Wikipedia

List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita

This article is about only carbon dioxide per capita. For all greenhouse gases combined per capita, see List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita.

This is a list of sovereign states and territories by per capita carbon dioxide emissions[n 1] due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission. The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2005, 2017 and 2022 annual per capita CO2 emissions estimates (in kilotons of CO2 per year).[4]

Global map of Per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels and industry. Land use change is not included.[1]
Worldwide CO2 Emissions in 2021, by region, per capita, growth. Visualization in a variwide diagram.
Annual CO2 emissions by region. This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land use change is not included.[2]
The US, China and Russia have cumulatively contributed the greatest amounts of CO2 since 1850.[3]

The data only consider carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry[n 2] Over the last 150 years, estimated cumulative emissions from land use and land-use change represent approximately one-third of total cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions.[7] Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures,[8] which can make a large difference for small countries with important ports.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report finds that the "Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)" sector on average, accounted for 13-21% of global total anthropogenic GHG emissions in the period 2010–2019.[9] Land use change drivers net AFOLU CO2 emission fluxes, with deforestation being responsible for 45% of total AFOLU emissions. In addition to being a net carbon sink and source of GHG emissions, land plays an important role in climate through albedo effects, evapotranspiration, and aerosol loading through emissions of volatile organic compounds.[9] The IPCC report finds that the LULUCF sector offers significant near-term mitigation potential while providing food, wood and other renewable resources as well as biodiversity conservation. Mitigation measures in forests and other natural ecosystems provide the largest share of the LULUCF mitigation potential between 2020 and 2050. Among various LULUCF activities, reducing deforestation has the largest potential to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions, followed by carbon sequestration in agriculture and ecosystem restoration including afforestation and reforestation.[9] Land use change emissions can be negative.[n 2][10]

According to Science for Policy report in 2023 by the Joint Research Centre (JRC – the European Commission's science and knowledge service) and International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2022, global GHG emissions primarily consisted of CO2, resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels (71.6%).[4]

In 2022, CO2 emissions from the top 10 countries with the highest emissions accounted for almost two thirds of the global total. Since 2006, China has been emitting more CO2 than any other country.[11][12][13] However, the main advantage of measuring total national emissions per capita is that it does take population size into account. China has the largest CO2 emissions in the world, but also the largest population. For a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of CO2 per capita.[14] Considering CO2 per capita emissions in 2022, China's levels (8.85) are almost half those of the United States (14.44) and less than a sixth of those of Palau (59.00 – the country with the highest emissions of CO2 per capita).[15][4]

Measures of territorial-based emissions, also known as production-based emissions, do not account for emissions embedded in global trade, where emissions may be imported or exported in the form of traded goods, as it only reports emissions emitted within geographical boundaries. Accordingly, a proportion of the CO2 produced and reported in Asia and Africa is for the production of goods consumed in Europe and North America.[16]

Greenhouse gases (GHG) – primarily carbon dioxide but also others, including methane and chlorofluorocarbons – trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher temperatures then act on the climate, with varying effects. For example, dry regions might become drier while, at the poles, the ice caps are melting, causing higher sea levels. In 2016, the global average temperature was already 1.1 °C above pre-industrial levels.[17]

According to the review of the scientific literature conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas by warming contribution.[18] The other major anthropogenic greenhouse gases[n 3][19]: 147 [20]) are not included in the following list, nor are humans emissions of water vapor (H2O), the most important greenhouse gases, as they are negligible compared to naturally occurring quantities.[21]

CO2 emissions edit

Main article: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

Per capita CO2 emissions by country/territory edit

The data in the following table is extracted from EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research.[4]

