Wikipedia

List of South American animals extinct in the Holocene

This list of South American animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the South American continent. The list includes animal extinctions in the Galápagos, Falklands, and other islands near the continent, but not Easter Island (politically part of Chile) which is considered in the List of Oceanian animals extinct in the Holocene, nor Caribbean islands which are on the List of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene.

Map of South America

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia) edit

Possible edit

N.B.: These animals were identified "from Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene" deposits in Brazil[1][2] and Argentina,[3] but without direct Holocene datation.
Extinctions of unknown date
Common name
scientific name 		Range Image
Ahytherium aureum Bahia, Brazil
Glyptotherium sp. Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil  
Holmesina majus Minas Gerais and Ceará, Brazil  
Lestodon armatus Southern Brazil  
Neochoerus sp. Middle Brazil  
Nothrotherium maquinense Eastern Brazil  
Pachyarmatherium brasiliense Eastern Brazil  
Pampatherium sp. Brazil  
Panochthus tuberculatus Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina  
Xenorhinotherium bahiense North and east South America

Prehistoric edit

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Dire wolf
Aenocyon dirus 		7320-6840 BCE[4] North America and western South America  
Antifer ultra c. 7950 BCE[5] Río de la Plata Basin and central Chile
Arctotherium tarijense 8470-8320 BCE[6] Argentina  
Arctotherium wingei 14825-6840 BCE[7] Northeastern South America
Catonyx cuvieri 7830-7430 BCE[6] Eastern South America  
Cuvieronius hyodon 9790 BCE[8] Northern and central Andes  
Doedicurus clavicaudatus 4765-4445 BCE[9] South American Pampas  
Equus neogeus 6660-4880 BCE[10] South America  
Eremotherium laurillardi 7800-7740 BCE[11] Southern United States to Brazil  
Eutatus seguini 6389-6060 BCE[12] Northern Argentina and Uruguay  
Glossotherium sp. 6810-6650 BCE[10] South America  
Glyptodon sp.[A] 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern South America  
Hippidion saldiasi 8059 BCE[14] Eastern South America  
Hoplophorus euphractus 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern Brazil  
Macrauchenia patachonica 9381-9281 BCE[15] Southwestern South America  
Giant ground sloth
Megatherium americanum 		5270-4310 BCE[9] Temperate South America and the Andes  
Morenelaphus brachyceros 8050-5845 BCE[16] Temperate South America
Darwin's ground sloth
Mylodon darwini 		6689 BCE[17] Pampas and Patagonia  
Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis 5120 BCE[13] Southern South America  
Notiomastodon platensis 4170-4050 BCE[18] South America  
Palaeolama major 6660-4880 BCE[10] North and east South America
Panthera onca mesembrina 9705-9545 BCE[6] Patagonia  
Propraopus sulcatus 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern South America
Scelidodon chiliensis 7160-6760 BCE[10] Western South America  
Scelidotherium leptocephalum 5660-5540 BCE[19] Southern South America  
South American saber-toothed cat
Smilodon populator 		7330-7030 BCE[10] Eastern South America  
Toxodon platensis 4650-1450 BCE[10] South America  
Valgipes bucklandi 9110-9030 BCE[20] Intertropical region of Brazil[1]  

Recent edit

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Red-bellied gracile opossum
Cryptonanus ignitus 		1962[21] Jujuy, Argentina
Giant vampire bat
Desmodus draculae 		1675-1755[22] Eastern South America
Falkland Islands wolf
Dusicyon australis 		1876[23] Falkland Islands  
Dusicyon avus 1454-1626[24] Argentina and Uruguay  
Candango mouse
Juscelinomys candango 		1960[25] Brasilia, Brazil  
Chilihueque
Lama cf. guanicoe 		17th century[26] Mocha Island, Chile  
Fuegian dog
Lycalopex cf. culpaeus 		20th century[27] Tierra del Fuego  
Galápagos giant rat
Megaoryzomys curioi 		1520-1950[28] Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  
Caribbean monk seal
Neomonachus tropicalis 		17th century[29] Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico  
Darwin's Galápagos mouse
Nesoryzomys darwini 		1930[30] Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse
Nesoryzomys indefessus 		1934[31] Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Vespucci's giant rat
Noronhomys vespuccii 		1503[32] Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil


Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Zuniga's dark rice rat
Melanomys zunigae 		1949[33] Lomas de Atocongo, near Lima, Peru
One-striped opossum
Monodelphis unistriata 		1899[34] Southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina
Pacific degu
Octodon pacificus 		1994[35] Mocha Island, Chile

Birds (class Aves) edit

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Niceforo's pintail
Anas georgica niceforoi 		1952[36] Central Colombia
Magdalena tinamou
Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius 		1990s[36] Magdalena River Valley, Colombia
Darwin's ground finch
Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris 		1835[36] Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta
Grallaria milleri gilesi 		1878[36] Santa Helena, Antioquia Department, Colombia
Bogotá sunangel
Heliantelus zusii 		1909[36] Northern Andes?
Alagoas foliage-gleaner
Philydor novaesi 		2011[36] Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil
Colombian grebe
Podiceps andinus 		1977[37] Bogotá wetlands, Colombia
San Cristóbal flycatcher
Pyrocephalus dubius 		1987[38] San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Peruvian rail
Rallus semiplumbeus peruvianus 		1886[36] Peruvian highlands and possibly Ecuador
Alejandro Selkirk Island firecrown
Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi 		1908[36] Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile  


Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Glaucous macaw
Anodorhynchus glaucus 		2001[39] Border area of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay  
Letitia's thorntail
Discosura letitiae 		1852[36] Bolivia  
Turquoise-throated puffleg
Eriocnemis godini 		1850[40] Northern Ecuador  
Eskimo curlew
Numenius borealis 		1939[41] Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone  
Sinú parakeet
Pyrrhura subandina 		1949[42] Sinú Valley, Córdoba Department, Colombia


Extinct in the wild
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Spix's macaw
Cyanopsitta spixii 		2000[43] Sao Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil  
Alagoas curassow
Mitu mitu 		1988[44] Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil 2019[45]  

Reptiles (class Reptilia) edit

Turtles and tortoises (order Testudines) edit

Big-headed turtles (family Podocnemididae) edit

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Peltocephalus maturin Madeira River, Brazil Only known from a lower jaw dated to 12385-7060 BCE, roughly coinciding with the time when the area was first reached by Paleo-Amerindians.[46]  

Tortoises (family Testudinidae) edit

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Pinta Island tortoise Chelonoidis niger abingdonii Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador The last wild individual (Lonesome George) was captured in 1972 and died in Santa Cruz's Tortoise Center in 2012, but hybrid descendants survive in northern Isabela Island. Declined due to hunting and habitat destruction by grazing feral goats.[47]  
Floreana giant tortoise Chelonoidis niger niger Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Disappeared from the wild in the mid-19th century, though hybrids survive in captivity and in northern Isabela Island. Likely extinct due to hunting and the impact of introduced mammals including pigs, dogs, cats, goats, donkeys, cattle, black rats and house mice.[48]  
Santa Fe Island tortoise Chelonoidis niger 'Santa Fe Island' Santa Fe, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Undescribed lineage, known from subfossil bones.[49]

Amphibians (class Amphibia) edit

Frogs (order Anura) edit

True toads (family Bufonidae) edit

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Maracay harlequin frog Atelopus vogli Güey River, Aragua, Venezuela Last collected in 1957. Its habitat was destroyed by agriculture.[50]
Possibly extinct edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Green and red venter harlequin toad Atelopus pinangoi Near Piñango, Mérida, Venezuela Last recorded in 1997. Declined due to chytridiomycosis, habitat loss caused by logging and ranching, introduced trout, and climate change.[51]

Tree frogs and allies (family Hylidae) edit

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Spiny-knee leaf frog Phrynomedusa fimbriata Sao Paulo and Paraná states, Brazil Last collected in the 1950s. Extinct due to air pollution and infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis[52]

