The eelpouts are the ray-finned fish family Zoarcidae. As the common name suggests, they are somewhat eel-like in appearance. All of the 300 species are marine and mostly bottom-dwelling, some at great depths. Eelpouts are predominantly found in the Northern Hemisphere. The arctic, north pacific and north Atlantic oceans have the highest concentration of species, however species are found around the globe.
Eelpout | |
---|---|
Gymnelus hemifasciatus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
Suborder: | Zoarcoidei |
Family: | Zoarcidae Swainson, 1839[1][2] |
Subfamilies | |
see text |
They are conventionally placed in the "perciform" assemblage; in fact, the Zoarcoidei seem to be specialized members of the Gasterosteiformes-Scorpaeniformes group of Acanthopterygii.[3]
The largest member of the family is Zoarces americanus, which may reach 1.1 m in length. Other notable genera include Lycodapus and Gymnelus.
Taxonomy edit
The eelpout family was first proposed as the family Zoarchidae in 1839 by the English naturalist William John Swainson but the spelling was changed to Zoarcidae after the spelling of the genus Zoarces was corrected by Theodore Gill in 1861.[1] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Zoarcoidei, within the order Scorpaeniformes.[4] Other authorities classify this family in the infraorder Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic.[5]
Fishes of the World mentions four subfamilies but does not assign genera to the subfamilies[4] but these were set out in Anderson and Federov's Annotated Checklist[6] and this has been followed by FishBase[7] and Catalog of Fishes.[8]
Subfamilies and genera edit
The eelpouts are classified into four subfamilies and 61 genera with around 300 species:[8][1]
- subfamily Gymnelinae Gill, 1863
- Andriashevia Fedorov & Neelov, 1978
- Barbapellis Iglésias, Dettai & Ozouf-Costaz, 2012
- Bilabria Schmidt, 1936
- Davidijordania Popov, 1931
- Ericandersonia Shinohara & Sakurai, 2006
- Gymnelopsis Soldatov, 1922
- Gymnelus Reinhardt 1834
- Hadropareia Schmidt, 1904
- Krusensterniella Schmidt, 1904
- Magadanichthys Shinohara, Nazarkin & Chereshnev, 2006
- Melanostigma Günther, 1881
- Nalbantichthys Schultz, 1967
- Opaeophacus Bond & Stein, 1984
- Puzanovia Fedorov, 1975
- Seleniolycus Anderson, 1988
- subfamily Lycodinae Gill, 1861
- Aiakas Gosztonyi, 1977
- Argentinolycus Matallanas & Corbella, 2012
- Austrolycus Regan, 1913
- Bellingshausenia Matallanas, 2009
- Bentartia Matallanas, 2010
- Bothrocara Bean, 1890
- Bothrocarina Suvorov, 1935
- Crossostomus Lahille, 1908
- Dadyanos Whitley, 1951
- Derepodichthys Gilbert, 1896
- Dieidolycus Anderson, 1988
- Eucryphycus Anderson, 1988
- Exechodontes DeWitt, 1977
- Gosztonyia Matallanas, 2009
- Hadropogonichthys Fedorov, 1982
- Iluocoetes Jenyns, 1842
- Japonolycodes Shinohara, Sakurai & Machida, 2002
- Letholycus Anderson, 1988
- Lycenchelys Gill, 1884
- Lycodapus Gilbert, 1890
- Lycodes Reinhardt, 1831
- Lycodichthys Pappenheim, 1911
- Lycodonus Goode & Bean, 1883
- Lycogrammoides Soldatov & Lindberg, 1928
- Lyconema Gilbert, 1896
- Maynea Cunningham, 1871
- Notolycodes Gosztonyi, 1977
- Oidiphorus McAllister & Rees 1964
- Ophthalmolycus Regan, 1913
- Pachycara Zugmayer. 1911
- Patagolycus Matallanas & Corbella, 2012
- Petroschmidtia Taranetz & Andriashev, 1934
- Phucocoetes Jenyns, 1842
- Piedrabuenia Gosztonyi, 1977
- Plesienchelys Anderson, 1988
- Pogonolycus Norman, 1937
- Pyrolycus Machida & Hashimoto, 2002
- Santelmoa Matallanas, 2010
- Taranetzella Andriashev, 1952
- Thermarces Rosenblatt & Cohen, 1986
- Zestichthys Jordan & Hubbs, 1925
- subfamily Lycozarcinae Andriashev, 1939
- Lycozoarces Popov, 1935
- subfamily Zoarcinae Swainson, 1839
Characteristics edit
The body of eelpouts is relatively elongated and laterally compressed.[9] Their heads are relatively small and ovoid. Juveniles have a more rounded snout and relatively larger eye than adults.[9] Their scales are absent or very small.[10] The dorsal and anal fins are continuous down their bodies up to their caudal fin. They produce the pigment biliverdin, which turns their bones green. This feature has no apparent evolutionary function and is harmless.[11] Overall, there is no sexual dimorphism.[12]
Biology edit