Country / territory Per capita CO2 emissions
(tCO2/cap/year)		 %
total		 Change
(1990=100%)
1970 1990 2005 2017 2022 2022 2022
  Aruba 0.43 3.05 3.58 4.05 4.25 87.81% 139.61%  
  Afghanistan 0.16 0.24 0.05 0.24 0.14 2.95% 60.34%  
  Angola 1.32 0.93 0.82 0.88 0.58 11.91% 62.20%  
  Anguilla 0.34 0.74 1.08 1.95 1.52 31.41% 206.95%  
  Albania 2.25 2.03 1.35 1.83 1.52 31.43% 75.15%  
  Netherlands Antilles 101.06 18.18 45.68 24.95 12.41 256.13% 68.24%  
  United Arab Emirates 82.50 30.55 26.72 21.83 21.75 449.03% 71.19%  
  Argentina 3.63 3.04 3.90 4.26 3.97 82.05% 130.67%  
  Armenia 5.02 5.82 1.50 1.84 2.15 44.43% 36.95%  
  Antigua and Barbuda 1.53 2.31 1.79 2.48 2.59 53.58% 112.17%  
  Australia [a] 12.49 16.27 18.96 16.99 15.12 312.26% 92.97%  
  Austria 7.01 7.97 9.68 8.01 6.94 143.19% 86.98%  
  Azerbaijan 7.00 7.51 3.55 3.32 3.62 74.78% 48.21%  
  Burundi 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.07 1.51% 193.38%  
  Belgium 14.46 11.57 11.29 8.70 7.72 159.41% 66.71%  
  Benin 0.11 0.08 0.35 0.65 0.75 15.54% 942.46%  
  Burkina Faso 0.04 0.04 0.09 0.23 0.26 5.44% 698.12%  
  Bangladesh 0.05 0.13 0.28 0.61 0.63 13.00% 467.23%  
  Bulgaria 8.10 9.02 6.81 6.95 7.32 151.16% 81.16%  
  Bahrain 13.92 24.15 26.26 22.60 21.31 440.02% 88.24%  
  Bahamas 8.51 4.00 2.43 3.18 3.49 72.13% 87.43%  
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.07 5.51 4.45 6.83 6.26 129.32% 113.76%  
  Belarus 6.12 10.28 6.19 6.35 6.12 126.40% 59.54%  
  Belize 0.49 0.64 0.49 0.69 0.65 13.44% 102.31%  
  Bermuda 2.66 3.91 2.66 4.25 5.29 109.27% 135.41%  
  Bolivia 0.67 0.96 1.08 1.96 1.85 38.19% 192.94%  
  Brazil 1.10 1.47 1.95 2.35 2.15 44.49% 146.44%  
  Barbados 1.07 2.14 2.24 2.10 2.34 48.33% 109.15%  
  Brunei 15.73 12.89 14.15 17.34 20.65 426.40% 160.17%  
  Bhutan 0.12 0.34 0.85 1.97 2.01 41.45% 596.76%  
  Botswana 0.22 2.05 2.37 3.25 3.29 67.95% 160.64%  
  Central African Republic 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 1.11% 97.58%  
  Canada [b] 16.60 15.90 17.85 16.25 15.22 314.27% 95.71%  
  Switzerland 6.72 6.71 6.35 4.69 4.11 84.82% 61.24%  
  Chile 2.92 2.49 3.65 4.95 4.96 102.34% 198.77%  
  China [c] 1.10 2.05 4.74 7.82 8.85 182.67% 431.08%  
  Ivory Coast 0.50 0.24 0.35 0.51 0.53 10.88% 217.52%  
  Cameroon 0.13 0.41 0.31 0.41 0.37 7.63% 90.73%  
  Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.77% 38.35%  
  Republic of the Congo 1.32 0.98 1.17 1.06 1.24 25.66% 126.42%  
  Cook Islands 0.88 2.19 4.37 6.75 6.34 130.91% 289.67%  
  Colombia 1.29 1.55 1.40 1.59 1.74 35.87% 112.27%  
  Comoros 0.10 0.10 0.22 0.30 0.38 7.81% 388.76%  
  Cape Verde 0.56 0.16 1.29 1.53 1.74 36.01% 1,088.69%  
  Costa Rica 0.78 0.94 1.50 1.71 1.68 34.65% 178.27%  
  Cuba 2.51 3.65 2.32 2.31 2.15 44.46% 59.00%  
  Cayman Islands 2.79 4.34 2.80 4.17 4.73 97.59% 109.02%  
  Cyprus 3.53 6.05 7.69 6.24 6.10 125.85% 100.73%  
  Czech Republic 19.02 15.92 12.53 10.35 9.55 197.20% 59.98%  
  Germany 13.68 12.74 10.23 9.37 8.16 168.39% 64.01%  
  Djibouti 4.46 1.68 0.97 0.67 0.74 15.29% 44.04%  
  Dominica 0.11 0.28 0.82 0.86 0.92 18.94% 323.36%  
  Denmark 12.56 10.20 9.35 5.86 4.99 103.04% 48.93%  
  Dominican Republic 0.86 1.12 2.03 2.20 2.07 42.77% 184.87%  
  Algeria 1.31 2.62 2.95 3.91 3.97 82.01% 151.52%  
  Ecuador 0.83 1.71 2.05 2.39 2.59 53.48% 151.04%  
  Egypt 0.73 1.59 2.32 2.75 2.50 51.60% 156.91%  
  Eritrea 0.19 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.14 2.93% 134.00%  
  Western Sahara 1.13 0.69 0.59 0.39 0.39 7.97% 55.99%  
  Spain 4.25 5.89 8.40 6.06 5.48 113.13% 93.01%  
  Estonia 11.91 24.24 14.31 16.21 8.39 173.23% 34.61%  
  Ethiopia 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.16 0.18 3.69% 393.23%  
  Finland 8.94 11.25 10.99 8.25 6.64 137.20% 59.06%  
  Fiji 1.37 1.37 2.23 1.97 1.81 37.34% 132.45%  
  Falkland Islands 1.47 2.69 3.53 5.37 7.26 149.87% 269.60%  
  France 9.15 6.74 6.63 5.21 4.76 98.37% 70.66%  
  Faroe Islands 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.86% 124.07%  
  Gabon 1.02 6.47 4.55 2.80 2.46 50.90% 38.07%  
  United Kingdom [d] 12.03 10.16 9.23 5.73 5.00 103.34% 49.26%  
  Georgia 4.91 6.37 1.08 2.81 3.10 64.00% 48.63%  
  Ghana 0.27 0.21 0.33 0.58 0.76 15.77% 356.81%  
  Gibraltar 2.43 4.93 12.66 18.80 18.96 391.49% 384.45%  
  Guinea 0.11 0.16 0.18 0.25 0.26 5.42% 164.86%  
  Guadeloupe 0.58 1.70 1.46 1.87 2.02 41.69% 118.86%  
  Gambia 0.18 0.14 0.23 0.24 0.25 5.20% 185.31%  
  Guinea-Bissau 0.06 0.17 0.20 0.16 0.17 3.45% 98.29%  
  Equatorial Guinea 0.14 0.17 8.50 5.04 3.37 69.66% 2,025.90%  
  Greece 3.33 7.60 9.17 6.13 5.14 106.15% 67.63%  
  Grenada 0.12 0.50 0.64 1.08 1.10 22.79% 221.97%  
  Greenland 0.02 0.02 10.87 9.01 8.17 168.78% 39,780.87%  
  Guatemala 0.44 0.42 0.90 1.01 1.08 22.33% 255.94%  
  French Guiana 1.90 2.10 0.92 1.22 1.11 22.95% 53.04%  
  Guyana 2.13 1.58 1.98 3.17 4.76 98.30% 301.44%  
  Hong Kong 2.45 6.06 6.24 5.97 4.24 87.63% 70.05%  
  Honduras 0.45 0.48 0.96 1.01 1.06 21.88% 222.89%  
  Croatia 4.91 5.19 5.19 4.47 4.23 87.41% 81.53%  
  Haiti 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.32 0.30 6.11% 183.94%  
  Hungary 6.39 6.91 5.98 5.54 4.95 102.24% 71.68%  
  Indonesia 0.27 0.89 1.59 2.05 2.50 51.52% 281.46%  
  India [e] 0.39 0.69 1.06 1.82 1.91 39.40% 276.40%  
  Ireland 7.00 9.03 11.12 8.02 7.61 157.23% 84.32%  
  Iran 2.79 3.64 6.64 8.19 8.08 166.77% 221.76%  
  Iraq 2.33 3.96 3.22 4.22 4.43 91.51% 111.85%  
  Iceland 9.47 9.18 10.61 9.89 10.23 211.12% 111.37%  
  Israel 3.75 5.34 6.09 5.13 4.24 87.55% 79.46%  
  Italy 5.83 7.43 8.38 5.82 5.48 113.14% 73.71%  
  Jamaica 4.29 3.10 3.87 2.52 2.08 42.95% 67.14%  
  Jordan 1.59 2.83 3.56 2.74 2.27 46.79% 80.06%  
  Japan 8.09 9.36 9.99 9.46 8.61 177.84% 92.03%  
  Kazakhstan 9.82 15.03 11.70 12.32 12.85 265.38% 85.54%  
  Kenya 0.33 0.28 0.25 0.40 0.38 7.93% 138.87%  
  Kyrgyzstan 3.98 5.41 1.06 1.59 1.60 32.94% 29.49%  
  Cambodia 0.03 0.05 0.20 0.74 1.03 21.19% 2,177.76%  
  Kiribati 0.37 0.23 0.71 0.69 0.59 12.12% 258.40%  
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.33 0.48 1.16 1.72 1.76 36.28% 367.49%  
