Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a key Indian independence movement leader known for employing nonviolent resistance against British Rule to successfully lead the campaign. He was the pioneer of Satyagraha — the resistance of alleged tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total nonviolence — which inspired movements for civil rights and freedom around the world. Gandhi is commonly known in India and around the world with the honorific Mahatma Gandhi (Sanskrit: महात्मा mahātmā — "Great Soul") and as Bapu (Gujarati: બાપુ bāpu — "Father"). In India, he is recognised as the Father of the Nation by all Indians and 2 October, his birthday, is commemorated each year on Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday.
Currency and stamps edit
In 1996, the Government of India introduced the Mahatma Gandhi series of currency notes in rupees 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 denomination. Today, all the currency notes in circulation in India contain a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1969, the United Kingdom issued a series of stamps commemorating the centenary of Mahatma Gandhi.
There have been approximately 250 stamps issued bearing Gandhi's image from 80 different countries worldwide.[1]
Film edit
- 1953: He is the subject of the American feature documentary Mahatma Gandhi: 20th Century Prophet
- 1963: Gandhi is portrayed by J.S. Casshyap in Nine Hours to Rama based upon the 1962 book by Stanley Wolpert.
- 1968: Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948 (documentary on the life of Gandhi)
- 1982: Gandhi is portrayed by Ben Kingsley in the award-winning film, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough. The film won eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor.
- 1986: Gandhi is portrayed by Sam Dastor in Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy, a British mini-series which is about Louis Mountbatten and his role in the partitioning of India and Pakistan.
- 1989: Gandhi is portrayed by Jay Levey in a spoof segment in UHF, a comedy film directed by Levey himself[2]
- 1993: Gandhi is portrayed by Yashwant Satvik in Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, which is based upon the life of B. R. Ambedkar.
- 1993: Gandhi is portrayed by Annu Kapoor in the Ketan Mehta film Sardar which is about the life of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
- 1996: Gandhi is portrayed by Rajit Kapur in his award-winning role as a young Gandhi in The Making of the Mahatma, a Shyam Benegal film about Gandhi's 21 years in South Africa.
- 1998: Gandhi is portrayed by Sam Dastor in Jinnah, a biopic of the founder of Pakistan, Mohammed Ali Jinnah.
- 2000: Gandhi is portrayed by Mohan Gokhale in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, which is based upon the life of B. R. Ambedkar.
- 2000: Gandhi is portrayed by Naseeruddin Shah in Hey Ram. A film made by Kamal Haasan, it portrays a would-be assassin of Gandhi and the dilemma faced by the would-be assassins in the turmoil of post-partition India.
- 2001: Gandhi is portrayed by Surendra Rajan in the film Veer Savarkar, about the life of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.
- 2002: Gandhi is portrayed by Surendra Rajan in the film The Legend of Bhagat Singh, a historical biographical film about the Indian freedom fighter Bhagat Singh.
- 2004: Swades, "epitomizes Gandhi's values" according to his great-grandson, Tushar Gandhi.[3] The protagonist is called Mohan (Bhargava) which is Gandhi's birth name (Mohandas). The film is about a young NRI returning to India to help the country and its people, a tale similar to that of Gandhi's life.
- 2005: Gandhi is portrayed by Mohan Jhangiani (actor) and Zul Vilani (voice) who appears briefly in the film Water (the film was also turned into the book, Water: A Novel, by Bapsi Sidhwa).
- 2005: Mangal Pandey: The Rising, ends with newsreel footage featuring Gandhi.
- 2005: Surendra Rajan portrays Gandhi in Shyam Benegal's biopic Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero.
- 2005: Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara, tells the story of a retired Hindi professor, who, as he falls victim to dementia, begins to believe that he was accused of being the man who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi.
- 2006: The image of Gandhi is portrayed by Dilip Prabhavalkar in the award-winning film Lage Raho Munna Bhai. It stars Sanjay Dutt as Munna Bhai and popularised the new term Gandhigiri in India.
- 2007: Gandhi is portrayed by Darshan Jariwala in Gandhi, My Father.
