Alfred Waterhouse (1830–1905) was a prolific English architect who worked in the second half of the 19th century. His buildings were largely in Victorian Gothic Revival style. Waterhouse's biographer, Colin Cunningham, states that between about 1865 and about 1885 he was "the most widely employed British architect".[1] He worked in many fields, designing commercial, public, educational, domestic, and ecclesiastical buildings.[1]
Waterhouse was born in Liverpool of Quaker parents. After being articled to Richard Lane in Manchester, he took a ten-month tour of the Continent, then established his own practice in Manchester. Many of his early commissions came from Quakers and other nonconformist patrons. He came to national recognition when he won a competition for the design of Manchester assize courts. His next major public commissions in Manchester were for Strangeways Gaol and Manchester Town Hall. In 1865 he opened an office in London, which was followed by his first major commission in London, the Natural History Museum. Meanwhile, he was also designing country houses. Here his major work was the rebuilding of Eaton Hall in Cheshire for the 1st Duke of Westminster, which was "the most expensive country house of the [19th] century".[1] He also designed educational buildings including schools and works for the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Manchester, and Liverpool. In the commercial field, he designed banks, and offices for insurance and assurance companies, especially the Prudential Assurance Company, for whom he built 27 buildings.[1]
Waterhouse's success came from "a thoroughly professional approach rather than on brilliance or innovation as a stylist".[1] He paid particular attention to detail and, although he designed many major buildings, he still accepted smaller commissions.[1] Although most of his work was in the Gothic Revival style, he also employed other styles, including Romanesque and French Renaissance.[2] He used many building materials, but is noted for his use of red brick and terracotta. The use of these materials for many university buildings in the north of England is a major factor in their being termed "red brick universities".[1][3] In addition to his design work as an architect, Waterhouse was an assessor for about 60 architectural competitions. He was awarded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1878 for his design for Manchester Town Hall, and was president of that institution from 1888 to 1891. He was gained international diplomas, and in 1895 was awarded an honorary LL.D by Manchester University. Waterhouse was also a painter, exhibiting 80 watercolours at the Royal Academy. He suffered a stroke in 1901, and died in his home at Yattendon, Berkshire, in 1905. His practice was continued by his son Paul, followed by his grandson, Michael, and his great-grandson. His estate at death amounted to over £215,000 (equivalent to £24,560,000 as of 2021).[1][4]
Waterhouse designed new churches and restored older churches, although this was not a major field for his work. This list contains the ecclesiastical structures that have been designated as listed buildings in the National Heritage List for England. In addition to new and restored churches and chapels, and buildings related to them, it includes monuments and memorials in cemeteries and churchyards. Waterhouse's most notable designs in this field are the Grade I listed Eaton Chapel, Cheshire, built for the 1st Duke of Westminster,[5] and St Elisabeth's Church, Reddish, Greater Manchester, for William Houldsworth.[6]
Key edit
| Grade | Criteria[7] |
|---|---|
| Grade I | Buildings of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important. |
| Grade II* | Particularly important buildings of more than special interest. |
| Grade II | Buildings of national importance and special interest. |
Churches edit
| Name | Location | Photograph | Date | Notes | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cemetery chapel | Ince-in-Makerfield, Wigan, Greater Manchester 53°31′54″N 2°37′03″W / 53.5318°N 2.6176°W |
|
1855–57 | Roman Catholic chapel in stone with a slate roof. It is in Norman style, with a nave of four bays and a chancel apse.[8][9][10] | II |
| Cemetery chapel | Ince-in-Makerfield, Wigan, Greater Manchester 53°31′56″N 2°37′02″W / 53.5323°N 2.6173°W |
|
1855–57 | Chapel in stone with a slate roof in Early English style, with a nave of three bays, a short chancel, a north porch, and a bellcote.[8][9][11] | II |
| Kershaw Memorial, West Norwood Cemetery | West Norwood, Lambeth, Greater London 51°25′56″N 0°05′55″W / 51.4323°N 0.0986°W |
—
|
c. 1864 | Pink and grey granite memorial to James Kershaw.[12] | II |
| St Martin's Church | Brasted, Kent 51°16′47″N 0°06′15″E / 51.2796°N 0.1043°E |
|
1864–65 | A church with a core dating from the 13th century. Waterhouse restored it, largely rebuilt the exterior, and added a south chancel chapel and a north vestry.[13] | II* |
| St John the Divine's Church | Brooklands, Sale, Greater Manchester 53°24′33″N 2°19′07″W / 53.4092°N 2.3187°W |
.jpg)
|
1864–68 | Waterhouse's first Anglican church, it is constructed in sandstone with a tiled roof in Gothic Revival style.[8][14][15] | II* |
| West Memorial Hall | Caversham, Reading, Berkshire 51°28′02″N 0°58′21″W / 51.4672°N 0.9724°W |
|
1865–66 | Built as a Baptist Free Church in red brick with blue brick decoration, a stone plinth and dressings, and a tiled roof. It is in Gothic Revival style, with a gable facing the road, and a stair turret on the right leading up to the gallery.[16] | II |