  South Korea 1.93 6.34 10.58 13.11 12.26 253.23% 193.45%  
  Kuwait 51.30 15.39 33.01 23.19 24.90 514.18% 161.81%  
  Laos 0.11 0.06 0.23 2.81 2.74 56.48% 4,612.11%  
  Lebanon 2.36 2.21 4.16 4.82 4.05 83.53% 183.02%  
  Liberia 0.69 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.30 6.25% 166.39%  
  Libya 18.42 7.33 9.93 8.63 9.20 189.87% 125.50%  
  Saint Lucia 0.28 0.48 0.65 1.00 1.39 28.75% 288.37%  
  Sri Lanka 0.25 0.24 0.74 1.12 0.87 18.05% 357.52%  
  Lesotho 0.07 0.07 0.21 0.30 0.33 6.76% 474.16%  
  Lithuania 6.09 9.45 4.16 4.83 4.69 96.84% 49.62%  
  Luxembourg 54.13 30.67 26.46 15.75 12.26 253.07% 39.96%  
  Latvia 5.29 7.40 3.56 3.80 3.61 74.48% 48.77%  
  Macau 1.23 2.70 4.51 5.14 3.34 69.05% 123.76%  
  Morocco 0.43 0.90 1.46 1.79 1.92 39.56% 212.23%  
  Moldova 4.66 7.28 1.97 2.02 2.17 44.76% 29.79%  
  Madagascar 0.12 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.11 2.26% 139.70%  
  Maldives 0.09 0.42 2.28 4.30 4.62 95.41% 1,107.43%  
  Mexico 2.32 3.40 4.12 3.86 3.56 73.58% 104.90%  
  North Macedonia 5.29 5.61 4.69 3.83 3.99 82.40% 71.19%  
  Mali 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.26 0.31 6.45% 815.83%  
  Malta 2.13 6.37 6.48 3.56 3.93 81.24% 61.76%  
  Myanmar 0.18 0.11 0.23 0.63 0.67 13.86% 615.83%  
  Mongolia 4.36 6.02 4.40 6.50 6.71 138.58% 111.50%  
  Mozambique 0.34 0.09 0.13 0.28 0.29 6.06% 334.62%  
  Mauritania 0.29 0.35 0.49 0.82 0.92 18.92% 259.26%  
  Martinique 0.66 1.92 1.69 2.25 2.34 48.23% 121.95%  
  Mauritius 0.37 1.12 2.44 3.33 3.35 69.12% 298.03%  
  Malawi 0.08 0.16 0.27 0.29 0.26 5.42% 160.55%  
  Malaysia 1.27 3.13 6.90 7.43 8.23 169.98% 262.86%  
  Namibia 0.95 0.90 1.28 1.65 1.53 31.55% 170.14%  
  New Caledonia 9.94 9.25 12.13 18.12 18.24 376.56% 197.24%  
  Niger 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.10 2.09% 130.93%  
  Nigeria 0.52 0.78 0.72 0.59 0.57 11.69% 72.51%  
  Nicaragua 0.69 0.47 0.82 0.91 0.88 18.09% 184.92%  
  Netherlands 10.31 10.95 11.07 9.89 7.79 160.93% 71.18%  
  Norway 9.27 8.58 9.39 8.74 7.62 157.25% 88.73%  
  Nepal 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.46 0.51 10.59% 883.47%  
  New Zealand 5.28 7.01 8.75 7.70 6.58 135.96% 93.93%  
  Oman 10.11 8.58 13.12 17.75 17.09 352.78% 199.05%  
  Pakistan 0.31 0.61 0.86 1.07 0.92 19.07% 151.84%  
  Panama 1.71 1.10 2.13 2.48 2.58 53.25% 234.46%  
  Peru 1.31 0.95 1.15 1.71 1.81 37.35% 189.54%  
  Philippines 0.74 0.70 0.92 1.30 1.38 28.42% 195.76%  
  Palau 173.68 142.83 87.12 55.05 59.00 1,218.25% 41.31%  
  Papua New Guinea 0.45 0.49 0.87 0.80 0.52 10.70% 106.08%  
  Poland 9.46 9.77 8.26 8.67 8.53 176.14% 87.27%  
  Puerto Rico 10.50 5.28 6.82 3.09 3.47 71.55% 65.57%  
  North Korea 5.27 6.50 3.34 2.17 2.09 43.11% 32.11%  
  Portugal 1.89 4.39 6.41 5.34 4.07 83.99% 92.60%  
  Paraguay 0.26 0.52 0.66 1.24 1.37 28.36% 265.35%  
  French Polynesia 1.28 4.20 3.92 3.63 3.25 67.19% 77.45%  
  Qatar 134.36 35.67 50.39 38.47 35.52 733.40% 99.58%  
  Réunion 0.80 1.54 3.01 3.03 3.01 62.16% 196.02%  
  Romania 6.15 7.93 4.78 4.13 4.03 83.11% 50.73%  
  Russia [f] 10.87 15.95 11.97 12.02 13.31 274.80% 83.43%  
  Rwanda 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.12 2.46% 155.68%  
  Saudi Arabia 8.04 10.63 14.47 18.30 16.98 350.65% 159.72%  
  Serbia and Montenegro 3.51 6.53 6.26 6.31 6.13 126.67% 93.96%  
  Sudan 0.25 0.22 0.28 0.45 0.40 8.34% 186.93%  
  Senegal 0.32 0.31 0.51 0.63 0.67 13.75% 212.77%  
  Singapore 3.16 10.48 9.27 9.97 8.85 182.68% 84.41%  
  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 0.57 1.72 2.27 4.04 4.48 92.40% 259.65%  
  Solomon Islands 0.41 0.50 0.68 0.56 0.47 9.77% 94.54%  
  Sierra Leone 0.13 0.15 0.10 0.13 0.13 2.71% 87.91%  
  El Salvador 0.44 0.49 1.17 1.04 1.22 25.15% 246.82%  
  Somalia 0.17 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.06 1.14% 63.64%  
  Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6.66 13.66 3.45 5.42 5.30 109.43% 38.80%  
  São Tomé and Príncipe 0.19 0.34 0.58 0.69 0.70 14.36% 201.72%  
  Suriname 1.69 1.56 3.38 4.34 5.60 115.69% 359.69%  
  Slovakia 9.65 11.37 7.74 6.85 6.46 133.48% 56.87%  
  Slovenia 6.26 7.45 8.83 7.38 6.70 138.38% 90.01%  
  Sweden 11.71 6.60 6.09 4.37 3.69 76.22% 55.94%  
  Eswatini 0.50 1.28 0.89 0.81 0.91 18.74% 70.76%  
  Seychelles 2.04 3.83 10.94 11.49 11.29 233.10% 294.54%  
  Syria 1.00 2.65 3.21 1.45 1.38 28.49% 52.10%  
  Turks and Caicos Islands 0.58 0.41 1.18 2.28 2.33 48.01% 564.84%  
  Chad 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.14 0.12 2.53% 305.23%  
  Togo 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.23 0.28 5.73% 139.22%  
  Thailand 0.49 1.66 3.50 3.97 4.06 83.83% 244.58%  
  Tajikistan 2.38 2.33 0.47 0.78 1.07 22.15% 45.99%  
  Turkmenistan 12.91 12.41 11.13 11.56 11.27 232.76% 90.87%  
  Timor-Leste 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.54 0.40 8.20% 17,240.95%  
  Tonga 0.22 0.92 1.27 1.67 1.48 30.49% 160.20%  
  Trinidad and Tobago 6.72 10.37 26.25 23.60 21.17 437.15% 204.18%  
  Tunisia 0.84 1.79 2.32 2.62 2.96 61.14% 165.59%  
  Turkey [g] 1.29 2.87 3.62 5.38 5.66 116.87% 196.89%  
  Taiwan 2.47 6.00 11.81 12.27 11.52 237.84% 192.14%  
  Tanzania 0.12 0.08 0.15 0.21 0.25 5.26% 311.41%  
  Uganda 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.14 0.15 3.10% 315.22%  
  Ukraine 11.11 15.15 7.53 4.53 3.07 63.44% 20.28%  
  Uruguay 1.89 1.26 1.66 1.83 2.43 50.13% 192.39%  
  United States [h] 21.93 19.74 19.95 15.29 14.44 298.14% 73.16%  
  Uzbekistan 6.53 6.23 4.58 3.60 3.89 80.31% 62.43%  
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.12 0.26 0.56 0.91 0.75 15.40% 291.41%  
  Venezuela 4.93 5.15 5.81 4.62 2.86 58.97% 55.47%  
  British Virgin Islands 0.75 1.05 1.50 1.97 1.96 40.46% 187.23%  
  Vietnam 0.40 0.30 1.19 2.40 3.27 67.57% 1,084.44%  
  Vanuatu 0.88 0.68 0.45 0.70 0.71 14.72% 104.22%  
  Samoa 0.46 0.74 1.29 1.88 1.75 36.15% 236.00%  
  Yemen 0.26 0.59 1.07 0.37 0.39 8.02% 66.06%  
  South Africa 8.12 8.34 8.90 8.27 6.75 139.37% 80.91%  
  Zambia 0.89 0.38 0.20 0.43 0.47 9.67% 124.07%  
  Zimbabwe 1.84 1.71 0.88 0.62 0.55 11.45% 32.47%  
 World 4.28 4.22 4.58 4.89 4.84 100% 114.64%  

