Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale, KG, GCMG, KCVO (29 September 1903 – 10 March 1973), was Governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1942 to 1944, High Commissioner for Southern Africa from 1944 to 1951, and Governor of Kenya from 1952 to 1959. Baring played an integral role in the suppression of the Mau Mau rebellion.[1] Together with Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd, Baring played a significant role in the government's efforts to deal with the rebellion, and see Kenya through to independence. Baring was aware of abuses against Mau Mau detainees. He was elevated to being the 1st Baron Howick of Glendale in 1960.
The Lord Howick of Glendale | |
|---|---|
 Baring in 1926 | |
| Governor of Kenya | |
| In office 30 September 1952 – 4 October 1959 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Preceded by | Sir Philip Euen Mitchell |
| Succeeded by | Sir Patrick Muir Renison |
| High Commissioner for Southern Africa | |
| In office 7 October 1944 – 1 October 1951 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Preceded by | The Lord Harlech |
| Succeeded by | Sir John le Rougetel |
| Governor of Southern Rhodesia | |
| In office 10 December 1942 – 26 October 1944 | |
| Monarch | George VI |
| Preceded by | Sir Herbert Stanley |
| Succeeded by | Sir Campbell Tait |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Charles Evelyn Baring 29 September 1903 England |
| Died | 10 March 1973 (aged 69) Northumberland, England, United Kingdom |
| Spouse | Lady Mary Cecil Gray |
| Children | 3, including Charles, 2nd Baron Howick of Glendale |
| Alma mater | New College, Oxford |
| Awards |
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Education and early career edit
Baring followed in the footsteps of his father, the famed "Maker of Modern Egypt"–– Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer. Baring went to Winchester College and then to New College, Oxford, graduating from Oxford University with First Class Honours in Modern History before serving in the Indian Civil Service. He then joined Britain's Foreign Office, where he was sent first to Southern Rhodesia before being posted in South Africa as High Commissioner.[2]
Seretse Khama edit
In 1949, while serving as High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Baring played a key role in preventing Seretse Khama, the heir to the throne of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, from assuming the throne; doing so on the ground that Khama's marriage to a white woman, Ruth Williams, was opposed by the white-minority government of South Africa, a neighbouring state which had recently implemented a system of racial segregation known as apartheid.[3]
Working in close collaboration with Percivale Liesching, who was serving as Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs at the time, Baring was able to persuade government ministers to prevent Khama from assuming the throne of Bechuanaland, instead mandating him to stay in a government-imposed exile in London, which lasted until 1956.[3]
Governorship in Kenya edit
As Governor of Kenya, Baring declared a State of Emergency on 20 October 1952 before launching Operation Jock Scott, which targeted alleged Mau Mau leaders, especially Jomo Kenyatta.[4] Baring's administration created the "dilution technique", a system of assaults and psychological shocks to detainees, to force the compliance. Baring requested and received approval to use "overpowering" force from the Colonial Secretary in London.[5]
In June 1957, Baring passed on to Alan Lennox-Boyd a secret memorandum[6] written by Sir Eric Griffiths-Jones, the Attorney General of Kenya, which described the abuse of Mau Mau detainees. The paper alleges that Baring supplied a covering letter that asserted that inflicting "violent shock" was the only way of suppressing the Mau Mau rebellion.[6]
Career after Kenya edit
Baring left Kenya in 1959. He was elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as the 1st Baron Howick of Glendale in 1960. He retired to his family estate of Howick Hall, which was inherited by his wife Lady Mary Cecil Grey, daughter of the 5th Earl Grey. He was known to enjoy birdwatching. Lord Howick of Glendale later accepted a post with the government's Colonial Development Corporation.[7]
Marriage and children edit
Baring married Lady Mary Cecil Grey, daughter of the 5th Earl Grey and Lady Mabel Laura Georgiana Palmer (daughter of the 2nd Earl of Selborne), on 24 April 1935. They had three children:
- Hon Katherine Mary Alice Baring (born 30 March 1936), married Sir Humphry Wakefield, 2nd Bt.
- Charles Evelyn Baring, 2nd Baron Howick of Glendale (born 30 December 1937)
- Hon Elizabeth Beatrice Baring (born 10 January 1940), married Nicholas Albany Gibbs.
Lord Howick of Glendale died from injuries sustained in a climbing accident on 10 March 1973, at the age of 69. He was climbing a cliff on his estate when he slipped and fell 15 feet. He was succeeded in the barony by his son, Charles.
Honours edit
- Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), 1942, advanced to GCMG, 1955
- Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO), 1947
- 1st Baron Howick of Glendale, 1960
- Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter (KG), 1972
Arms edit
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Family tree edit
References edit
- ^ Elkins, Caroline (2005). Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya. London: Pimlico. p. 35. ISBN 9781847922946.
- ^ Douglas-Home, Charles (1978). Evelyn Baring, The Last Proconsul. Collins`. ISBN 9780002164573.
- ^ a b Williams, Susan (2006). Colour Bar: the Triumph of Seretse Khama and his Nation. London: Allen Lane.
- ^ Leander (7 November 2013). "The longest state of emergency in Kenya ends". South African History Online. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ^ "British Mau Mau abuse papers revealed". BBC News. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ a b Cobain, Ian; Walker, Peter (11 April 2011). "Secret memo gave guidelines on abuse of Mau Mau in 1950s". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ Elkins, Caroline (2005). Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya. London: Pimlico. p. 364.
External links edit