| Congregational Church | Besses o' th' Barn, Bury, Greater Manchester 53°32′34″N 2°17′24″W / 53.5428°N 2.2900°W |
|
1863 | In red brick with yellow and blue brick decoration and slate roofs.[1][8][17][18] | II |
| St Seiriol's Church | Penmaenmawr, Conwy, Wales 53°16′13″N 3°55′06″W / 53.2703°N 3.9182°W |
|
1867–68 | A new church for English-speaking people in Early English style.[1][8][19] | II |
| St Matthew's Church | Blackmoor, Selborne, Hampshire 51°05′46″N 0°53′12″W / 51.0961°N 0.8868°W |
 |
1868 | A new church for Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne. It is constructed in stone, and is in Gothic Revival style.[1][20] | II* |
| Spreat Monument, Abney Park Cemetery | Stoke Newington, Hackney, Greater London 51°33′53″N 0°04′38″W / 51.5646°N 0.0773°W |
 |
1868–72 | Monument to John Spreat and his wife in three stages with a pyramidal cap.[21] | II |
| Eaton Chapel | Eaton Hall, Cheshire 53°08′27″N 2°52′39″W / 53.1409°N 2.8776°W |
|
1869–84 | A chapel for the 1st Duke of Westminster in sandstone with a slate roof. It has a tall free-standing six-stage clock tower with a pinnacled spire joined to the body of the chapel in the lower two stages. The tower contains a ring of 28 bells. Inside the chapel are mosaics designed by Frederic Shields.[5][22][23] | I |
| Buildings, St Matthew's Church | Blackmoor, Hampshire 51°05′46″N 0°53′14″W / 51.096°N 0.8871°W |
.jpg) |
c. 1870 | These consist of a lychgate in Gothic style, a churchyard wall, and a shed.[24] | II |
| Elworthy Memorial, West Norwood Cemetery | West Norwood, Lambeth, Greater London 51°25′56″N 0°05′55″W / 51.4323°N 0.0986°W |
—
|
c. 1871–72 | Celtic cross and graveslab to the memory of F. T. Elworthy.[8][25] | II |
| Chapel, Reading Grammar School | Reading, Berkshire 51°26′55″N 0°57′21″W / 51.448646°N 0.955721°W |
 |
1873–74 | A Gothic-style church in brick with stone dressings and a tiled roof.[8][26] | II |
| Caversham Baptist Free Church | Caversham, Reading, Berkshire 51°28′03″N 0°58′21″W / 51.4676°N 0.9726°W |
 |
1875–77 | A Gothic-style church in brick with stone dressings and a tiled roof. At the southwest corner is a two-stage tower.[8][27] | II |
| Memorial, St Mary's Churchyard |
Bury, Greater Manchester 53°35′38″N 2°17′52″W / 53.5940°N 2.2977°W |
—
|
c. 1875–80 | A tomb chest to the memory of John Slagg and members of his family.[28] | II |
| St Mary's Church | Twyford, Hampshire 51°01′22″N 1°18′54″W / 51.0229°N 1.3151°W |
.jpg) |
1876–78 | Constructed in knapped flint with red brick bands, stone dressings, and tiled roofs. The principal donor was Thomas Fairbairn.[1][29] | II* |
| St Bartholomew's Church | Reading, Berkshire 51°27′15″N 0°56′34″W / 51.4543°N 0.9427°W |
 |
1879 | The first large-scale Gothic Revival church by Waterhouse. It is constructed in brick and has tiled roofs.[30] | II |
| Heaton Park Congregational Church | Greater Manchester 53°31′53″N 2°16′08″W / 53.5313°N 2.2689°W |
|
1881 | Built in brick with slate roofs, in Gothic Revival style. It has since been converted into apartments. Buildings of England Manchester specifically give G.T. Redmayne as the architect[31][32] | II |
| St Andrew's Church | Stanstead Abbots, Hertfordshire 51°47′27″N 0°00′34″E / 51.7908°N 0.0094°E |
|
1881 | Designed for T. F. Buxton of Easneye, this is a new church in Perpendicular style. Hertfordshire Pevsner 2019 claims Zephaniah King as the architect, Historic England says it was Waterhouse. It is a cruciform church with a southwest tower, faced in knapped flint with stone dressings and tiled roofs. The gates and gatepiers to the churchyard, together with the railings and a drinking fountain are listed at Grade II.[33][34][35] | II* |
| St Elisabeth's Church | Reddish, Greater Manchester 53°26′17″N 2°09′48″W / 53.4380°N 2.1633°W |
|
1882–83 | A new church commissioned by William Houldsworth, a local mill owner. It is constructed in red brick with stone bands and a tiled roof. It has a tower at the east end with a lead spire, and an apsidal chancel with a Lady Chapel to the south and a vestry to the north.[1][6][36] | I |
| Lyndhurst Road Congregational Church | Hampstead, Camden, Greater London 51°33′10″N 0°10′11″W / 51.55287°N 0.1697°W |
|
1883–84 | Built in purple brick with red brick and terracotta dressings in Romanesque style. It has a polygonal plan, and a hexagonal tiled roof with a central lantern. Since converted into use as recording studios for AIR.[1][37][38] | II |
| St Ann's Church | Manchester 53°28′54″N 2°14′45″W / 53.4817°N 2.2458°W |
 |
1886–91 | A Neoclassical church built in 1709–12, restored by Waterhouse.[39][40] | I |
| Former Congregational Church | Westminster, Greater London 51°30′48″N 0°09′03″W / 51.5134°N 0.1507°W |
 |
1888–91 | Built as a Congregational church in red brick with terracotta dressings, with a steeple at the corner, then known as the King's Weigh-house chapel. It has a rectangular plan, with an oval gallery and roof. Later used as the Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family in Exile.[1][37][41] | II* |
| St Peter and St Paul's Church | Yattendon, Berkshire 51°28′02″N 1°12′13″W / 51.4672°N 1.2036°W |
|
1896 | Added the spire to a church dating from the 15th century.[42] | I |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cunningham, Colin (2010) [2004], "Waterhouse, Alfred (1839–1905)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 29 January 2012 ((subscription or UK public library membership required))
- ^ Dixon & Muthesius 1985, p. 14.