CO2 emissions per capita embedded in global trade edit

CO2 emissions are typically measured on the basis of ‘production’. This accounting method – which is sometimes referred to as ‘territorial’ emissions – is used when countries report their emissions, and set targets domestically and internationally. In addition to the commonly reported production-based emissions statisticians also calculate ‘consumption-based’ emissions. These emissions are adjusted for trade. To calculate consumption-based emissions, traded goods are tracked across the world, and whenever a good was imported all CO2 emissions that were emitted in the production of that good are also imported, and vice versa to subtract all CO2 emissions that were emitted in the production of goods that were exported.[22]

Consumption-based emissions reflect the consumption and lifestyle choices of a country's citizens.[22] They are national or regional emissions that have been adjusted for trade, calculated as domestic (or ‘production-based’) emissions minus the emissions generated in the production of goods and services that are exported to other countries or regions, plus emissions from the production of goods and services that are imported.[23]

Consumption-based emissions = Production-based – Exported + Imported emissions[23]

This is measured as the net import-export balance in tons of CO2 per year. Positive values represent netimporters of CO2. Negative values represent net exporters of CO2.[24]

The data in the following table is extracted from Our World in Data database.[25]

Country / territory Production vs. consumption-based CO2 emissions per capita
(tCO2/cap)		 CO2 emissions
embedded in
global trade
(tCO2/cap)
1990 2005 2017 2020 2021 2020
P C P C P C P C P C C-P (C-P)/P (%) Net
  Aruba 7.413 28.771 8.443 7.307 8.054
  Afghanistan 0.189 0.077 0.277 0.300 0.296
  Angola 0.430 0.977 0.805 0.607 0.619
  Anguilla 6.151 10.556 9.501 8.416 9.173
  Albania 1.675 1.686 1.405 1.923 1.932 2.138 1.649 2.015 1.618 0.365 22.14% importer
  Andorra 7.589 7.205 6.301 5.775 5.729
  United Arab Emirates 27.210 29.460 26.741 33.573 23.616 23.982 21.436 19.848 21.792 −1.588 −7.41% exporter
  Argentina 3.434 3.433 4.132 3.596 4.242 4.337 3.758 3.535 4.118 −0.223 −5.95% exporter
  Armenia 2.515 1.683 1.436 1.915 1.943 2.031 2.292 2.587 2.439 0.295 12.86% importer
  Antigua and Barbuda 3.470 4.679 5.387 4.591 5.027
  Australia 16.316 14.264 19.143 17.051 16.850 15.369 15.579 13.811 15.091 −1.768 −11.35% exporter
  Austria 8.093 11.630 9.612 12.980 7.911 10.458 6.964 9.118 7.243 2.154 30.93% importer
  Azerbaijan 6.910 3.758 3.961 4.091 3.436 3.412 3.647 3.806 3.732 0.159 4.35% importer
  Burundi 0.038 0.021 0.048 0.054 0.055
  Belgium 12.078 15.543 11.946 21.497 8.707 17.642 7.816 15.392 8.244 7.576 96.93% importer
  Benin 0.113 0.181 0.306 0.460 0.587 0.663 0.575 0.654 0.597 0.080 13.84% importer
  Caribbean Netherlands 5.468 4.358 4.206 3.585 3.868
  Burkina Faso 0.064 0.088 0.081 0.123 0.228 0.263 0.250 0.282 0.258 0.032 12.64% importer
  Bangladesh 0.131 0.170 0.267 0.274 0.499 0.749 0.542 0.807 0.550 0.264 48.74% importer
  Bulgaria 8.748 6.999 6.482 6.215 6.623 5.744 5.297 5.229 6.181 −0.067 −1.27% exporter
  Bahrain 23.976 22.449 21.957 8.693 22.539 13.110 25.451 14.775 26.664 −10.676 −41.95% exporter
  Bahamas 7.472 5.478 5.252 5.330 5.850
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.319 3.919 6.441 6.308 4.148
  Belarus 10.389 5.880 5.970 4.328 6.105 6.156 6.082 5.988 6.223 −0.094 −1.55% exporter
  Belize 1.706 1.503 1.643 1.556 1.723
  Bermuda 8.731 9.250 9.957 7.766 8.533
  Bolivia 1.410 1.285 1.191 1.066 2.053 2.066 1.765 1.832 1.931 0.067 3.78% importer
  Brazil 1.451 1.630 1.951 1.871 2.386 2.393 2.075 1.997 2.281 −0.077 −3.73% exporter
  Barbados 4.134 4.895 4.321 3.639 4.002
  Brunei 23.626 16.566 13.278 12.341 21.635 19.522 23.890 22.550 23.532 −1.341 −5.61% exporter
  Bhutan 0.230 0.571 1.639 1.941 1.958
  Botswana 2.013 2.013 2.162 1.393 2.947 4.964 2.458 4.702 2.511 2.244 91.32% importer
  Central African Republic 0.065 0.051 0.043 0.040 0.042
  Canada 16.568 17.464 17.838 18.904 15.635 14.518 14.117 12.950 14.300 −1.166 −8.26% exporter
  Switzerland 6.580 12.774 6.163 14.651 4.517 15.213 3.964 12.356 4.019 8.392 211.73% importer
  Chile 2.465 2.403 3.767 3.770 4.577 4.799 4.344 4.432 4.383 0.089 2.04% importer
  China 2.154 2.012 4.503 3.613 7.099 6.488 7.689 7.041 8.046 −0.648 −8.42% exporter
  Ivory Coast 0.401 0.499 0.395 0.404 0.483 0.615 0.409 0.549 0.426 0.140 34.31% importer
  Cameroon 0.228 0.263 0.208 0.348 0.393 0.462 0.340 0.376 0.342 0.036 10.47% importer
  Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.118 0.026 0.029 0.027 0.027
  Republic of the Congo 0.423 0.271 1.073 1.321 1.279
  Cook Islands 2.564 4.348 4.628 5.217 5.368
  Colombia 1.745 1.900 1.423 1.505 1.648 2.235 1.679 2.136 1.780 0.457 27.18% importer
  Comoros 0.153 0.241 0.351 0.350 0.363
  Cape Verde 0.492 0.907 1.025 1.073 1.136
  Costa Rica 0.922 1.636 1.558 2.205 1.642 2.498 1.382 2.195 1.517 0.813 58.83% importer
  Cuba 2.790 2.173 2.225 1.746 1.960
  Curaçao 30.768 34.321 26.784 8.841 9.686
  Cyprus 5.901 8.622 7.673 9.290 6.227 6.485 5.874 5.478 6.109 −0.397 −6.75% exporter
  Czech Republic 15.941 14.695 12.226 10.733 10.231 10.549 8.722 9.485 9.242 0.763 8.75% importer
  Germany 13.254 15.017 10.667 12.921 9.508 10.887 7.673 9.234 8.090 1.561 20.35% importer
  Djibouti 0.476 0.498 0.377 0.333 0.343
  Dominica 0.843 2.080 2.289 1.998 2.189
  Denmark 10.416 12.071 9.480 12.301 6.062 8.597 4.855 7.309 5.052 2.454 50.55% importer
  Dominican Republic 1.253 1.314 1.958 3.577 2.256 2.878 2.398 2.863 2.601 0.465 19.38% importer
  Algeria 3.007 3.231 4.045 3.970 3.990
  Ecuador 1.575 1.624 2.176 2.383 2.400 2.738 1.959 2.319 2.322 0.360 18.36% importer
  Egypt 1.315 1.431 2.087 1.865 2.555 2.506 2.194 2.248 2.285 0.054 2.46% importer
  Eritrea 0.000 0.272 0.207 0.220 0.227
  Spain 5.948 6.824 8.471 9.402 5.904 6.341 4.504 5.349 4.920 0.845 18.76% importer
  Estonia 23.507 19.982 12.630 14.286 14.240 12.798 7.028 9.385 7.864 2.357 33.54% importer
  Ethiopia 0.062 0.082 0.064 0.052 0.144 0.186 0.145 0.173 0.148 0.028 19.02% importer
  Finland 11.414 16.183 10.874 15.404 8.093 10.066 6.799 8.681 6.792 1.882 27.68% importer
  Fiji 1.027 1.173 1.423 1.554 1.590
  France 6.974 8.732 6.878 9.105 5.261 6.688 4.343 5.821 4.741 1.478 34.03% importer
  Faroe Islands 14.809 14.940 14.070 13.199 13.198
  Federated States of Micronesia 1.057 1.294 1.380 1.405
  Gabon 4.562 3.332 2.937 2.483 2.440
  United Kingdom 10.522 11.697 9.445 12.445 5.863 8.297 4.865 6.929 5.154 2.064 42.42% importer
  Georgia 2.958 1.825 1.267 2.216 2.697 3.002 2.839 3.472 2.930 0.633 22.30% importer
  Ghana 0.245 0.314 0.302 0.487 0.461 0.676 0.611 0.713 0.649 0.102 16.66% importer
  Guinea 0.158 0.158 0.200 0.189 0.265 0.425 0.343 0.435 0.358 0.092 26.70% importer
  Guadeloupe 3.408 5.929 6.262 5.791 5.785
  Gambia 0.190 0.194 0.249 0.238 0.248
  Guinea-Bissau 0.177 0.154 0.162 0.163 0.171
  Equatorial Guinea 0.134 9.296 5.420 3.126 3.197
  Greece 8.099 9.354 10.248 8.406 7.000 5.396 5.290 5.053 5.391 −0.237 −4.48% exporter
  Grenada 1.073 1.960 2.303 2.312 2.561
  Greenland 11.229 11.318 9.687 8.929 9.076
  Guatemala 0.547 0.748 0.922 0.774 1.045 0.924 1.013 1.235 1.154 0.221 21.84% importer
  French Guiana 6.321 2.965 2.624 2.239 2.190
  Guyana 1.510 2.132 3.039 4.003 3.838
  Hong Kong 4.650 14.767 6.304 12.722 5.687 11.508 4.200 10.771 4.225 6.571 156.44% importer
  Honduras 0.496 0.658 0.904 0.708 1.063 0.843 0.973 0.807 1.060 −0.165 −17.01% exporter
  Croatia 4.715 4.303 5.270 5.856 4.471 5.245 4.118 5.515 4.360 1.397 33.93% importer
  Haiti 0.144 0.189 0.285 0.232 0.251
  Hungary 7.057 8.837 5.984 7.761 5.058 6.718 4.849 6.235 4.990 1.386 28.58% importer
  Indonesia 0.795 0.767 1.525 1.437 2.145 2.163 2.243 2.296 2.262 0.053 2.37% importer
  India 0.664 0.661 1.026 0.949 1.798 1.690 1.751 1.631 1.925 −0.120 −6.88% exporter
  Ireland 9.452 11.350 11.685 17.619 8.189 10.420 7.107 8.815 7.528 1.708 24.03% importer
  Iran 3.763 3.627 6.599 5.638 8.111 7.023 8.363 7.543 8.517 −0.819 −9.80% exporter
  Iraq 2.778 3.929 5.343 4.077 4.263
  Iceland 8.689 9.994 10.481 9.078 9.113
  Israel 7.458 10.324 8.419 11.000 7.081 9.354 6.281 8.419 6.127 2.138 34.04% importer
  Italy 7.744 9.989 8.630 10.591 5.879 7.442 5.080 6.535 5.548 1.454 28.63% importer
  Jamaica 3.147 3.116 3.891 2.604 2.777 2.254 2.462 2.242 2.719 −0.220 −8.93% exporter
  Jordan 3.010 4.647 3.599 4.266 2.489 3.069 2.282 2.668 2.296 0.385 16.89% importer
  Japan 9.363 10.653 10.099 12.080 9.382 10.350 8.321 9.479 8.566 1.157 13.90% importer
  Kazakhstan 16.529 17.148 12.802 8.934 17.515 11.001 14.669 9.774 14.413 −4.895 −33.37% exporter
  Kenya 0.246 0.348 0.233 0.321 0.348 0.524 0.352 0.518 0.375 0.166 47.25% importer
  Kyrgyzstan 4.397 4.545 1.062 1.424 1.527 2.768 1.321 2.587 1.426 1.266 95.82% importer
  Cambodia 0.141 0.207 0.209 0.708 0.790 1.851 1.141 2.350 1.147 1.210 106.06% importer
  Kiribati 0.293 0.634 0.548 0.550 0.555
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 2.613 4.232 5.058 4.528 4.992
  South Korea 5.678 7.257 10.413 12.124 12.707 13.401 11.527 12.721 11.886 1.193 10.35% importer
