Exotic hadron

A regular meson made from a quark (q) and an antiquark (q) with spins s₂ and s₁ respectively and having an overall angular momentum L

Exotic hadrons are subatomic particles made of quarks (and possibly gluons), but which do not fit into the usual scheme of hadrons. While bound by the strong interaction they are not predicted by the simple quark model. That is, exotic hadrons do not have the same quark content as ordinary hadrons: exotic baryons have more than just the three quarks of ordinary baryons and exotic mesons do not have one quark and one antiquark like ordinary mesons. Exotic hadrons can be searched for by looking for S-matrix poles with quantum numbers forbidden to ordinary hadrons. Experimental signatures for such exotic hadrons have been seen recently but remain a topic of controversy in particle physics.

Jaffe and Low suggested that the exotic hadrons manifest themselves as poles of the P matrix, and not of the S matrix. Experimental P-matrix poles are determined reliably in the both meson-meson and nucleon-nucleon channels.

History

When the quark model was first postulated by Murray Gell-Mann and others in the 1960s it was to organize the states then known to be in existence in a meaningful way. As Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) developed over the next decade; however, it became apparent that there was no fundamental reason why only 3-quark and quark-antiquark combinations should exist. In addition it seemed that gluons, the force carrying particles of the strong interaction, should also form bound states by themselves (glueballs) and with quarks (hybrid hadrons). Several decades have passed without conclusive evidence of an exotic hadron that could be associated with the S-matrix pole.

Candidates

There are several exotic hadron candidates:

• X(3872) – Discovered by the Belle detector at KEK in Japan, this particle has been variously hypothesized to be diquark or a mesonic molecule.
• Y(3940) – This particle fails to fit into the Charmonium spectrum predicted by theorists.
• Y(4140) – Discovered at Fermilab in March 2009 [1]
• Y(4260) – Discovered by the BaBar detector at SLAC in Menlo Park, California this particle is hypothesized to be made up of a gluon bound to a quark and antiquark.