Marie of Brienne (c. 1224–1275) was Latin Empress as the wife of Baldwin II of Courtenay. She served as regent during the absence of Baldwin II twice: in 1237–1239, and in 1243–1257.
| Marie of Brienne | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Latin Empress consort | |
| Tenure | 1234–1261 |
| Born | c. 1224[1] Capua |
| Died | after 5 May 1275 (aged 51) in Italy |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | Philip of Courtenay |
| House | Brienne |
| Father | John of Brienne, Latin Emperor |
| Mother | Berengaria of León |
Family edit
She was a daughter of John of Brienne and his third wife Berenguela of Leon.[2] Marie was a younger, paternal half-sister of Isabella II of Jerusalem. She was also a sister of Alphonso of Brienne.[2]
Marriage edit
On 19 April 1229, Marie was betrothed to Baldwin II, junior co-ruler of her father as Emperor of the Latin Empire. The marriage was intended to establish a dynastic alliance between the two co-rulers. Marie was at most five years old at the time of her betrothal, her parents having married in 1224.
Their marriage took place in 1234. The bride was about ten years old, the groom seventeen. Their marriage was recorded in the chronicle of Alberic of Trois-Fontaines. By her marriage, Marie became the junior co-empress of the Latin Empire, the senior one being her mother.
Empress edit
In 1235-36, Constantinople was besieged by the combined forces of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and John III Doukas Vatatzes of the Empire of Nicaea. The city was defended by only its small garrison of knights, the fleet of the Republic of Venice and a minor force sent by Geoffrey II of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea to reinforce the defense. The city was only spared conquest because of a quarrel between the two allies over who would receive command of the city in the event of a success. John V. A. Fine has suggested that Ivan Asen realised the greater threat posed to the Second Bulgarian Empire by the expansion of Nicaea rather than the weakened Latin Empire.[3]
In any case, John of Brienne had taken command of the defense of Constantinople. Baldwin II undertook another mission, heading to Western Europe in attempt of raising the funds and recruiting the armed forces needed to secure the survival of their Empire.[3] John died on 27 March 1237,[4] Berenguela following him on 12 April.[5] The twelve-year-old Marie was left in nominal command of the city, as the sole representative of the imperial family present in it. Baldwin would not return until July 1239.[6]
Baldwin returned at the head of a Crusading force from Western Europe, variously estimated to include as few as thirty thousand men or as many as sixty thousand. This force was joined by a contingent of Cumans, combining to besiege Tzurulum, a Nicaean stronghold in Thrace. The city fell in 1240 but this seems to have been the only success of this force. They are not mentioned afterwards. John V. A. Fine presumes that most of them returned to their homes in Western Europe, only a few of them joining the existing garrison of Constantinople. For the moment, the Latin Empire had ensured its continued survival.[6] Marie was approximately fifteen-year-old at the time her husband returned to his capital.
On 15 April 1240 (Easter), Baldwin II was crowned emperor in Hagia Sophia. Their only known son, Philip of Courtenay, was born in 1243. However this period of relative peace for the couple was not to last. Baldwin left for the Kingdom in France by the end of 1243, intending to seek support from Louis IX of France. In his absence Marie became regent of the Empire, with Philip of Toucy as her initial co-regent. Philip was a son of Narjot of Toucy and his first wife. His mother was a daughter of Theodore Branas and Agnes of France.[7] Baldwin was absent for several years, first staying in France and then joining Louis IX in the Seventh Crusade. He returned by 8 October 1248, the date of a charter that empowered her to mortgage his western lands in order to pay the huge debt of 24,000 hyperpers.[8]
This paragraph may be confusing or unclear to readers. (October 2014) |
Within a month of Baldwin's arrival, Marie left Constantinople for Western Europe, assuming they followed the instructions of Blanche of Castile, Marie's great-aunt, who had arranged for her visit and had given Baldwin 20,000 livres in exchange for two promises: not to sell his properties at Namur, and to send Marie to visit her within a month after his return to Constantinople. Baldwin is said to have prepared four armed ships to take Marie and her escort abroad.[8] Marie arrived in Cyprus while Louis IX and the Crusaders were there, only to have a strong wind blow her ship free of its anchor, taking it and all its cargo to Acre, leaving Marie with only the clothes on her back and a cloak. The Crusaders there took care of her. Presumably soon after leaving Cyprus, Marie arrived in Negropont 30 January 1249, from where she reached France in May. According to the Chronique de Flandres, Marie stayed with her great-aunt until Blanche died in 1252, after which, it reports, Marie went to live in her husband's estates at Namur.[9] For the next years Marie contested unsuccessfully with Henry V of Luxembourg for control of those properties—which were the source of income for both Emperor and Empress—until her cession of these lands and castles 17 June 1258 to Margaret II, Countess of Flanders. Despite this, the Castle of Namur refused to surrender to Henry, the vassal of Margaret of Flanders, until St. Vincent's Day (21 January 1259).[10] After this, she went to the court of Castile where she successfully raised the money to ransom her son Peter[clarification needed], who was held hostage by bankers in Venice and who was released at some date between June 1258 and 1 May 1261.[11]