- 2007: The image of Gandhi is reprised by Dilip Prabhavalkar in Shankar Dada Zindabad, the Telugu language remake of Lage Raho Munna Bhai.
- 2009: Mahatma reflects on Gandhian values.
- 2009: Road to Sangam tells the story of a devout Muslim mechanic named Hasmat Ullah (Paresh Rawal) who has been entrusted the job of repairing an old V8 ford engine, not knowing the historic significance that it once carried Gandhi's ashes which were immersed in the holy Triveni Sangam.
- 2011: Gandhi is portrayed by Avijit Dutt in Dear Friend Hitler, a drama film based on letters written by Mohandas Gandhi to Nazi Party leader and Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler during World War II.
- 2012: Welcome Back Gandhi (also known as Mudhalvar Mahatma), directed by A. Balakrishnan and starring S. Kanagaraj as Gandhi,[4] portrays the impact Gandhi would have if he returned to present day India.
- 2016: Gandhigiri talks about Gandhi's values in today's world[5]
- 2017: Viceroy's House, a British-Indian historical drama film directed by Gurinder Chadha, about the period leading up to the Partition of India under Viceroy Lord Mountbatten. Gandhi is portrayed by Neeraj Kabi.
- 2017: Kamlesh portrayed Gandhi in historical drama film Firangi.[6]
- 2019: Gandhi is portrayed by Surendra Rajan in the Bengali film Gumnaami based on the Mukherjee Commission Hearings, which deals with three possible theories about the death of Subhas Chandra Bose.
- 2019: Gandhi is portrayed by Jesus Sans in The Gandhi Murder, a conspiracy theory film based on the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi[7]
- 2023: Deepak Antani portrayed Gandhi in Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh, the film deals with a fictional situation in which Gandhi survives his assassination.[8]
Literature edit
- "The Last Article" (1988) by Harry Turtledove, an alternate history novella of a German victory in World War II, has Gandhi as the primary third-person narrator.
- "Soldier of the Queen" by Barbara Hambly in "War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches (1996), an alternate history and science fiction anthology set in an alternate universe where the Martian alien invasion of Earth depicted in "The War of the Worlds" (1898) by H. G. Wells actually happened in the year that the novel was published. As with the other stories in the anthology, it deals with celebrities of the time (in this case Gandhi and author Rudyard Kipling) and how they dealt with the Martian invasion of their locality. India was invaded but the Martians were defeated worldwide. The Martians also invaded Britain (which was what happened in the original H. G. Wells novel) and Gandhi takes advantage of the turmoil in Britain by declaring Indian independence 50 years early (in 1898 instead of 1948).
Memorials, paintings, sculptures, and statues edit
There have been numerous memorials to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. In New Delhi, Gandhi Smriti, or Birla House, the home of Ghanshyam Das Birla, where Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948, was acquired by the Government of India in 1971 and opened to the public in 1973 as the Gandhi Smriti or "Gandhi Remembrance". It preserves the room where Mahatma Gandhi lived the last four months of his life and the grounds where he was shot while holding his nightly public walk. A Martyr's Column now marks the place where Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated.
In 1988, India donated a bust of Gandhi to the city of Burgos, Spain, which is located in a park.[9] The city of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa—where Gandhi was ejected from a first-class train in 1893—now hosts a commemorative statue that was unveiled during the 2003 Cricket World Cup by the Indian team led by captain Saurav Ganguly. In the United Kingdom, there are several prominent statues of Gandhi, most notably two in London: one in Tavistock Square near University College London where he studied law, and another in Parliament Square. 30 January is commemorated in the United Kingdom as the "National Gandhi Remembrance Day."
In the United States, there is a statue of Gandhi outside the Union Square Park in New York City, and the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site in Atlanta, and a Mahatma Gandhi Memorial on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., near the Indian Embassy. There is a Gandhi statue in San Francisco Embarcadero Neighborhood. In 2009, a statue of Gandhi was installed outside the Bellevue Library in Washington state.[10] There are wax statues of Gandhi at the Madame Tussaud's wax museums in London, New York, and other cities around the world.
