FLOX is a flameless combustion process developed by WS Wärmeprozesstechnik GmbH.[1]
History edit
In experiments with industrial gasoline engines conducted in April 1990, Joachim Alfred Wünning found that when combustion occurred at a temperature greater than 850 °C, the flames were blown away. Although this observation was initially thought to be an error, it turned out to be a discovery which led to the invention of what he called FLOX-Technology, a name derived from the German expression "flammenlose Oxidation" (flameless oxidation). The advantages of this technology attracted funding for a project at Stuttgart University called FloxCoal, a programme aiming to engineer a flameless atomizing coal burner.[2] The reduced pollutant emission in FLOX combustion has been considered a promising candidate for use in coal pollution mitigation and the higher efficiency combustion in FLOX received increased interest as a result of the 1990 oil price shock. FLOX burners have since been used within furnaces in the steel and metallurgical industries.[3]
Technology edit
FLOX requires the air and fuel components to be mixed in an environment in which exhaust gases are recirculated back into the combustion chamber. Flameless combustion also does not display the same high energy peaks as the traditional combustion observed within a swirl burner, resulting in a more smooth and stable combustion process.[3]
When combustion occurs, NOx is formed at the front of the flame: suppression of peak flame offers the theoretical possibility of reducing NOx production to zero. Experiments with FLOX-Technology have established that it can reduce the amount of NOx generated by 20% in the case of Rhenisch brown coal, and by 65% in the case of Polish black coal.
The role of combustion temperature in NOx formation has been understood for some time. Reduction of the combustion temperature in gasoline engines, by reducing the compression ratio, was among the first steps taken to comply with the U.S. clean air act in the 1970s. This lowered the NOx emissions by lowering the temperature at the flame front.[4]
References edit
- ^ "WS Thermal Process Technologies Inc". Thermal Processing. Thermal Processing. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ Sawicki, Jerzy; Gövert, Benjamin; Honoré, David; Tlałka, Leszek; Weidmann, Max; Habermehl, Martin; Wünning, Joachim; Plaza, Piotr; Duncan, Angus; Grüner, Heike; Hatzfeld, Oliver; Cresci, Enrico; Bocian, Paweł (25 January 2016). Development of scale-up methodology and simulation tools for the demonstration of PC-FLOX burner technology in full-scale utility boilers (FLOX-COAL-II) (Report). Directorate-General for Innovation (European Commission).
- ^ a b Joachim G. Wünning (2003). FLOX - Flameless Combustion (PDF). Thermprocess Symposium. Düsseldorf, Germany. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
- ^ H. Schultz; R. Lückerath; T. Kretschmer; B. Noll; M. Aigner (January 2008). "Analysis of the Pollutant Formation in the FLOX® Combustion". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 130 (1). doi:10.1115/1.4041273.
External links edit
- Tanja Ellinghaus (2011-11-11). "Brenner ohne Flamme". Technology Review (in German).
- list of article at WS Wärmetechnik Archived 2011-11-22 at the Wayback Machine