Aurora Rosa Salvador Rodrigues (born 20 January 1952), is a retired Portuguese magistrate of the Public Prosecution Service. Rodrigues studied law at the University of Lisbon. After attending a student demonstration, the Policía Internacional y de Defensa del Estado (PIDE) arrested her. Rodrigues became a political prisoner during the Estado Novo, or "New State".[1][2][3] The Estado Novo was a dictatorship that controlled Portugal from the 1930s until the 1974 Carnation Revolution.[4] The PIDE deprived Rodrigues of sleep for over two weeks to induce hallucinations, among other forms of torture.[5] After release and graduation, she became a magistrate and president of the Evorian section of the Sindicato de Fiscales (Prosecutors' Union). After retiring, she wrote an account of her experiences with the Estado Novo.[6]
Aurora Rodrigues | |
|---|---|
 Aurora Rodrigues in 1973 after her arrest | |
| Born | 20 January 1952 |
| Alma mater | University of Lisbon |
| Occupation | magistrate |
Biography edit
Aurora Rodrigues was born in Mértola, Portugal, in the Alentejo Region on 20 January 1952, near the Sao Domingos Mine.[7][2][3] At 17 years old, she enrolled in the School of Law at the University of Lisbon for the 1969–1970 academic year.[1][2]
At the university, the Portuguese Communist Party approached Rodrigues about becoming a militant, but she joined the Portuguese Workers' Communist Party, Movimento Reorganizativo do Partido do Proletariado (MRPP), due to their strong opposition to the Portuguese Colonial War. Rodrigues became a MRPP party member after another law student, Ribeiro dos Santos, was shot by the PIDE.[1]
On 3 May 1973, at 21 years old, Rodrigues was arrested by the PIDE when leaving the university after a student demonstration.[8][9] She was kept in the Fort of Caxias prison for three months and tortured.[8] Rodrigues was deprived of sleep for over two weeks, drowned repeatedly, kept in stress positions, beaten, and denied access to her reflection.[2][8][10] The PIDE deprived political prisoners of sleep to induce hallucinations.[4] Rodrigues said that after days without sleep, she began to see and hear elevators in the prison that did not exist.[11] Mirrors were banned to reduce political prisoners' control of their own image.[4] Rodrigues said that the memory of Ribeiro dos Santos, the support of her family, and the support of her classmate Ana Gomes were critical to her survival.[10]
Rodrigues was released after three months on 28 July 1973.[12] She was never given a lawyer, sent to trial, or formally charged with any crime.[1]
In 1974, she was arrested again.[13] After the 25 April Carnation Revolution, she returned to Caxias with Arnaldo Matos. Both had been MRPP members.[2] They arrived at the party headquarters on 28 May 1975, and both were arrested by Comando Operacional do Continente (COPCON), the military organization led by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho that controlled Portugal in the wake of the revolution. Across Portugal, 432 MRPP activists were incarcerated.[2] Rodridgues did not give public statements about being targeted or tortured by the PIDE until many years later. She said that the "mood after the revolution discouraged political prisoners from speaking out".[14]
In 1977, Rodrigues left the MRPP.[1][2] She became a magistrate of the Public Prosecution Service in Évora and Santarém, Portugal.[3][15] From 2009 to 2012 she was president of the Evorian section of the Sindicato de Fiscales (Prosecutors' Union).[16] In 2024, the Portuguese Bar Association selected Rodrigues to receive the Elina Guimarães Award for defending women's rights.[16]
Book edit
In the 2011 book Gente Comum – Uma História na PIDE, Rodrigues describes her experience as a political prisoner. She sought to counter the idea that political prisoners of Estado Novo were all well-known politicians. Rodrigues describes the first 25 years of her life as an example of an ordinary citizen targeted by the regime.[1][2][10] Historian António Monteiro Cardoso and anthropologist Paula Godinho edited the book and provided notes for historical and social context.[1][2][4] The book was endorsed by the Sindicato de Magistrados del Ministerio Público and the Asociación de Mujeres Juristas. It was presented by historian Fernando Rosas.[10][11]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g "Aurora Rosa Salvador Rodrigues". Memorial 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Almeida, São José. "Aurora, de Presa Política a Magistrada do Ministério Público". Público (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "Aurora Rodrigues: 25 de Abril, Ainda a Esperança". Diario do Alentejo (in European Portuguese). 30 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d Cardina, Miguel (1 July 2013). "To Talk or Not to Talk: Silence, Torture, and Politics in the Portuguese Dictatorship of Estado Novo". The Oral History Review. 40 (2): 251–270. doi:10.1093/ohr/oht052. hdl:10316/43508.
- ^ "Torturés Sous la Dictature Portugaise, Ils Témoignent Contre L'oubli". La Croix (in French). AFP. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ "Aurora Rodrigues, a Magistrada, natural de Évora, que foi torturada pela PIDE". O Mirante (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ Rodrigues, Aurora. "Onde eu estava por... Aurora Rodrigues". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ a b c Rodrigues, Aurora (16 April 2017). "Mulheres de Abril: Testemunho de Aurora Rodrigues". Esquerda (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ Rodrigues, Aurora (3 May 2020). Carneiro, Mariana (ed.). "Fui Presa a 3 de Maio de 1973, Faz Anos Hoje". Esquerda (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d Vasconcelos, Clara (3 February 2011). "PIDE obrigou-a a ficar 450 horas sem dormir". www.jn.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ a b Rodrigues, Aurora; Cardoso, A. Monteiro; Godinho, Paula (2011). Gente Comum: Uma História na PIDE (1st ed.). Castro Verde: 100Luz. ISBN 978-989-8448-03-3.
- ^ "Aurora Rodrigues: Uma mulher de luta" (Document). Agrupamento Vertical Escolas de Cristelo. June 2011. p. 18.
- ^ "Ser Mulher Antes do 25 de Abril". EPRAL. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ Hagemann, Brigitte (22 April 2014). "Nightmares, nostalgia 40 years after Portugal revolt". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ Oliveira, Bruno (13 April 2011). "Aurora Rodrigues, Uma Mulher Fora do Comum, Testemunho em Livro da Tortura às Mãos da Pide". O Ribatejo. No. 1328. p. 11. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
- ^ a b Pedreira, Frederico (5 March 2024). "Aurora Rodrigues e Margarida Malvar recebem Prémio Elina Guimarães 2024 da Ordem dos Advogados". ECO (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2024.