- ^ Dixon & Muthesius 1985, p. 247.
- ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", MeasuringWorth, retrieved 11 June 2022
- ^ a b Historic England, "Eaton Chapel north of Eaton Hall, Cheshire (1330615)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 25 June 2012
- ^ a b Historic England, "Church of St Elisabeth, Reddish (1356851)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 26 June 2012
- ^ Listed Buildings, Historic England, 2010, retrieved 28 March 2015
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cunningham & Waterhouse 1992, pp. 207–275
- ^ a b Pollard & Pevsner 2006, p. 210
- ^ Historic England, "Chapel approximately 117 metres to southwest of Lodge to Ince Cemetery, Wigan (1228334)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 11 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Chapel approximately 60 metres to southwest of Lodge to Ince Cemetery, Wigan (1287217)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 22 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "West Norwood Memorial Park tomb of James Kershaw (1263197)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 14 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Church of St Martin, Brasted (1346417)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 26 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Church of St John the Divine, Trafford (1261946)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 13 June 2012
- ^ The Victorian Church, Saint John the Divine, Brooklands Road, Sale, archived from the original on 21 April 2013, retrieved 13 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "West Memorial Hall, Reading (1321953)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 25 June 2012
- ^ Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, pp. 679–680.
- ^ Historic England, "Besses United Reformed Church, including all associated buildings on island site. Bury (1309378)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 30 June 2012
- ^ Cadw, "Church of St Seiriol (Grade II) (22854)", National Historic Assets of Wales, retrieved 2 April 2019
- ^ Historic England, "Church of St Matthew, Selborne (1351142)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 26 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Spreat Monument in Abney Park Cemetery (1253452)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 12 June 2012
- ^ Hartwell et al. 2011, pp. 347–348
- ^ Chapel, Eaton Estate, archived from the original on 25 February 2009, retrieved 25 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Churchyard boundary wall, with Lychgate and Service Building, Selborne (1174620)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 17 May 2012
- ^ Historic England, "West Norwood Memorial Park tomb of F T Elworthy (1251235)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 11 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Chapel Reading School, Reading (1321946)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 18 August 2019
- ^ Historic England, "Caversham Baptist Free Church, Reading (1113562)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 14 May 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Memorial to Slagg family to west of Church of St Mary, Bury (1250837)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 11 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Church of St Mary, Twyford (1302086)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 30 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Church of St Bartholomew, Reading (1113513)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 13 May 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Heaton Park Congregational Church (1356841)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 26 June 2012
- ^ A New Beginning - Heaton Park, Congregational Federation, archived from the original on 22 March 2012, retrieved 26 June 2012
- ^ Cherry & Pevsner 1977, p. 342.
- ^ Historic England, "Parish Church of St Andrew, Stanstead Abbots (1067774)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 11 May 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Railings, gates, gatepiers and drinking fountain at Parish Church of St Andrew, Stanstead Abbots (1078752)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 11 May 2012
- ^ Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, pp. 580–581.
- ^ a b Dixon & Muthesius 1985, p. 232
- ^ Historic England, "Lyndhurst Hall, Camden (1379404)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 29 June 2012
- ^ Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner 2004, pp. 275–276
- ^ Historic England, "Church of St Ann, Manchester (1247612)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 12 June 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral, City of Westminster (1210923)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 19 May 2012
- ^ Historic England, "Church of St Peter and St Paul, Yattendon (1288822)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 22 June 2012
- Bibliography
- Cherry, Bridget; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1977) [1953], Hertfordshire, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-14-071007-8
- Cunningham, Colin; Waterhouse, Prudence (1992), Alfred Waterhouse, 1830-1905: Biography of a Practice, Clarendon Studies in the History of Art, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198175117
- Dixon, Roger; Muthesius, Stefan (1985) [1978], Victorian Architecture (2 ed.), London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-20160-9
- Hartwell, Claire; Hyde, Matthew; Hubbard, Edward; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2011) [1971], Cheshire, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-17043-6
- Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004), Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10583-5
- Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2006), Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10910-5