Józef Gosławski designed a caricature of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1932, which was cast in bronze in 2007.
Gandhi's Three Monkeys is a series of sculptures created by Indian artist Subodh Gupta. The sculptures recall a visual metaphor from Gandhi, of the "Three wise monkeys", representing the principle "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[11]
In 2010, realist painter Gopal Swami Khetanchi depicted Gandhi's dream of an independent India in his exhibition titled Gandhigiri. The exhibition displayed twenty-one artworks depicting an elderly Gandhi with other elements and figures complementing or countering the discourse.[12][13][14][15][16]
In Australa, the Indian community of Brisbane commissioned a statue of Gandhi, created by Ram V. Sutar and Anil Sutar in the Roma Street Parkland. It was unveiled In 2014, by Narendra Modi, then Prime Minister of India.[17][18]
On 22 November 2018, President of India Ramnath Kovind unveiled a statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Parramatta, Sydney, Australia.[19][20]
In 2018, a statue of Gandhi at the University of Ghana, erected in 2016, was removed, "after protests from students and faculty who argue the Indian independence leader considered Africans 'inferior'.... Campaigners in Malawi are trying to stop another Gandhi statue from being erected in the capital Blantyre."[21]
In 2019, the fifth statue of Gandhi in the United Kingdom was unveiled at Manchester Cathedral. The statue weighing 800 kg and measuring 9 feet was a gift from Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur, a worldwide spiritual organization. It was unveiled by the mayor of Manchester and Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai along with several guests as a symbol of peace and compassion, following the 2017 terror attack at Manchester Arena.[22][23][24]
-
Nicosia, Cyprus -
The Martyr's Column at the Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi, marks the spot where he was assassinated -
Rajghat in New Delhi, marks the spot of Gandhi's cremation in 1948 -
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa -
Tavistock Square, London -
Caricature of Gandhi by Gosławski -
Gandhi bust in Burgos, Spain
Music videos edit
- 1954: The patriotic song Sabarmati ke Sant from the Bollywood film Jagriti is dedicated to Mahatma Gandhi[25]
- 2012: "Be the Change (The Story of Mahatma Gandhi)," a mixture of Raga and Hip hop by MC Yogi, released in celebration of Gandhi Jayanti.[26][27]
- 2013: "Gandhi vs Martin Luther King Jr. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 2," a satirical rap video between Gandhi and MLK depicted by comedians Key and Peele.[28]
Television edit
- 2002-03: Gandhi Smith is a main character in the animated series Clone High; his depiction on the show was controversial and resulted in its cancellation after only one season. When the show was revived in 2023, Gandhi was excluded from the main cast, though was still referenced by other characters, suggesting a possible return in future seasons.
- 2004:"One World: Telecom Italia 'Gandhi' ": An award-winning television commercial produced by Y&R, Italy and directed by Spike Lee. It depicts Gandhi broadcasting a speech during World War II, reaching audiences through the use of digital technology.[29][30]
Theater edit
- The opera Satyāgraha, composed by Philip Glass (in 1980), with a libretto by himself and Constance De Jong is based on Gandhi's experiences in South Africa.[31]
- The 1995 Marathi play Gandhi Virudh Gandhi explored the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. The 2007 film, Gandhi, My Father was inspired on the same theme. The 1997 Hindi play Gandhi Ambedkar criticised Gandhi and his principles.[32][33]
- Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy (Marathi for This is Nathuram Godse speaking, first staged in 1997[34]
- Howard Brenton's Drawing the Line premiered in 2013 at the Hampstead Theatre. A play on the partition of India, it featured Tanveer Ghani as Gandhi.[31]
- A Gujarati-language one-man play Mohan No Masalo, directed by Manoj Shah, premiered in 2015 in Mumbai. It recounts the early years of Gandhi played by Pratik Gandhi.[31][35]
- In 2016, the National Centre for the Performing Arts (India) premiered Danesh Khambata's Gandhi—The Musical, featuring Chirag Vohra and Abhishek Krishnan as Gandhi.[31]
- In November 2016, the play Yugpurush: Mahatma na Mahatma premiered in Mumbai, India.[36] The play depicts the spiritual guidance that Gandhi received from Shrimad Rajchandra.[37]
- The National Theatre's 2022 season includes Anupama Chandrasekhar's The Father and the Assassin, which tells the story of Godse, styled as "a devout follower of Gandhi [who becomes] his eventual assassin."[38]
Video games edit
Civilization edit
In the Civilization Turn-based strategy series (1991–present), Gandhi appears as the leader of the Indian civilisation starting from the first game in the series Civilization (1996) and all other games in the series excluding spin-offs.
