Eremophila glabra, commonly known as tar bush, is a plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is sometimes a low, ground-hugging and sometimes an erect shrub. The leaves are variable in size and shape and there is a range of flower colours. In spite of its scientific name, not all forms of the plant are glabrous but most have many small, raised glands on the stems, flowers and leaves.
| Tar bush | |
|---|---|
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| Eremophila glabra in the Mount Annan Botanic Garden | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Scrophulariaceae |
| Genus: | Eremophila |
| Species: | E. glabra
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| Binomial name | |
| Eremophila glabra | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Synonyms
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Description edit
Eremophila glabra grows to 0.1–3 m (0.3–10 ft) in height, sometimes a prostrate shrub and sometimes erect. The leaves are arranged alternately, sometimes crowded, other times sparse, usually lance-shaped but they may also be linear to egg-shaped. They are 7.5–61 mm (0.3–2 in) long and 0.8–18 mm (0.03–0.7 in) wide, the end pointed and the base tapering gradually towards the stem. The leaves and stems are covered with small, raised glands.[2][3][4]
The flowers are red, orange, yellow or yellowish green, lack spots and are arranged singly or in pairs in the leaf axils on a stalk which is 3–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in) long. There are 5 sepals which are narrow egg-shaped to triangular and of slightly differing lengths. The petals, which give the flowers their colour are 20–30 mm (0.8–1 in) long and joined in a tube with 5 lobes at the end. The upper lobes are pointed and usually close together while the lower lip is blunt and bends backwards. There are four stamens which extend beyond the end of the petals. Flowering occurs between early autumn and summer (March to December in Australia) and is followed by fruit which are oval to almost spherical, about 4–9 mm (0.2–0.4 in) in diameter, glabrous, dry or fleshy and dark brown.[2][3][4][5]
Taxonomy edit
The species was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown who gave it the name Stenochilus glaber. The description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen.[6][7] In 1921, Carl Hansen Ostenfeld changed the name to Eremophila glabra, publishing the change in the journal Biologiske meddelelser, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.[8]
Subspecies edit
The following names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census ("APC") as at April 2020:
- Eremophila glabra subsp. albicans (Gand.) Chinnock;[9]
- Eremophila glabra subsp. carnosa Chinnock;[10]
- E. glabra subsp. chlorella (Gand.) Chinnock;[11]
- E. glabra subsp. elegans Chinnock;[12]
- Eremophila glabra (R.Br.) Ostenf. subsp. glabra;[13]
- E. glabra subsp. murrayana Chinnock;[14]
- E. glabra subsp. psammophora Chinnock;[15]
- E. glabra subsp. tomentosa Chinnock;[16]
- E. glabra subsp. verrucosa Chinnock.[17]
Andrew Brown and Bevan Buirchell also recognise subspecies not yet described but given the names Arrowsmith, Beverley, Diemals, Inland, Junana, Lake King, Lake Pinjarrega, Morawa, Rason Lake, Scaddan, South Coast, Wongan Hills and York. The APC accepts the names of most of those subspecies.[1][3]
The specific epithet glabra is a Latin word meaning "smooth" or "hairless"[18] possibly referring to the hairless ovary of this species.[2]
Distribution and habitat edit
This eremophila occurs in all the mainland states of Australia. Subspecies glabra is the most widespread and it occurs in a wide range of soils and vegetation associations, although only in the drier areas of the continent.[2]
Conservation status edit
The species is not threatened however subspecies chlorella is classified as "Threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife[5] meaning that it is rare and in need of protection.[19]
Use in horticulture edit
Tar bush is one of the most variable species in the genus and the use of a number in one garden can give the impression of many different species. Most forms do not need a lot of maintenance apart from the occasional watering and light pruning. Propagation from seed is difficult but cuttings strike readily and preserve the features of the parent plant. It will grow in most soils, and in most positions from full sun to full shade. Most forms are drought tolerant and will survive most frosts although a few with hairy leaves will not tolerate high humidity. Eremophila glabra is popular in native gardens and a number of cultivars have been developed. A yellow flowered, prostrate form called "Kalbarri Carpet" is available as is the variety "Murchison Magic", a silvery-leaved form with red flowers.[20][21]
References edit
- ^ a b c "Eremophila glabra". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d Chinnock, R.J. (Bob) (2007). Eremophila and allied genera : a monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae (1st ed.). Dural, NSW: Rosenberg. pp. 579–593. ISBN 9781877058165.
- ^ a b c Brown, Andrew; Buirchell, Bevan (2011). A field guide to the eremophilas of Western Australia (1st ed.). Hamilton Hill, W.A.: Simon Nevill Publications. pp. 117–137. ISBN 9780980348156.
- ^ a b "Eremophila glabra (R.Br.) Ostenf". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney: Plantnet. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
- ^ a b "Eremophila glabra". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ "Stenochilus glaber". APNI. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
- ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae (Volume 10). London. p. 517. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra". APNI. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. albicans". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. carnosa". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. chlorella". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. elegans". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. glabra". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. murrayana". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. psammophora". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. tomentosa". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra subsp. verrucosa". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 122.
- ^ "Conservation codes for Western Australian Flora and Fauna" (PDF). Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
- ^ "Eremophila glabra". Australian Native Plants Society Australia. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
- ^ Boschen, Norma; Goods, Maree; Wait, Russell (2008). Australia's eremophilas : changing gardens for a changing climate. Melbourne: Bloomings Books. pp. 101–105. ISBN 9781876473655.