In the early Christian Church, lapsi (Latin for "fallen;" Greek: πεπτωκότες, romanized: peptōkotes) were apostates who renounced their faith under persecution by Roman authorities. The term refers to those who have lapsed or fallen away from their faith, only to return to it later.[1]
Origins edit
The Decian persecution of 250 AD, which required all citizens of the Roman Empire to publicly sacrifice to traditional gods, created unrest within the Church. Christians who submitted to pressure and made public sacrifice were called lapsed or lapsi. Upon completion of sacrifice, individuals received a certificate of sacrifice, or libellus, a legal document proving conformity with Roman religion. To avoid this test, many members of the clergy fled, leaving their communities without leadership. In their absence, lay people who had not lapsed, called confessors, filled their leadership role.
After the execution of Pope Fabian, Bishop Cyprian of Carthage went into hiding. When he returned to Carthage, he found these confessors assumed authority of clergy, especially forgiveness of sin. Although many confessors willingly relinquished their positions of authority upon the clergies' return, some attempted to retain their positions. Cyprian called a council in 251 AD to address this problem, the root of which was the status of the lapsi. Confessors tended to accept lapsi back into communion, while the clergy demanded harsher punishments..[2]
This difference of opinion in how to treat the lapsi was part of a larger picture which threatened the cohesion of the Christian church at that time. After Fabian’s execution, Cornelius succeeded him as Pope. Cornelius and Cyprian believed that the lapsi could be restored to communion through repentance and penance.[3] A Roman priest named Novatian believed that lapsi should not be allowed to return to the church as they could not be forgiven on earth, but only by God.[4] Novatian stood against Cornelius and was proclaimed as the new Pope.[5] He then created a stricter ‘Church of the Pure’ which ran for several centuries.[6] Another priest (Novatus) disagreed with both popes and took the opinion that all lapsi should be taken back without asking for any penance or apology.[7]
Cyprian was able to avoid full schism by identifying five categories of lapsi and assigning penance appropriate to each.[8]
Classifications edit
After the 250 AD Decian Persecution, Cyprian of Carthage held a council sometime after Easter 251 AD, in which lapsi were classified into five categories:
- Sacrificati: Those who had actually offered a sacrifice to the idols. Christians that made sacrifices, especially to Roman gods, were only offered absolution on their deathbeds.
- Thurificati: Those who had burnt incense on the altar before the statues of the gods. From Latin thurificare – "burn incense"
- Libellatici: Those who had drawn up attestation (libellus), or had, by bribing the authorities, caused such certificates to be drawn up for them, representing them as having offered sacrifice, without, however, having actually done so. A two-year sanction was imposed as penance. From Latin libellus – "little book; letter; certificate"
- Acta facientes: Those that made false statements or other acts to save their lives. From Latin – "those doing the acts"
- Traditores: Those who gave up sacred scriptures, artifacts and/or revealed names of fellow Christians. From Latin tradere - "hand over; deliver; betray" (source of the English "traitor”).
At Rome, the principle was established that the apostates should not be abandoned, but that they should be exhorted to do penance, so that, in case of their being again cited before the authorities, they might atone for their apostasy by remaining steadfast.[9]
See also edit
Bibliography edit
- Cyprian of Carthage: De lapsis and De Ecclesiae Catholicae unitate. Text and translation by Maurice Bévenot. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971
- W.H.C Frend: The Rise of Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. Page 318-323.
- Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908: Novatian
- Christian Cyclopedia - Lutheran Missouri Synod: Lapsi
References edit
- ^ Dvořáček, Michal (April 1, 2023). "Ctihodná Marie Egyptská jako příklad pokání a překonávání pokušení. Naděje pro všechny padlé lidi…". PRAVOSLAVNÁ CÍRKEVNÍ OBEC.
- ^ "Saint Cyprian | Franciscan Media". www.franciscanmedia.org. September 11, 2022.
- ^ McBrien, Richard P (September 24, 2004), National Catholic Reporter, vol. 40, General OneFile. Gale. Sacred Heart Preparatory (BAISL), p. 19(1), retrieved 5 December 2008,
Pope Cornelius, a reconciler, had a hard road
. - ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Novatian and Novatianism". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
- ^ Papandrea, James L. (November 7, 2011). "Novatian of Rome and the Culmination of Pre-Nicene Orthodoxy". Wipf and Stock Publishers – via Google Books.
- ^ "Novatian". earlychristianwritings.com.
- ^ "Novatus of Carthage from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online.
- ^ Frend, W.H.C. (1984). The Rise of Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress. pp. 318-323. ISBN 9780800619312.
- ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Lapsi." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 13 March 2021
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