If the player is not playing as the Indian civilisation, the computer makes Gandhi act in much the same way as real life (i.e. peaceful)[39] and will not attack other civilisations unless attacked himself.[40] As part of the series, the technology tree in the games allow both the player's own civilisation and others controlled by the computer to discover nuclear energy and subsequently develop nuclear weapons.
From the first game in the series up to and including Civilization IV (2005), Gandhi does use the weapons during a war (which by his very nature is strictly a defensive war) but not any more than any other peaceful leader (such as Abraham Lincoln, leader of the American civilisation) although it was perceived.[39][40][41][42]
Starting from Civilization V (2010) onwards, a new feature by programmer Jon Shafer was added as a joke where once Gandhi gains nuclear weapons, he will bomb neighbouring civilisation and the player's own.[42] The joke was that Gandhi is famous for his strict adherence to the principle of non-violence and so it would be extremely uncharacteristic of Gandhi to start a war, especially a nuclear war, leading to internet memes about a so-called "Nuclear Gandhi".[42]
Over time, it became a popular misconception that a glitch in the first game and/or the second game, Civilization II (1996) turned Gandhi into a nuclear warmonger under such circumstances. Supposedly, the glitch was caused by an integer overflow error whereby Gandhi's aggression level was set to "1" (the lowest level) and if it lowered again, instead of the non-existent "0", it would instead lower to "255" (the highest level) and make Gandhi very aggressive.
In 2020, the first game's creator, Sid Meier stated that no such glitch was in the first Civilization and the game was not programmed in such a manner as the first game used the programing language C and the second game used C++. In both, those programing languages, all integer variables are signed by default making such a glitch impossible.[41][42]
See also edit
Further reading edit
- Gandhi: The Making of a Hero Archived 8 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Times of India, 21 July 2007.
- Ramachandran, S. Hey Ram! So many films on Gandhi!. The Telegraph, 2 April 2006
- Ramachandaran, Shastri. Jollygood Bollywood: Munnabhai rescues Mahatma Archived 30 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. The Tribune, 23 September 2006.
- Ramachandran, Sudha. "The Mahatma goes hip." Asia Times, 29 September 2006.
- Sappenfield, Mark. "It took a comedy to revive Gandhi's ideals in India Archived 22 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine." Christian Science Monitor, 3 October 2006.
- Sharma, Swati Gauri. "How Gandhi got his mojo back Archived 26 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine." Boston Globe, 13 October 2006.
- Subramanian, T.S. Rediscovering a Gandhi film Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Frontline, Volume 23 - Issue 03, 11–24 February 2006.
Notes edit
- ^ "The Most Visible Indian in the World of Stamps". Archived from the original on 20 February 2010.
- ^ O'Neil, Sean (23 March 2015). "We got it all on UHF: An oral history of "Weird Al" Yankovic's cult classic". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ Jha, Subhash (19 March 2007). "'I'm pleased with Hirani's Gandhigiri,' says Gandhi's grandson". IANS. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
- ^ Kolappan, B. (18 December 2011). "Anna Hazare watches film on Gandhi". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- ^ "Om Puri shoots 'Gandhigiri' in Lucknow". 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
- ^ "Firangi Movie Review: Kapil Sharma Is As Much To Blame For This Bloated Film As The Screenplay". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
Firangi is a 160-minute film that also throws in, for good measure, the swadeshi agitation and a surprise appearance by Mahatma Gandhi amid BMKJ slogans. That is far too much weight for one film to carry.
