Johann Jacob Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot (14 October 1791 – 15 January [O.S. 3 January] 1841)[1] was a Baltic German naturalist, explorer, and mountaineer, who lived and worked in Tartu, Estonia in what was then the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.[2] A pioneer of Russian and Estonian scientific mountaineering, Parrot is best known for leading the first expedition to the summit of Mount Ararat in recorded history.[3][4][5]
 Johann Jacob Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot. Portrait by Alexander Julius Klünder (1827) |
Early career edit
Born in Karlsruhe, in the Margraviate of Baden, Parrot was the son of Georg Friedrich Parrot, the first rector of the University of Tartu) and a close friend of Tsar Alexander I.[6] He studied medicine and natural science at Dorpat and, in 1811, undertook an expedition to the Crimea and the Caucasus with Moritz von Engelhardt. There he used a barometer to measure the difference in sea level between the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. On his return he was appointed assistant doctor and, in 1815, surgeon in the Imperial Russian Army. In 1816 and 1817, he visited the Alps and Pyrenees. In 1821, he was professor of physiology and pathology, then in 1826 professor of physics at the University of Dorpat.[7]
Conquest of Ararat edit
After the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28, Mount Ararat came under Russian control by the terms of the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Parrot felt that the conditions were now right to reach the peak of the mountain.[8] With a team of science and medical students, Parrot left Dorpat in April 1829 and traveled south to Russian Transcaucasia and Armenia to climb Ararat. The project received full approval from Tsar Nicholas I, who provided the expedition with a military escort.[9]
On the way to Russian Armenia, Parrot and his team split into two parts. Most of the team traveled to Mozdok, while Parrot, Maximilian Behaghel von Adlerskron, and the military escort Schütz traveled to the Manych River and the Kalmyk Steppe to conduct further research on the levels between the Black and Caspian Seas.[10] The two teams reunited at Mozdok and moved south, first to Georgia, then to the Armenian Oblast. An outbreak of plague in Russian Armenia and the vicinity of Erivan (Yerevan) delayed the expedition and the team visited the eastern Georgian province of Kakheti until it subsided.[11] They then traveled from Tiflis to Etchmaidzin, where Parrot met Khachatur Abovian, the future Armenian writer and national public figure. Parrot required a local guide and a translator for the expedition. The Armenian Catholicos Yeprem I assigned Abovian to these tasks.[12]
Accompanied by Abovian, Parrot and his team crossed the Arax River into the district of Surmali and headed to the Armenian village of Akhuri (modern Yenidoğan) situated on the northern slope of Ararat 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) above sea level. Following the advice of Harutiun Alamdarian of Tiflis, they set up base camp at the Monastery of St. Hakob some 700 metres (2,300 ft) higher, at an elevation of 1,943 metres (6,375 ft).[13] Parrot and Abovian were among the last travelers to visit Akhuri and the monastery before a disastrous earthquake completely buried both in May 1840.[14] Their first attempt to climb the mountain, using the northeast slope, failed as a result of lack of warm clothing.[14]
Six days later, on the advice of Stepan Khojiants, the village chief of Akhuri, the ascent was attempted from the northwest side. After reaching an elevation of 16,028 feet (4,885 m), they turned back because they did not reach the summit before sundown. Accompanied by Abovian, two Russian soldiers, and two Armenian villagers, Parrot reached the summit on the third attempt at 3:15 p.m. on 9 October 1829.[15] Abovian dug a hole in the ice and erected a wooden cross facing north.[16] He picked up a chunk of ice from the summit and carried it down with him in a bottle, considering the water holy. On 8 November, Parrot and Abovian climbed up Lesser Ararat.[17] Parrot was impressed with Abovian's thirst for knowledge and, after the expedition, arranged for a Russian state scholarship for Abovian to study at the University of Dorpat in 1830.[18]
Later life edit
In 1837, Parrot went to Tornio in the northern part of the Grand Duchy of Finland to observe oscillations of a pendulum and terrestrial magnetism. He invented a gasometer and a baro-thermometer. In Livonia, he popularised the Catalan sundial, a small, cylindrical, pocket-sized instrument, approximately 8 cm in length and 1.5 cm in diameter.[citation needed]
Parrot died in Dorpat in January 1841 and was buried at Raadi cemetery. He was survived by his daughter, Anna Magaretha Parrot, who married Conrad Jacob Strauch. Their descendants now reside in Australia. Today Parrot is regarded as a pioneer of Russian and Estonian mountaineering.[7][4] In Armenia, he is celebrated for his role in the Ararat ascent and for his friendship with Abovian.[19]
Honours and legacy edit
- The Parrotia deciduous tree is named for Parrot.[20]
- The Parrotspitze peak in the Pennine Alps is named for Parrot.[21]
- Mount J. F. Parrot near Tartu Ülikool 350 in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan is named for Parrot.[22]
- In 1935, the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the near side of the Moon after Parrot.[23]
- The 2011 documentary film Journey to Ararat on Parrot and Abovian's expedition to Mount Ararat was produced in Estonia by filmmaker Riho Västrik.[24][25] It was screened at the Golden Apricot International Film Festival in Yerevan in 2013.[26]
References edit
- ^ Troelstra, Anne S. (17 January 2017). Bibliography of Natural History Travel Narratives. BRILL. p. 332. ISBN 9789004343788.
- ^ Паррот Иоганн Якоб Фридрих Вильгельм (in Russian). Russian Academy of Sciences. 2 December 2002.
- ^ Randveer, Lauri. "How the Future Rector Conquered Ararat". University of Tartu.
- ^ a b Giles, Thomas (27 April 2016). "Friedrich Parrot: The man who became the 'father of Russian mountaineering'". Russia Beyond the Headlines.
- ^ Ketchian, Philip P. (13 October 2011). "Ararat Redux: Abovian, Prof. Parrot and First Ascent". The Armenian Mirror-Spectator.
- ^ Parrot, Friedrich (2016) [1846]. Journey to Ararat. Translated by William Desborough Cooley. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London: Gomidas Institute. p. vii. ISBN 978-1909382244.
- ^ a b Parrot, p. viii.
- ^ Parrot, p. 14.
- ^ Parrot, p. x.
- ^ Parrot, pp. 19-30.
- ^ Parrot, pp. 52-66.
- ^ Parrot, p. 93.
- ^ Parrot, p. 103.
- ^ a b Ketchian, Philip K. (24 December 2005). "Climbing Ararat: Then and Now". The Armenian Weekly. 71 (52). Archived from the original on 8 September 2009.
- ^ Parrot, p. 139.
- ^ Parrot, pp. 141-142.
- ^ Parrot, pp. 183-184.
- ^ Parrot, p. xxi.
- ^ "The First Ascent to Ararat". Khachatur Abovian House-Museum, Yerevan. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of plant names. USA: Timber Press. pp. 312. ISBN 9781604691962.
- ^ Peck, Edward (2002). "Ararat: Another Controversial First Ascent" (PDF). Alpine Journal: 207. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ^ Külmoja, Inga (24 August 2012). "Remote Peak Named after Tartu Conquered Again". University of Tartu Blog. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ^ "Friedrich Parrot". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
- ^ "Nights are long and dark". Looduskalender.ee. 29 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- ^ Ter-Sahakian, Karine (29 March 2014). "Armenian community of Estonia: A look into the future". PanARMENIAN.Net. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- ^ "'Journey to Ararat' Documentary Film". Golden Apricot International Film Festival. July 2013. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2016.