Charles Bailey (1870–1947) was an Australian apport medium who was exposed as a fraud.[1]
Charles Bailey | |
|---|---|
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| Occupation | Spiritualist medium |
Career edit
Bailey was born in Melbourne. He worked as a bootmaker and became a famous apport medium. He claimed with the help of his spirit guide "Abdul" that he could apport live items such as fish, crabs, turtles, coins, stones and antiques in the séance room.[2]
In 1910, Bailey was exposed as a fraud in Grenoble, France. He produced two live birds but was unaware that the dealer who he had bought the birds from was present in the séance.[3] According to Joseph McCabe before the séance he had hidden the birds in the "unpleasant end of his alimentary canal".[4]
Bailey was endorsed by Thomas Welton Stanford a wealthy spiritualist who had help fund the psychical research programme at Stanford University.[5] He was also supported by the spiritualist Arthur Conan Doyle. However, most psychical researchers dismissed Bailey as fraudulent. The psychologist John Edgar Coover held strong doubts about Bailey and noted he been exposed as a fraud several times, most notably by the Society for Psychical Research.[5]
He was notable for producing apports of ancient tablets and other antiquities during his séances. Some of these were examined by the British Museum who concluded they were forgeries. Bailey was further exposed at a séance in 1914 in Sydney when a sitter pulled the drapery off a materialized "spirit".[1]
References edit
- ^ a b Irwin, Harvey J; Watt, Caroline. (2007). An Introduction to Parapsychology, 5th ed. McFarland. pp. 24-26. ISBN 978-0-7864-3059-8
- ^ Buckland, Raymond. (2005). The Spirit Book: The Encyclopedia of Clairvoyance, Channelling, and Spirit Communication. Visible Ink Press. pp. 27-28. ISBN 978-1578592135
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena. Visible Ink Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1578592098
- ^ McCabe, Joseph. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. London Watts & Co. p. 90
- ^ a b Asprem, Egil. (2014). The Problem of Disenchantment: Scientific Naturalism and Esoteric Discourse, 1900-1939. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 355-360. ISBN 978-9004251922
Further reading edit
- W. W. Baggally. (1912). Report on Sittings with Charles Bailey, the Australian Apport Medium. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 15: 194-208.