Province or territory Date announced
  Ron Liepert[33] Calgary Signal Hill Alberta February 17, 2023
  Wayne Long[34] Saint John—Rothesay New Brunswick March 14, 2023
  Randall Garrison[35] Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke British Columbia April 27, 2023
  Ken Hardie[36] Fleetwood—Port Kells British Columbia May 26, 2023
  Lloyd Longfield[37] Guelph Ontario June 28, 2023
  Helena Jaczek[38] Markham—Stouffville Ontario July 25, 2023
  Joyce Murray[39] Vancouver Quadra British Columbia July 25, 2023
  Omar Alghabra[40] Mississauga Centre Ontario July 25, 2023
  Alain Rayes[41] Richmond—Arthabaska Quebec September 11, 2023
  Richard Cannings[42] South Okanagan—West Kootenay British Columbia September 12, 2023
  Anthony Rota[43] Nipissing—Timiskaming Ontario October 23, 2023
  Emmanuel Dubourg[44] Bourassa Quebec November 1, 2023
  Nathaniel Erskine-Smith[45] Beaches—East York Ontario December 7, 2023
  Tony Van Bynen[46] Newmarket—Aurora Ontario March 11, 2024
  Ed Fast[47] Abbotsford British Columbia March 14, 2024
  Charlie Angus[48] Timmins—James Bay Ontario April 4, 2024
  Carol Hughes[49] Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing Ontario April 4, 2024
  Rachel Blaney[50] North Island—Powell River British Columbia April 4, 2024
  Gary Vidal[51] Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River Saskatchewan April 23, 2024

Timeline edit

See also: 44th Canadian Parliament and By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament
Changes in seats held (2021–)
House of Commons – Changes in seats held
Seat Before Change
Date Member Party Reason Date Member Party
Spadina—Fort York November 22, 2021 Kevin Vuong █ Liberal Excluded from caucus █ Independent
Mississauga—Lakeshore May 27, 2022 Sven Spengemann █ Liberal Resigned[a 1] December 12, 2022 Charles Sousa █ Liberal
Richmond—Arthabaska September 13, 2022 Alain Rayes █ Conservative Left caucus █ Independent
Winnipeg South Centre December 12, 2022 Jim Carr █ Liberal Death June 19, 2023 Ben Carr █ Liberal
Calgary Heritage December 31, 2022 Bob Benzen █ Conservative Resigned July 24, 2023 Shuvaloy Majumdar █ Conservative
Oxford January 27, 2023 Dave MacKenzie █ Conservative Resigned June 19, 2023 Arpan Khanna █ Conservative
Portage—Lisgar February 28, 2023 Candice Bergen █ Conservative Resigned June 19, 2023 Branden Leslie █ Conservative
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount March 8, 2023 Marc Garneau █ Liberal Resigned June 19, 2023 Anna Gainey █ Liberal
Don Valley North March 22, 2023 Han Dong █ Liberal Left caucus █ Independent
Durham August 1, 2023 Erin O'Toole █ Conservative Resigned March 4, 2024 Jamil Jivani █ Conservative
Toronto—St. Paul's January 16, 2024 Carolyn Bennett █ Liberal Resigned[52] █ Vacant
LaSalle—Émard—Verdun February 1, 2024 David Lametti █ Liberal Resigned[53] █ Vacant
Elmwood—Transcona March 31, 2024 Daniel Blaikie █ New Democratic Resigned[54] █ Vacant
  1. ^ to accept a position with the United Nations

2021 edit

  • September 27 – Annamie Paul announced her intent to resign as leader of the Green Party.[55]
  • November 10 – Paul formally submitted her resignation, and ended her membership in the party.[14] The Green Party accepted her resignation a few days later.[56][57]
  • November 15 – Senator Denise Batters launched a petition to review the leadership of Erin O'Toole.[58] Party president Robert Batherson decided the petition was not in order.[58] The following day, Batters was removed from the conservative caucus.[59]
  • November 24 – Amita Kuttner was appointed as Green Party interim leader.[60][61]
  • December 5 – The People's Party concluded its leadership review of Maxime Bernier. He was confirmed and continued as leader.[62][63]

2022 edit

2023 edit

2024 edit

Opinion polls edit

Main article: Opinion polling for the 45th Canadian federal election
 
Evolution of voting intentions according to polls conducted during the pre-campaign period of the 45th Canadian federal election, graphed from the data in the table below. Trendlines are 30-poll local regressions, with polls weighted by proximity in time and a logarithmic function of sample size. 95% confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the trendlines, not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Though parties registered with Elections Canada can field candidates in any riding they wish, the Bloc Québécois has never fielded candidates outside of Quebec (78 seats). Thus it is impossible for the party to gain a majority in Parliament.
  2. ^ Includes Kevin Vuong, who appeared on the ballot as a Liberal but was disavowed by the party during the campaign. He has not been seated as a member of the Liberal caucus.
  3. ^ MP for Beauce until being defeated in the 2019 election. Contested the by-election in Portage–Lisgar, lost.
  4. ^ While formal results show the Liberals winning or leading in 160 seats, those totals include Kevin Vuong, who was disavowed during the campaign by his party, and has since sat as an Independent in the House of Commons.

References edit

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  2. ^ Aiello, Rachel (October 24, 2019). "Split opposition means stronger minority for Liberals, experts say". CTV News. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
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  4. ^ Coyne, Andrew (October 28, 2020). "What, exactly, is a non-confidence vote? Parliament should get to decide". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Newfoundland and Labrador. "Redistribution process timeline in Newfoundland and Labrador".
  6. ^ a b Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Prince Edward Island. "Redistribution process timeline in PEI".
  7. ^ a b Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Ontario. "Redistribution process timeline in Ontario".
  8. ^ a b c d Elections Canada. "Implementation of New Federal Electoral Boundaries".
  9. ^ a b Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission. "Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts".
  10. ^ Proclamation declaring the Representation Order to be in Force effective on the First dissolution of Parliament that Occurs after April 22, 2024, SI/2023-57 , reported in the Canada Gazette, Part II, Vol. 157, Extra, September 27, 2023
  11. ^ "Justin Trudeau to Remain Prime Minister of Canada". The New York Times. September 21, 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2021. Updated September 24, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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