  Kuwait 22.572 23.354 31.836 29.366 23.258 22.742 22.883 22.232 24.972 −0.651 −2.85% exporter
  Laos 0.119 0.186 0.228 0.395 2.813 3.036 2.799 3.041 2.798 0.241 8.62% importer
  Lebanon 2.189 3.586 4.558 4.322 4.463
  Liberia 0.211 0.199 0.256 0.222 0.230
  Libya 8.618 9.762 8.378 8.802 11.065
  Saint Lucia 1.262 2.348 2.854 2.461 2.705
  Liechtenstein 6.911 6.613 4.108 3.661 3.865
  Sri Lanka 0.223 0.367 0.607 1.035 1.071 1.725 0.999 1.694 0.954 0.694 69.46% importer
  Lesotho 0.819 1.017 1.158 0.971 1.000
  Lithuania 9.448 11.455 4.185 6.393 4.673 7.777 4.841 7.197 4.981 2.356 48.66% importer
  Luxembourg 31.010 31.010 26.003 31.018 15.531 16.291 12.843 12.643 13.068 −0.201 −1.56% exporter
  Latvia 7.311 8.032 3.497 6.008 3.691 7.364 3.687 7.348 3.878 3.661 99.30% importer
  Macau 2.950 3.742 3.018 1.881 1.874
  Morocco 0.907 1.240 1.468 1.543 1.730 1.841 1.764 1.803 1.904 0.039 2.20% importer
  Moldova 8.155 1.234 1.641 1.702 1.830
  Madagascar 0.078 0.117 0.092 0.155 0.157 0.216 0.142 0.193 0.147 0.051 36.13% importer
  Maldives 0.765 1.957 3.203 4.006 4.062
  Mexico 3.880 3.927 4.400 4.656 3.790 4.205 3.109 3.432 3.214 0.323 10.38% importer
  Marshall Islands 2.090 3.105 3.561 3.778
  North Macedonia 6.939 5.378 3.553 3.150 3.257
  Mali 0.047 0.110 0.184 0.185 0.190
  Malta 6.552 9.216 6.447 8.013 3.193 18.459 3.104 16.612 3.273 13.509 435.23% importer
  Myanmar 0.106 0.241 0.452 0.676 0.675
  Montenegro 3.082 2.766 3.325 3.897 2.789
  Mongolia 4.530 4.124 3.327 3.409 11.026 9.817 15.058 13.114 15.030 −1.944 −12.91% exporter
  Mozambique 0.074 0.300 0.088 0.285 0.243 0.455 0.214 0.420 0.223 0.206 96.29% importer
  Mauritania 0.426 0.477 0.822 0.857 0.892
  Montserrat 2.707 8.544 6.206 4.147 4.659
  Martinique 4.587 6.118 6.037 5.670 5.695
  Mauritius 1.341 2.493 2.618 3.573 3.503 4.511 3.243 4.496 3.443 1.254 38.66% importer
  Malawi 0.077 0.160 0.071 0.066 0.076 0.070 0.076 0.128 0.078 0.052 68.36% importer
  Malaysia 3.098 3.741 6.995 5.490 7.762 7.169 7.816 7.321 7.626 −0.495 −6.33% exporter
  Mayotte 0.723 1.204 1.092 0.894 0.865
  Namibia 0.000 0.000 1.178 1.150 1.783 4.111 1.585 3.654 1.587 2.069 130.53% importer
  New Caledonia 8.892 11.603 18.797 18.807 19.097
  Niger 0.072 0.051 0.104 0.102 0.107
  Nigeria 0.408 0.399 0.753 0.690 0.583 0.562 0.625 0.637 0.642 0.013 2.01% importer
  Nicaragua 0.483 0.635 0.783 0.944 0.843 1.121 0.675 0.869 0.739 0.195 28.90% importer
  Niue 2.863 1.948 3.875 5.910 6.092
  Netherlands 10.827 13.468 10.879 13.489 9.443 9.837 7.907 8.713 8.059 0.807 10.20% importer
  Norway 8.274 9.374 9.555 8.383 9.534 7.657 8.756 7.573 1.099 14.35% importer
  Nepal 0.037 0.059 0.114 0.175 0.413 0.387 0.475 0.849 0.472 0.374 78.75% importer
  Nauru 12.950 6.026 4.694 4.701 4.756
  New Zealand 7.507 7.910 9.055 10.103 7.519 8.088 6.808 7.665 6.587 0.857 12.58% importer
  Oman 6.219 6.948 11.716 9.996 15.108 15.260 15.959 12.929 17.917 −3.030 −18.98% exporter
  Kosovo 4.674 5.101 3.396
  Pakistan 0.588 0.626 0.772 0.840 0.999 1.111 0.926 1.006 0.992 0.080 8.59% importer
  Panama 1.074 1.197 2.109 2.740 4.391 2.714 3.706 2.995 0.991 36.53% importer
  Peru 0.968 1.079 1.312 1.336 1.700 1.986 1.426 1.730 1.669 0.304 21.32% importer
  Philippines 0.672 1.019 0.849 1.093 1.266 1.570 1.209 1.504 1.267 0.295 24.40% importer
  Palau 15.309 11.073 12.106 12.891 13.210
  Papua New Guinea 0.557 0.674 0.710 0.854 0.855
  Poland 9.899 8.469 8.384 7.514 8.765 8.289 7.898 7.471 8.577 −0.428 −5.42% exporter
  North Korea 5.691 3.112 2.028 2.139 2.171
  Portugal 4.529 5.185 6.625 12.234 5.356 5.673 4.059 4.655 3.965 0.596 14.68% importer
  Paraguay 0.526 0.931 0.690 1.055 1.270 1.896 1.214 1.843 1.279 0.629 51.82% importer
  Palestine 0.405 0.774 0.695 0.601 0.602
  French Polynesia 2.083 2.893 2.914 3.061 3.124
  Qatar 25.836 24.285 59.726 35.472 36.943 26.760 33.640 25.771 35.587 −7.869 −23.39% exporter
  Réunion 1.913 4.445 4.773 4.284 4.247
  Romania 7.596 7.047 4.753 4.721 4.063 4.350 3.813 4.171 4.104 0.358 9.39% importer
  Russia 17.127 13.795 10.842 8.317 11.372 9.583 11.154 9.341 12.099 −1.813 −16.26% exporter
  Rwanda 0.072 0.072 0.057 0.056 0.095 0.137 0.126 0.165 0.130 0.038 30.21% importer
  Saudi Arabia 13.027 12.100 16.225 14.379 18.824 18.508 18.368 18.278 18.703 −0.090 −0.49% exporter
  Sudan 0.226 0.339 0.551 0.451 0.461
  Senegal 0.417 0.452 0.505 0.609 0.710 0.895 0.775 0.938 0.806 0.162 20.93% importer
  Singapore 14.405 23.549 9.281 30.823 6.446 27.118 5.061 24.238 5.472 19.177 378.93% importer
  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 1.105 1.978 1.991 2.297 2.540
  Solomon Islands 0.452 0.585 0.444 0.448 0.449