Darwin's frogs (family Rhinodermatidae) edit

Possibly extinct edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Chile Darwin's frog Rhinoderma rufum Valparaíso and Biobío, Chile Last recorded in 1981. The cause of decline is unknown but chytridiomycosis has been suggested.[53]

Rain frogs (family Strabomantidae) edit

Possibly extinct edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Aragua robber frog Pristimantis anotis Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela Last collected in 1974. The cause of decline is unknown, though chytridiomycosis is present in the area.[54]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii) edit

Catfishes (order Siluriformes) edit

Pencil catfishes (family Trichomycteridae) edit

Possibly extinct edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Greasefish Rhizosomichthys totae Tota Lake, Colombia Last collected in 1958. Possibly extinct due to exotic fish introductions (Eremophilus mutisii, Grundulus bogotensis, Carassius auratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chemical pollution caused by agriculture.[55]  

Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes) edit

Pupfishes (family Cyprinodontidae) edit

Possibly extinct edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Titicaca orestias Orestias cuvieri Lake Titicaca The causes of decline are unknown.[56]  

Ovalentaria incertae sedis edit

Family Pomacentridae edit

Possibly extinct edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Galápagos damsel Azurina eupalama Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Last recorded during the 1982-83 El Niño event, which warmed the waters it inhabited and killed off the plankton on which it fed.[57]  

Starfishes (class Asteroidea) edit

Order Forcipulatida edit

Family Heliasteridae edit

Possibly extinct edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
24-rayed sunstar Heliaster solaris Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Last recorded during the 1982-83 El Niño event.[58]

Insects (class Insecta) edit

Beetles (order Coleoptera) edit

Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae) edit

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Megadytes ducalis Condeúba, Bahia, Brazil Only known from individuals collected in the 19th century.[59]  
Meridiorhantus orbignyi Argentina and Brazil[60]

Arachnids (class Arachnida) edit

Order Mesostigmata edit

Family Halarachnidae edit

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Caribbean monk seal nasal mite Halarachne americana Caribbean Sea Extinct with its host.[61]  

Clitellates (class Clitellata) edit

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Rhinodrilus fafner 1912[62] Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda) edit

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name
scientific name 		Range Image
Littoridina gaudichaudii Ecuador[63]  
Megalobulimus cardosoi Brazil[64]
Tomigerus gibberulus Brazil[65]
Tomigerus turbinatus Brazil[66]  


Extinct in the wild
Common name
scientific name 		Range
Aylacostoma chloroticum Paraná River[67]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The species Glyptodon reticulatus is known from the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene of southeast Brazil and Buenos Aires province, Argentina;[3] G. clavipes from southeast Brazil,[2] and G. ornatus from Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[13]

References edit

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  2. ^ a b Ghilardi, A. M., Fernandes, M. A., & Bichuette, M. E. (2011). "Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil". Quaternary International, 245 (2), 369-378.
  3. ^ a b Fariña, R. A., Vizcaíno, S. F., & Bargo, M. S. (1998). "Body mass estimations in Lujanian (late Pleistocene-early Holocene of South America) mammal megafauna". Mastozoología Neotropical, 5 (2), 87-108.
  4. ^ Prevosti, F. J., Tonni, E. P., & Bidegain, J. C. (2009). "Stratigraphic range of the large canids (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America, and its relevance to quaternary biostratigraphy". Quaternary International, 210 (1-2), 76-81.
  5. ^ Labarca, R., & Alcaraz, M. A. (2011). "Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (= Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela)(Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35° S)". Andean Geology, 38 (1), 156-170.
  6. ^ a b c Haynes, Gary (2009). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  7. ^ Rincón, A. D., & Soibelzon, L. H. (2007). "The fossil record of the short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae) from Venezuela. Systematic, biogeographic, and paleoecological implications". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 244.
  8. ^ Correal Urrego, G. et al. (1990). "Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistoceno y Holoceno de Colombia". Revista de Arqueología Americana, 1, 68-69.
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External links edit

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