Reconquest of Constantinople edit
The imperial couple would not hold their capital for long. In July 1261, Alexios Strategopoulos, a general of Nicaea, was sent with a small advance force of 800 soldiers, most of them Cumans,[12] to keep a watch on the Bulgarians and spy out the defences of the Latins.[13] When the Byzantine force reached the village of Selymbria, they learned from independent local farmers (thelematarioi) that the entire Latin garrison, and the Venetian fleet, were absent conducting a raid against the Nicaean island of Daphnousia.[14] Although initially hesitant, due to both the small size of his force, which might be fatal if the Latin army returned, and because he would exceed his orders, Strategopoulos eventually decided not to lose such a golden opportunity to retake the city.[13]
On the night of 25 July 1261, Alexios and his men approached the city walls and hid at a monastery near the Pege Gate.[12] Alexios sent a detachment of his men, who, led by some of the thelematarioi, made their way to the city through a secret passage. They attacked the walls from the inside, surprised the guards and opened the gate, allowing the Byzantine force entry into the city.[13] The Latins were taken completely by surprise, and after some fighting, the Byzantine force gained control of the land walls. Fearing the revenge the Byzantines would exact upon them, the Latin inhabitants, from Emperor Baldwin II downwards, hurriedly rushed to the harbour, hoping to escape by ship. Thanks to the timely arrival of the returning Venetian fleet, they were evacuated, but the city was lost for good.[13] Marie presumably managed to flee with her husband.
Exile edit
A Venetian ship took Baldwin and Marie to Euboea, from there proceeding to Athens, Apulia and then back to France. In the following years they survived by selling their de facto and de jure rights to various secondary titles and lands.
On 26 March 1263, their rights to Namur were bought by Guy of Dampierre.[15] Namur was at the time actually held by Henry V of Luxembourg but Guy would successfully conquer it by 1268. In January 1266, their rights to the Kingdom of Thessalonica were bought by Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy for 13,000 livres tournois.[16] At the time the city was under the control of Michael VIII Palaiologos, the Nicaean emperor who had moved his capital to Constantinople, while the title was also claimed by William VII, Marquess of Montferrat.
On 27 May 1267, the Treaty of Viterbo, transferred much of the rights to the Latin Empire fiefs from Baldwin II to Charles I of Sicily.[17] Charles was to be confirmed in possession of Corfu and some cities in Albania. He was also given suzerainty over the Principality of Achaea and sovereignty of the Aegean Islands, excepting those held by Venice and Lesbos, Chios, Samos, and Amorgos.
Baldwin and Marie spend the rest of their lives in the court of Charles. In October 1273, Baldwin died in Naples. Marie survived him by about two years. She was buried in Assisi.
References edit
- ^ Guy Perry, John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175–1237, (Cambridge University Press, 2013), 125.
- ^ a b Guy Perry, John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c.1175–1237, (Cambridge University Press, 2013), 16.
- ^ a b John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans (1987), p. 130
- ^ Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium, MGH SS XXIII
- ^ Obituaires de Sens Tome I.2 of the Abbey de Maubuisson, p. 655
- ^ a b John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans (1987), page 132
- ^ Van Tricht, Filip (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228). Leiden: Brill. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-90-04-20323-5.
- ^ a b Robert L. Wolff, "Mortgage and Redemption of an Emperor's Son: Castile and the Latin Empire of Constantinople", Speculum, 29 (1954), p. 60
- ^ Wolff, "Mortgage and Redemption", p. 61
- ^ Wolff, "Mortgage and Redemption", pp. 62f
- ^ Wolff, "Mortgage and Redemption", p. 64
- ^ a b Bartusis, Mark C. The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453 (1997), p. 27.
- ^ a b c d Nicol, Donald M. The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453 (1993), p. 34.
- ^ Bartusis, Mark C. The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453 (1997) (1997), p. 40.
- ^ Kerrebrouck, Patrick van, Les Capétiens (2000), p. 462.
- ^ Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza, Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople (1983), p. 489.
- ^ John V.A. Fine, Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans (1987), page 170
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