  Sierra Leone 0.119 0.075 0.137 0.148 0.154
  El Salvador 0.461 0.766 1.043 1.367 0.953 1.252 1.033 1.356 1.141 0.323 31.30% importer
  Somalia 0.104 0.057 0.043 0.035 0.036
  Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14.437 10.153 11.029 9.496 10.505
  Serbia 7.067 6.594 6.099 6.055 4.230
  South Sudan 0.091 0.119 0.136 0.141 0.147
  São Tomé and Príncipe 0.396 0.476 0.616 0.569 0.592
  Suriname 4.209 3.077 3.593 4.295 4.557
  Slovakia 11.683 13.915 7.959 7.960 6.639 7.537 5.698 6.862 6.481 1.163 20.42% importer
  Slovenia 7.601 8.292 8.446 9.477 6.968 9.469 6.076 8.899 5.921 2.823 46.47% importer
  Sweden 6.736 10.015 5.973 10.106 4.246 7.214 3.522 5.936 3.425 2.414 68.56% importer
  Eswatini 1.124 0.947 0.856 0.898 0.912
  Sint Maarten 20.474 19.127 16.877 13.477 14.705
  Seychelles 2.114 4.436 5.649 5.101 5.337
  Syria 2.985 2.684 1.718 1.259 1.266
  Turks and Caicos Islands 5.313 7.932 8.823 6.992 7.558
  Chad 0.065 0.077 0.131 0.108 0.113
  Togo 0.252 0.331 0.301 0.198 0.275 0.268 0.266 0.835 0.271 0.569 214.24% importer
  Thailand 1.570 2.151 3.453 3.302 4.134 3.721 3.881 3.843 3.890 −0.038 −0.97% exporter
  Tajikistan 2.225 0.952 0.352 0.937 0.880 1.765 0.989 1.354 1.060 0.366 37.00% importer
  Turkmenistan 8.416 9.300 12.291 11.525 13.089
  Timor-Leste 0.181 0.510 0.553 0.557
  Tonga 0.853 1.075 1.286 1.616 1.649
  Trinidad and Tobago 13.408 9.275 27.715 11.002 27.267 16.396 23.553 17.253 23.677 −6.300 −26.75% exporter
  Tunisia 1.555 1.884 2.144 1.467 2.581 1.875 2.268 2.083 2.575 −0.185 −8.14% exporter
  Turkey 2.792 3.970 3.854 4.408 5.241 5.387 4.914 4.779 5.263 −0.134 −2.74% exporter
  Tuvalu 1.195 0.738 0.675 0.697 0.708
  Taiwan 6.027 8.499 11.689 13.240 12.036 12.231 11.094 11.646 11.855 0.552 4.98% importer
  Tanzania 0.081 0.139 0.136 0.222 0.203 0.297 0.199 0.286 0.205 0.087 43.60% importer
  Uganda 0.043 0.086 0.072 0.127 0.134 0.190 0.124 0.168 0.126 0.044 35.70% importer
  Ukraine 13.682 9.704 6.673 5.327 4.996 4.065 4.713 4.332 4.637 −0.380 −8.07% exporter
  Uruguay 1.273 1.575 1.726 2.288 1.801 2.914 1.836 2.953 1.967 1.117 60.83% importer
  United States 20.648 20.348 20.676 22.669 15.801 17.088 14.037 15.471 14.859 1.434 10.21% importer
  Uzbekistan 5.023 4.387 3.410 3.527 3.569
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.716 1.962 2.048 1.853 2.048
  Venezuela 6.168 4.763 6.143 3.859 4.593 2.155 2.684 0.634 2.828 −2.050 −76.37% exporter
  British Virgin Islands 4.215 7.633 5.602 4.652 5.090
  Vietnam 0.318 0.348 1.139 0.883 2.478 1.603 3.403 2.108 3.345 −1.295 −38.06% exporter
  Vanuatu 0.437 0.269 0.480 0.546 0.548 =
  Wallis and Futuna 1.359 2.011 2.144 2.318 2.387
  Samoa 0.523 0.893 1.182 1.331 1.344
  Yemen 0.712 0.928 0.353 0.376 0.378
  South Africa 7.847 5.495 8.485 5.875 7.757 5.580 7.412 5.142 7.340 −2.270 −30.62% exporter
  Zambia 0.313 0.356 0.194 0.362 0.396 0.477 0.385 0.391 0.394 0.006 1.54% importer
  Zimbabwe 1.538 1.780 0.875 0.912 0.651 0.712 0.677 0.741 0.706 0.064 9.48% importer
 World  4.281  4.281  4.516  4.516  4.750  4.750  4.497  4.497  4.694  4.694  0.000  0%  
Africa 1.033 0.923 1.140 0.946 1.092 1.037 1.019 0.976 1.041 −0.043 −4.18% exporter
Asia 2.059 2.042 3.148 2.808 4.363 4.044 4.437 4.126 4.621 −0.311 −7.00% exporter
Asia (excl. China and India) 2.991 3.085 3.595 3.529 4.148 3.899 3.957 3.763 4.036 −0.194 −4.91% exporter
Europe 11.126 10.747 8.800 9.468 7.555 8.091 6.707 7.283 7.112 0.576 8.59% importer
Europe (excl. EU-27) 13.734 11.086 9.040 8.077 8.315 7.854 7.916 7.396 8.349 −0.520 −6.56% exporter
Europe (excl. EU-28) 14.481 10.944 8.937 6.963 9.002 7.730 8.787 7.530 9.269 −1.257 −14.31% exporter
European Union (27) 9.236 10.501 8.635 10.424 7.038 8.253 5.888 7.207 6.276 1.319 22.40% importer
European Union (28) 9.390 10.645 8.735 10.671 6.886 8.259 5.754 7.171 6.128 1.417 24.62% importer
North America 14.233 14.023 14.253 15.400 11.065 11.731 9.773 10.530 10.283 0.758 7.75% importer
North America (excl. USA) 5.036 4.956 5.490 5.483 4.841 4.692 4.223 4.100 4.350 −0.123 −2.91% exporter
Oceania 11.675 10.187 12.944 11.506 11.206 10.021 10.355 9.007 10.021 −1.348 −13.02% exporter
South America 2.019 2.034 2.421 2.178 2.673 2.628 2.274 2.178 2.476 −0.096 −4.20% exporter
Low-income countries 0.635 0.062 0.398 0.057 0.304 0.109 0.284 0.110 0.287 −0.174 −61.19% exporter
Lower-middle-income countries 1.112 0.928 1.263 1.074 1.760 1.580 1.760 1.585 1.847 −0.175 −9.94% exporter
Upper-middle-income countries 3.737 3.235 4.655 3.721 6.239 5.508 6.370 5.644 6.672 −0.726 −11.40% exporter
High-income countries 12.107 12.968 12.793 14.579 10.912 12.069 9.689 10.905 10.148 1.216 12.55% importer