- ^ Shyam, Kumar (29 January 2019). "'India has a love hate relationship with Gandhi': 'The Gandhi Murder' filmmakers talk to us as movie's release in India cancelled". The National. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
- ^ "Director Rajkumar Santoshi says 'we are scared to hear Godse's..." India Today. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ Gandhi en Burgos Archived 24 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ABC, 12 March 2007
- ^ Long, Katherine (16 October 2009). "Gandhi's statue a rare gift in recognition of Bellevue-India ties". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- ^ "Gandhi's Three Monkeys get a different rendition". The Peninsula. 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ Pant, Garima (27 September 2010). "Gandhigiri framed". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Gupta, Gargi (2 October 2010). "Father figure". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Sanyal, Amitava (25 September 2010). "In the name of the father". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Kalra, Vandana (2 October 2010). "Mark of the Mahatma". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Ceciu, Ramona L. (2013). "Fiction, Film, Painting, and Comparative Literature". Clcweb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 15 (6). Purdue University Press. doi:10.7771/1481-4374.2360. ISSN 1481-4374. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Moore, Tony (16 November 2014). "Indian PM Narendra Modi unveils Gandhi statue". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi". Monument Australia. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "President unveils Mahatma Gandhi's bronze statue in Australia". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ "Prez Kovind emphasizes on need to strengthen business relation between Australia & India". newsonair.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ Safi, Michael (14 December 2018). "'Racist' Gandhi statue removed from University of Ghana". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ "Manchester Mahatma Gandhi statue unveiled". BBC. BBC. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
- ^ Maidment, Adam (25 November 2019). "All-singing, all-dancing ceremony as Manchester's Mahatma Gandhi statue unveiled". No. 25 Nov 2019. M.E.N. Media. Manchester Evening News. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
- ^ Mudgal, Sparsh (26 November 2019). "A 9-Ft High Statue of Mahatma Gandhi Unveiled in Manchester UK As Symbol of Strength & Unity". ScoopWhoop. ScoopWhoop Media Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
- ^ Shyamhari Chakra (3 October 2007). "Tributes through songs". The Hindu.
- ^ "MC Yogi Debuts "Be The Change" Music Video Celebrating Ghandi's Life + Legacy". PRWeb. 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ^ Yogi, MC (3 October 2012). "Happy Birthday to A Real Super Hero: Mahatma Gandhi". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ "Top 10 Epic Rap Battles of History". Archived from the original on 29 June 2013.
- ^ CGSociety (28 September 2004). "Spike Lee and Framestore CFC Team Up for Telecom Italia Spot". Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Youtube clip Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Epica Awards Award Winners Overview 2004". www.adforum.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d Phukan, Vikram (19 August 2016). "Gandhi: a stage favourite". Mint. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ "It's fashionable to be anti-Gandhi". DNA. 1 October 2005. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Dutt, Devina (20 February 2009). "Drama king". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ "BBC News | South Asia | Gandhi play banned". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 April 2004. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ Ahmed, Afshan (5 January 2016). "Manoj Shah's new play discovers the early days of Gandhi, the legend". The National. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ "Yugpurush". Yugpurush. Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ "Play looks at a scholar who shaped Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual journey". The Times of India. Times News Network. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ Phukan, Vikram (3 October 2021). "Beyond Mahatma: Gandhi on the international stage has a less unimpeachable aura". News9Live. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- ^ a b "Sid Meier says Civilization's nuclear Gandhi bug isn't real". Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ a b "Почему история о баге с "ядерным Ганди" в Civilization, скорее всего, выдумана — Игры на DTF". 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ a b Meier, Sid (2020). "Funny Business". Sid Meier's Memoir!: A Life in Computer Games. W. W. Norton. pp. 261–266. ISBN 978-1-324-00587-2.
- ^ a b c d "Overclockers.ru: "Разрушитель миров" Ганди возглавляет Индию в Civilization VI". Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.