The musician wren or organ wren (Cyphorhinus arada) is a species of wren named for its elaborate song. It is native to the Amazon rainforest in South America, from the lowlands into the foothills of the Andes.[2]
| Musician wren | |
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| At Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Troglodytidae |
| Genus: | Cyphorhinus |
| Species: | C. arada
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| Binomial name | |
| Cyphorhinus arada (Hermann, 1783)
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| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy and systematics edit
At one time the musician wren and the song wren (Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus) were considered conspecific. They, and possibly chestnut-breasted wren (C. thoracicus), form a superspecies.[3]
The musician wren has the six recognized subspecies listed below.[2] There are vocal and plumage differences among them, and one publication has proposed splitting all six into individual species.[4]
The six subspecies are:[2]
- C. a. arada Hermann (1783)
- C. a. griseolateralis Ridgway (1888)
- C. a. interpositus Todd (1932)
- C. a. transfluvialis Todd (1932)
- C. a. salvini Sharpe (1882)
- C. a. modulator d'Orbigny (1838)
Description edit
The musician wren is 12.5 cm (4.9 in) long and weighs 18 to 24 g (0.63 to 0.85 oz). The adult of the nominate subspecies has a rufous forehead and forecrown that darkens to chesnut brown to the rear. It has a narrow pale buff supercilium with narrower black borders, a chestnut brown stripe behind the eye, and orange-brown cheeks. It has a broad "collar" streaked black and white lengthwise on its nape and upper back. The lower back and rump are a colder reddish brown than the crown and the tail is medium brown with narrow darker brown bars. Its chin, throat, and upper chest are a bright orange-brown with a sharp change to the pale buff lower chest and upper belly. The flanks and lower belly are yellowish brown. The juvenile is similar but sometimes has faint barring on it lower belly.[5]
C. a. griseolateralis has a thinner collar than the nominate and is grayer below. C. a. interpositus does not have the nominate's collar and its cheeks are brownish gray. C. a. transfluvialis is smaller and paler than the nominate. C. a. salvini also does not have the nominate's collar and is very dark overall. C. a. modulator is similar to transfluvialis but it has a broader supercilium and its upperparts are lighter.[5]
Distribution and habitat edit
The subspecies of the musician wren are found thus:[2][5]
- C. a. arada, eastern and southeastern Venezuela, the Guianas, and northeastern Brazil
- C. a. griseolateralis, Brazil, on the south bank of the lower Amazon River from Rio Tapajós eastward and south to Rio Jamanxim
- C. a. interpositus, north central Brazil between Rio Madeira and Rio Tapajós and south into northern Mato Grosso
- C. a. transfluvialis, from the foothills of Colombia's Eastern Andes east to Rio Negro in northwestern Brazil
- C. a. salvini, southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and northeastern Peru
- C. a. modulator, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and western Brazil south of the Amazon as far east as Rio Madeira
The musician wren generally inhabits the lower levels of humid forest; in Brazil it is also found in várzea. In elevation in mostly ranges from sea level to 500 m (1,600 ft) but is found occasionally as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and even, in Venezuela, to 1,400 m (4,600 ft).[5]
Behavior edit
Feeding edit
The musician wren forages primarily on and near the ground, searching debris and leaf litter. Its diet is mostly invertebrates, including insects, spiders, and crustaceans, but it also eats berries. It usually forages in pairs or family parties. Though it sometimes follows army ant swarms it does not usually join mixed-species foraging flocks.[5]
Breeding edit
The musician wren has a protracted breeding season, spanning at least July to September. Its nest is sperical with entrance through a funnel-shaped neck, constructed of leaf skeletons and coarse grass. Two eggs are laid.[5]
Vocalization edit
Members of a musician wren pair sing antiphonally, "a series of clear, haunting whistles, varying greatly in pitch". The call is "a harsh 'churk'".[5]
In popular culture edit
In Portuguese it is known as uirapuru or many other variants of this name, all based on the Tupi wirapu 'ru. Especially in Brazil, the musician wren is the subject of several legends and fables, most relating to its loud and beautiful song. One of these tells that when it starts singing all other birds stop their song to hear it. The musician wren is also believed to bring good luck, which leads some people to kill it in order to have it stuffed.[6] Heitor Villa-Lobos composed a piece he named Uirapuru.
Status edit
The IUCN has assessed the musician wren as being of Least Concern.[1] It has a large range and much of it remains undisturbed. It occurs in several protected areas.[5]
References edit
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Musician Wren Cyphorhinus arada". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 23 May 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved May 24, 2021
- ^ Bocalini, F.; Silveira, L.F. (2016). "A taxonomic revision of the Musician Wren, Cyphorhinus arada (Aves, Troglodytidae), reveals the existence of six valid species endemic to the Amazon basin". Zootaxa. 4193: 541–564.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kroodsma, D. E. and D. Brewer (2020). Musician Wren (Cyphorhinus arada), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.muswre2.01 retrieved July 19, 2021
- ^ Taylor, James L. (1958). "Uirapuru". A Portuguese-English Dictionary. Stanford, CA, US: Stanford University Press. p. 628. ISBN 0-8047-0480-5.
Further reading edit
- Doolittle, Emily, and Henrik Brumm. 2012. "O Canto do Uirapuru: Consonant Intervals and Patterns in the Song of the Musician Wren". Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies 6, no. 1 (Spring): 55–85.
External links edit
- https://web.archive.org/web/20120716212337/http://www.mma.gov.br/port/cgmi/nossoamb/cantoaves/wav/uirapuru.au Song] in au format – Ministry of the Environment, Brazil