Little is known about eelpout populations because they often slip through nets in sampling studies, and because some species live in inaccessibly deep habitats. Species for which trophic ecology has been documented are typically, if not always, benthic scavengers or predators.[11][13] At least one species has also adapted to able to breathe air when out of water.[11]
Timeline edit
Metabolic Adaptations to Low Temperatures
The metabolic responses of Antarctic and temperate eelpout species during exercise and subsequent recovery at 0°C was investigated. Contrary to the hypothesis of reduced glycolytic capacity in Antarctic fish as an adaptation to low temperatures, their findings revealed similar increases in white muscle lactate, intracellular pH drop, and phosphocreatine depletion during strenuous exercise in both species. Notably, Antarctic eelpout exhibited faster recovery kinetics, including lactate clearance, suggesting a superior metabolic cold compensation mechanism compared to temperate eelpout. The study also proposed a correlation between reduced ATP energy content and muscular fatigue, highlighting the intricate metabolic adjustments crucial for sustaining activity in extreme cold conditions.[14]
Thermal Stress Responses
The physiological responses of temperate eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) from the North Sea and Antarctic eelpout (Pachycara brachycephalum) to gradually increasing water temperatures were examined. The study explored parameters such as standard metabolic rate (SMR), intracellular pH regulation, and the upper critical temperature limit (TcII) to elucidate the species' thermal tolerance. Results revealed distinct differences in metabolic responses between the two species, indicating varied thermal sensitivities and adaptation strategies. These findings have implications for understanding the physiological constraints faced by eelpout fish under thermal stress and offer insights into potential shifts in species distribution patterns driven by global warming.[15]
References edit
- ^ a b c Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
- ^ Swainson, William (1839). On the Natural History and Classification of Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles. Vol. 2. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Greene, & Longmans. pp. 82–83, 184, 283. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.62140.
- ^ Kawahara, R.; Miya, M.; Mabuchi, K.; Lavoué, S.; Inoue, J.G.; Satoh, T.P.; Kawaguchi, A. & Nishida, M. (2008). "Interrelationships of the 11 gasterosteiform families (sticklebacks, pipefishes, and their relatives): a new perspective based on whole mitogenome sequences from 75 higher teleosts". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (1): 224–36. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.009. PMID 17709262.
- ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
- ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ Anderson , M. E. and V. V . Fedorov (2004). "Family Zoarcidae Swainson 1839 — eelpouts" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 34.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2022). "Zoarcidae" in FishBase. June 2022 version.
- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Zoarcidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- ^ a b Anderson, M. Eric (1988-02-05). "Eucryphycus, a new genus of California eelpout (Teleostei: Zoarcidae) based on Maynea californica Starks and Mann, 1911". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 4th. 45 (5): 89-96 p. 91.
- ^ "Family Zoarcidae: Eelpouts". Key to Fishes of the Puget Sound. Burke Museum. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Froese, R.; D. Pauly (eds.). "Zoarces viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758), Eelpout". FishBase.
- ^ Anderson, M. Eric (1989-12-20). "Review of the eelpout genus Pachycara Zugmayer, 1911 (Teleostei: Zoarcidae), with descriptions of six new species". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 4th. 46 (10): 221–242.
- ^ Belman, Bruce W.; Anderson, M. Eric (May 18, 1979). "Aquarium Observations on Feeding by Melanostigma pammelas (Pisces: Zoarcidae)". Copeia. 1979 (2): 366–369. doi:10.2307/1443432. JSTOR 1443432.
- ^ Van Dijk. "Physiological disturbances at critically high temperatures: a comparison between stenothermal antarctic and eurythermal temperate eelpouts (Zoarcidae)". JEB.
- ^ Van Dijk. "Physiological disturbances at critically high temperatures: a comparison between stenothermal antarctic and eurythermal temperate eelpouts (Zoarcidae)". JEB.