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Clitoroplasty is plastic surgery involving the clitoris.
Examples of clitoroplasty include clitoral reduction surgery used to treat clitoromegaly,[1] and the creation of a neoclitoris in male-to-female gender reassignment surgery.[2] In both cases, the surgeon tries to retain sensation and function.[1][2]
Clitoral reconstruction edit
Clitoral reconstruction is surgery to restore the function and structure of the clitoris.
Examples of clitoral reconstruction include its use to mitigate congenital malformation or repair damage caused by female genital mutilation.[3][4]
Clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation involves surgery to expose the remaining deep structures of the clitoris. As of 2023[update], there was little evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness of this procedure.[5]
Clitoral reduction edit
Clitoral reduction is the surgical reduction in size of the clitoris, used to treat clitoromegaly. Unlike clitoridectomy, the amputation of part of the clitoris, now viewed as a form of female genital mutilation, modern clitoral reduction surgery aims to preserve sensation and function through the use of nerve-sparing microsurgical techniques.[6][7][8]
It should be distinguished from clitoral hood reduction, an operation on the clitoral hood in which the clitoris itself is not damaged.
Gender-affirming surgery edit
During male-to-female gender-affirming surgery, a neoclitoris is made from the tissue of the glans penis.[9]
References edit
- ^ a b Sayer, Robyn A.; Deutsch, Aaron; Hoffman, Mitchel S. (August 2007). "Clitoroplasty". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 110 (2 Pt 2): 523–525. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000268268.47568.e5. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 17666651.
- ^ a b Fang, R. H.; Chen, C. F.; Ma, S. (April 1992). "A new method for clitoroplasty in male-to-female sex reassignment surgery". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 89 (4): 679–682, discussion 683. doi:10.1097/00006534-199204000-00015. ISSN 0032-1052. PMID 1546080.
- ^ VanderBrink, Brian A.; Stock, Jeffrey A.; Hanna, Moneer K. (December 2010). "Aesthetic aspects of reconstructive clitoroplasty in females with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery: JPRAS. 63 (12): 2141–2145. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2010.02.005. ISSN 1878-0539. PMID 20303329.
- ^ "Clinical Commissioning Policy Statement: Genital Surgery to improve clitoral sensation for women who have undergone Female Genital Mutilation" (PDF). NHS England. January 2015. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
- ^ Villani, Michela (May 2023). "Clitoral reconstruction: challenges and new directions". International Journal of Impotence Research. 35 (3): 196–201. doi:10.1038/s41443-022-00572-6. ISSN 1476-5489. PMC 10159845. PMID 35418603.
- ^ Rawat, Jiledar; Singh, Sudhir (2022). "Sensation-preserving clitoral reduction surgery: A preliminary report of our experience". African Journal of Paediatric Surgery. 19 (1): 23–26. doi:10.4103/ajps.AJPS_32_21. ISSN 0974-5998. PMC 8759416. PMID 34916347.
- ^ Uzan, C.; Marchand, F.; Schmidt, M.; Meningaud, J.P.; Hersant, B. (July 2020). "Clitoral reduction: Technical note". Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esthétique. 65 (4): e7–e13. doi:10.1016/j.anplas.2019.10.002. PMID 32482351.
- ^ Reifsnyder, Jennifer E.; Stites, John; Bernabé, Kerlly J.; Galan, Denise; Felsen, Diane; Poppas, Dix P. (April 2016). "Nerve Sparing Clitoroplasty is an Option for Adolescent and Adult Female Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Clitoral Pain following Prior Clitoral Recession or Incomplete Reduction". The Journal of Urology. 195 (4 Pt 2): 1270–1273. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.12.053. ISSN 1527-3792. PMID 26926549.
- ^ Koch, Anne L. (2019). It Never Goes Away: Gender Transition at a Mature Age. Rutgers University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-81359-839-0.
See also edit
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