Notes edit

  1. ^ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, odourless and non-poisonous gas formed by combustion of carbon and in the respiration of living organisms and is considered a greenhouse gas.
    Emissions means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.
    Carbon dioxide emissions or CO2 emissions are emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement; they include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels as well as gas flaring
  2. ^ a b
     
    Global Carbon Project (2022)[5]
    The rate of build-up of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere can be reduced by taking advantage of the fact that atmospheric CO2 can accumulate as carbon in vegetation and soils in terrestrial ecosystems. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas (GHG) from the atmosphere is referred to as a "sink". Human activities impact terrestrial sinks, through land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), consequently, the exchange of CO2 (carbon cycle) between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is altered.[6]
  3. ^ Greenhouse gases (GHG) constitute a group of gases contributing to global warming and climate change.
    The Kyoto Protocol, an environmental agreement adopted by many of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 to curb global warming, nowadays covers seven greenhouse gases:
    • the non-fluorinated gases:
      • carbon dioxide (CO2),
      • methane (CH4),
      • nitrous oxide (N2O),
    • the fluorinated gases:
      • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
      • perfluorocarbons (PFCs),
      • sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),
      • nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
    Converting them to carbon dioxide (or CO2) equivalents makes it possible to compare them and to determine their individual and total contributions to global warming.
  1. ^ See: Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia
  2. ^ See: Greenhouse gas emissions by Canada
  3. ^ See: Greenhouse gas emissions by China
  4. ^ See: Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom
  5. ^ See: Greenhouse gas emissions by India
  6. ^ See: Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia
  7. ^ See: Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
  8. ^ See: Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States

References edit

  1. ^ "Per capita CO₂ emissions" (map). ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Annual CO₂ emissions by world region" (chart). ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  3. ^ Evans, Simon (5 October 2021). "Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change? / Historical responsibility for climate change is at the heart of debates over climate justice". CarbonBrief.org. Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Source: Carbon Brief analysis of figures from the Global Carbon Project, CDIAC, Our World in Data, Carbon Monitor 🐒, Houghton and Nassikas (2017) and Hansis et al (2015).
  4. ^ a b c d Crippa, M.; Guizzardi, D.; Pagani, F.; Banja, M.; Muntean, M.; Schaaf, E.; Becker, W.; Monforti-Ferrario, F.; Quadrelli, R.; Risquez Martin, A.; Taghavi-Moharamli, P.; Köykkä, J.; Grassi, G.; Rossi, S.; Brandao De Melo, J.; Oom, D.; Branco, A.; San-Miguel, J.; Vignati, E. (2023). GHG emissions of all world countries – 2023. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/953322. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  5. ^ Global Carbon Project (2022) Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2022 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2022
  6. ^ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)". unfccc.int. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  7. ^ Quesada, Benjamin; Arneth, Almut; Robertson, Eddy; de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie. "Potential strong contribution of future anthropogenic land-use and land-cover change to the terrestrial carbon cycle". Environmental Research Letters. 13 (6). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac4c3.
  8. ^ Schrooten, L; De Vlieger, Ina; Int Panis, Luc; Styns, R. Torfs, K; Torfs, R (2008). "Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory, an activity based emission model". Atmospheric Environment. 42 (4): 667–676. Bibcode:2008AtmEn..42..667S. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.071. S2CID 93958844.
  9. ^ a b c United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)". unfccc.int. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  10. ^ "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  11. ^ "China's Emissions: More Than U.S. Plus Europe, and Still Rising". The New York Times. 25 January 2018.
  12. ^ "Chinese coal fuels rise in global carbon emissions". The Times. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  13. ^ PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. "China now no. 1 in CO2 emissions; USA in second position". pbl.nl. Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving , nl. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014.
  14. ^ Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah (11 May 2017). "CO2 and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019.
  15. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max. "Per capita CO2 emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  16. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max. "Consumption-based (trade-adjusted) emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  17. ^ Klugman, Cornelia. "The EU, a world leader in fighting climate change". European Parliament Think Tank. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  18. ^ IPCC (2021). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (Report). ISBN 978-92-9169-158-6.
  19. ^ Grubb, M. (July–September 2003). "The economics of the Kyoto protocol" (PDF). World Economics. 4 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011.
  20. ^ Lerner & K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2006). "Environmental issues: essential primary sources". Thomson Gale. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
  21. ^ "Are our water vapour emissions warming the climate?". Physics World. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  22. ^ a b Hannah, Ritchie. "How do CO2 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  23. ^ a b "Are consumption-based CO₂ per capita emissions above or below the global average? 2020". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  24. ^ "CO₂ emissions embedded in global trade". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  25. ^ "Production vs. consumption-based CO₂ emissions per capita". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2023.

See also edit

External links edit

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