"For a Swarm of Bees" is an Anglo-Saxon metrical charm that was intended for use in keeping honey bees from swarming. The text was discovered by John Mitchell Kemble in the 19th century.[1] The charm is named for its opening words, "wiþ ymbe", meaning "against (or towards) a swarm of bees".[2]
In the most often studied portion, towards the end of the text where the charm itself is located, the bees are referred to as sigewif, "victory-women". The word has been associated by Kemble,[1] Jacob Grimm, and other scholars with the notion of valkyries (Old English wælcyrian), and "shield maidens", hosts of female beings attested in Old Norse and, to a lesser extent, Old English sources, similar to or identical with the Idise of the Merseburg Incantations.[3] Some scholars have theorized the compound to be a simple metaphor for the "victorious sword" (the stinging) of the bees.[4]
In 1909, the scholar Felix Grendon recorded what he saw as similarities between the charm and the Lorsch Bee Blessing, a manuscript portion of the Lorsch Codex, from the monastery in Lorsch, Germany. Grendon suggested that the two could possibly have a common origin in pre-Christian Germanic culture.[5]
Charm text edit
Sitte ge, sīgewīf, sīgað tō eorðan, [a]
næfre ge wilde tō wuda fleogan, [b]
beō ge swā gemindige, mīnes gōdes, [c]
swā bið manna gehwilc, metes and ēðeles.[d]
Settle down, victory-women, sink to earth,
never be wild and fly to the woods.
Be as mindful of my welfare,
as is each man of border and of home.[4]
Notes edit
- ^ Sige is a homonym for both victory in war and sunset[2] and it is related to the Sigel (Sowilo) rune.
- ^ Jacob Grimm proposed wille instead of wilde for grammatical or poetic reasons but it does not fundamentally alter his translation.[6] Wilde means wildly, whereas wille means willfully, as well as a literal or figurative stream.[2]
- ^ Beo may mean both "bee" and "be thou".[2]
- ^ Eðel may be both the name of the Odal rune as well as having all of its variant implications ranging from home, property, inheritance, country, fatherland, to nobility.[2]
References edit
- ^ a b Kemble (1876), pp. 403–404.
- ^ a b c d e Bosworth & Toller (1889–1921).
- ^ Davidson (1990), p. 63.
- ^ a b Greenfield & Calder (1996), p. 256.
- ^ Grendon (1909).
- ^ Grimm (1854), p. 402.
Editions edit
- Foys, Martin et al. Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project (Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2019-); digital facsimile edition and Modern English translation
Sources edit
- Kemble, John Mitchell (1876). The Saxons in England, A History of The English Commonwealth, Till The Period of The Norman Conquest. Vol. 1. London: B. Quaritch.
- Grendon, Felix (1909). The Anglo-Saxon Charms. The Journal of American Folklore.
- Grimm, Jacob (1854). Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology). Göttingen: Dieterische Bechhandlung.
- Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote (1889–1921). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary with Supplements and Corrections by T. Northcote Toller.
- Greenfield, Stanley B.; Calder, Daniel Gillmore (1996). A New Critical History of Old English Literature. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3088-4.
- Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1990). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-013627-4.