Nathaniel Bacon (colonist)
| Nathaniel Bacon | |
|---|---|
| Born | 15 January 1647 Suffolk, England |
| Died | 26 October 1676 Colony of Virginia |
| Cause of death | dysentery |
| Nationality | English |
| Known for | Bacon's Rebellion |
| Home town | England |
Nathaniel Bacon (2 January 1647 – 26 October 1676) was a colonist of the Virginia Colony, famous as the instigator of Bacon's Rebellion of 1676, which collapsed when Bacon himself died from dysentery.[1]
Biography
Early life
Bacon was born on January 2, 1647 in Friston Hall in Suffolk County, England. His parents were Thomas Bacon and Elizabeth Brooke Bacon. He was the only son of their many children.
When he arrived in Virginia, Bacon settled on the frontier near Jamestown, Virginia, and was appointed to the council of Governor William Berkeley.[2] Some sources have claimed that Berkeley's wife, Francis Culpeper, was a cousin of Nathaniel Bacon by marriage.[3]
Bacon's Rebellion
Before the "Virginia Rebellion," as it was then called, began in earnest, in 1674, a group of so-called "freeholders" on the Virginia frontier demanded that Native Americans living on treaty-protected lands be driven out or killed.[2] Later that same year, a group of Virginia militiamen raided a settlement and killed some thirty natives. Acting against Berkeley's orders, a larger force surrounded and attacked a fortified Susquehannock village, killing the chiefs whom Berkeley had persuaded to negotiate. [4] The Susquehannocks retaliated in force, attacking plantations and killing 60 settlers.[2]
Seeking to avoid war, Berkeley advocated a policy of containment, proposing the construction of several defensive fortifications along the frontier. Dismissing the plan as expensive and inadequate, settlers on the frontier also questioned the plan as a possible excuse to raise tax rates.[2]
In the meantime, Bacon had emerged as a rebel leader, accusing Berkeley of corruption.[5] When Berkeley refused to grant Bacon a military commission to attack the natives, Bacon mustered his own force of 400-500 men and attacked the Doeg and Pamunkey tribes, who previously had not been involved in the conflict. Berkeley had Bacon removed from his governing council and arrested; Bacon's men quickly secured his release, and forced Berkeley to hold legislative elections. The recomposed House of Burgesses enacted a number of sweeping reforms, limiting the powers of the governor and restoring suffrage rights to landless freemen.[2] Berkeley had refused to authorize retaliation against the natives. One of his main motivations in this decision was that he was invested in a fur trading business with the Native Americans which would have been jeopardized if relations had gone sour.
On July 30, 1676, Bacon and his makeshift army issued a Declaration of the People of Virginia,[4] which criticized Berkeley's administration, accusing him of levying unfair taxes, of appointing friends to high positions, and of failing to protect outlying farmers from Indian attack. After months of conflict, Bacon's forces burned Jamestown to the ground on September 19, 1676.[4]
Before an English naval squadron could arrive, Bacon's death from dysentery on October 26, 1676 led to the collapse of the rebellion. Governor Berkeley returned to power, seizing the property of several rebels and hanging twenty-three men.[2] After an investigative committee returned its report to King Charles II, Berkeley was relieved of the governorship, and returned to England.[4] Charles II later supposedly commented, "That old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father." This is, however, likely to be a colonial myth, arising about 30 years later.[6]
References
- ^ "Bacon, Nathaniel". The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book. 1992. p. 18. ISBN 0-7166-0092-7.
- ^ a b c d e f James A. Henretta; David Brody, and Lynn Dumenil (2007). America's History: Volume 1: To 1877 (6th edition ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0-312-45285-8.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b c d "Bacon's Rebellion". Jamestown Historic Briefs. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
- ^ "Bacon's Rebellion". The World Book Encyclopedia. World Book. 1992. p. 19. ISBN 0-7166-0092-7.
- ^ Washburn, The Governor and the Rebel, p. 139
Further reading
- Bailey, T., Kennedy, D., & Cohen, L. (eds.). (2002). The American Pageant, 12th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-10349-X.
- Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (1975), pp. 250–279.
Rice, James D. (2012) Tales from a Revolution: Bacon's Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195386957 / ISBN 978-0195386950
